Understanding Culture,

Society, and Politics

Quarter 2 – Module 1:
State and Non-state Institutions
 Lesson 1 State Institutions

What’s In

Review what you have learned from the previous topic!

DIRECTIONS: Answer the questions below by completing the missing letters to
form the correct word/s for each number.
1. Members of this group have direct access and interaction with each other. Thus,
emotional bonds are formed.

P R M R Y G O S

2. Joey and John are teammates in Sepak Takraw. What type of group is present
between John and Joey?

I N - G O U S

3. Sophia and Hailey are classmates and friends. This category of the group is
known as:

I M Y G O S

4. Rica is a member of the women’s basketball team and elicits a sense of

antagonism against members of the men’s basketball team because the latter gets
more support despite performing terribly in the last season. This form of a group
according to membership is categorized as:

O T - G R S

5. Alex and Toni are the newest news anchors of 24 oras. They look up to Ms. Mel
Tiangco and Mike Enriquez as their superiors. What type of group exists between
the newest and seasoned News Anchors?

R F E R E E - G R O U P S

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 What’s New

PICTURE ANALYSIS

DIRECTIONS: Analyze and describe the picture using three sentences only. Write
your answer in the space provided.

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 What is It

STATE INSTITUTIONS

Political and Leadership Structures

According to Max Weber as cited by Santarita & Madrid, 2016, Political structure or
institution is defined as the organized way in which power is allocated and decisions are
made within society. Below is the organizational chart of the Philippine Government .

Photo link: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Philippine_government.png

The Executive branch is comprised of the President and the Vice President who
are chosen by direct popular vote and fulfill a term of six years. The Constitution
grants the President authority to appoint his Cabinet. These departments form a
large portion of the country’s bureaucracy.
The Legislative branch can make laws, alter, and reverse them through the power
bestowed in the Philippine Congress. This institution is divided into the Senate and
the House of Representatives
The Judicial branch maintains the power to resolve disputes concerning rights
that are legally demandable and enforceable. This branch decides whether there
has been a serious abuse of judgment amounting to lack or excess of authority on
the part and instrumentality of the government. It is made up of a Supreme Court
and lower courts.
The Constitution explicitly permits the Supreme Court the power of Judicial Review
as the power to declare a treaty, international or executive agreement, law,
presidential decree, proclamation, order, instruction, ordinance, or regulation
unconstitutional

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 Power on the other hand is the capacity to realize desired ends despite
opposition from others. The utilization of power is the business of government,
which is defined as a formal organization that directs the political life of a society
(Macionis, 2012) Therefore, governments demand compliance on the part of a
population.
According to Macionis (2012) “No government, Weber explained, is likely to
keep its power for long if compliance comes only from the threat of brute force. Even
the most brutal dictator must wonder if there can ever be enough police to watch
everyone—and who would watch the police? Every government, therefore, tries to
make itself seem legitimate in the eyes of the people. This fact brings us to Weber’s
concept of authority, a power that people perceive as legitimate rather than coercive”
(p.394)
TYPES OF AUTHORITY
1) Traditional Authority
respect for a long-standing cultural pattern is used to legitimize power.

2) Rational-Legal Authority or also known as bureaucratic authority; legally

created rules and regulations are used to legitimize power.

3) Charismatic Authority
extraordinary personal skills that inspire devotion and obedience are used to
legitimize power.

Economic Institutions

Human beings are driven to satisfy their basic necessity which includes food,
water and shelter however human beings also aim for goods and services which can
be attained through help from the many or known as collective effort (Santarita &
Madrid, 2016) This make economic activity essential in Human’s life because it can
influence the complexity of society and the character of its cultural and social life.
Imagine if there is an alteration or change in the means of production as well
as the redistribution and exchanges of deliverables or services, it can strongly affect
the overall functioning of society. For instance, the continuous increase in price in a
petrol can also have a massive effect on the price of goods such as fruits and
vegetables for the supplier must also take into consideration petrol and its market
value because they will be using petrol for transportation of fruits and vegetables.
This scenario might result in a possible change of market value among the above-
mentioned products.

Gilliard et al., (2000) argued that an economic institution is being defined

as an enduring organization, practice, or relationship created by individuals to
handle and cope with basic economic dilemmas.

Now that we established the definition and importance of economic

institutions, let us now discuss the forms of redistribution and exchange of products.
Read and carefully analyze the table and graphic organizer below because these
might help you to better understand the subject matter.

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 Table 1. Forms of Redistribution and Exchange of Products
Forms Meaning Examples
1. RECIPROCITY ➢ Transaction between two ➢ The dowry given by a Muslim groom
socially equal parties to his prospective bride is a
having the same status transaction between two socially
with regards to values of equal parties having the same
goods or services. status with regards to values of
goods or services. Tantamount to
the wealth and educational
attainment possessed by the latter.
Types of Reciprocity

1.1 GENERALIZED
RECIPROCITY ➢ A form of transaction ➢ In the Philippines, most often than
which utilizes gestures not, the eldest child expresses
that expresses personal generalized reciprocity to his or her
relationships than family by graduating, and in
economic transactions. exchange, they will be providing
means to sustain the academic
needs of their other siblings.

1.2 BALANCED ➢ In this form of ➢ One good example is the business

RECIPROCITY transaction, the giver is transaction between Filipino artists
expected to gain and advertisement companies.
something in return Artists will perform activities that are
although it does not have required of him or her by the said
to be given instantly. advertisement company in exchange
for publicity and exposure.

➢ This transaction is being ➢ Example business ventures offered

1.3 NEGATIVE practiced using deceiving to you by persons you do not have a
RECIPROCITY ways to gain profit. In this personal relationship with.
form of transaction,
individuals involved try to
gain as much as
conceivable while paying
the least amount possible

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 The process by which
products produced out from
➢ Taxes are collected from
the community is sent to a
individuals based on their
2. REDISTRIBUTION place where they are stored,
income. The money collected is
counted, and later distributed
distributed to other members of
back to the people.
society through different
It is usually the leader of the government programs.
community who oversees the
process. (Santarita & Madrid,
2016)The said authority may
➢ Charitable donation functions
be a single individual, (e.g., a
similarly.
chief, or a group of people, or
temple priests)

The central authority uses

the distribution of goods and
services to generate
interdependence between the
parties involved.

3. MARKET The price of the transactions

EXCHANGE of deliverables and services
➢ A transaction that uses money in
are supposedly governed by
exchange for goods or services.
the rules of supply and
demand.

What’s More

MATCHING TYPE

DIRECTIONS: For each item in column A (terms), select the statement in column B
(responses that best define the terms in Column A). Write the letter of the correct
answer on the space before each number.

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 COLUMN B
COLUMN A
A. Transaction between two socially equal parties having
_____1. Reciprocity
the same status with regards to values of goods or
_____2. Redistribution
services.
_____3. Power B. The process by which product produced out from the
_____4. Charismatic Authority community is sent to a place where they are stored,
_____5. Rational-Legal Authority counted, and later distributed back to the people.
C. This transaction is being practiced using deceiving ways
to gain profit. In this form of transaction, individuals
_____6. Traditional Authority
involved try to gain as much as conceivable while paying
_____7. Economic Institutions
the least amount possible.
D. A form of transaction which utilizes gestures that
_____8. Balanced Reciprocity
expresses personal relationships than economic
_____9. Negative Reciprocity transactions.
E. Sometimes called bureaucratic authority, it is also
_____10. Generalized Reciprocity
known as power legitimized by legally enacted rules and
regulations.
F. It is the power legitimized by extraordinary personal
abilities that inspire devotion and obedience.
G. It is known as the power legitimized by respect for long-
established cultural patterns.
H. In this form of transaction, the giver is expected to gain
something in return although it does not have to be given
instantly.
I. An enduring organization, practice or relationship
created by individuals to handle and cope with basic
economic dilemmas.
J. The capacity to realize desired ends despite opposition
from others.

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 What I Can Do

Activity II: SOCIOLOGICAL INVESTIGATION!

DIRECTIONS: Read and answer the question properly. Come up with a
proposition and provide supporting details such as facts, statistics, examples,
and statements from expert authority.
1. During the enhanced community quarantine in your barangay, how
did the local government unit utilize the taxes, funds, and resources
in your community?

PROPOSITION/SUPPORT OUTLINE FOR REDISTRIBUTION

OF RESOURCES IN YOUR BARANGAY DURING ECQ.

STATEMENT:

SUPPORT:
FACTS:

STATISTICS:

EXAMPLES:

EXPERT AUTHORITY:

LOGIC AND REASONING:

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 Lesson 2 Non-state Institutions

What’s In

Review what you have learned from the previous topic!

DIRECTIONS: There are two incomplete statements below and you need to
complete them with the first thought that comes into your mind. Write your
answers in the space provided.

I have learned and discovered in

the previous topic
that___________________________
_______________________________
_______________________________
_______________________________
_______________________________
_______________________________
_______________________________
_______________________________
_______________________________
_______________________________
_______________________________ I think the previous
_______________________________ topic is connected to
____________ the present topic
because_____________
_____________________
_____________________
_____________________
_____________________
_____________________
_____________________
_____________________
_____________________
_____________________
__

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 What is It

Activity II: COMPLETE ME!

DIRECTIONS: Complete the table below by writing perspectives regarding the
social implications of non-state institutions to individuals in the community during
the enhanced community quarantine.

Non-state Descriptions Social Implications

Institutions
➢ A bank is a financial institution that
receives deposits from the public and
generates credit.
BANKS
Commercial/Retail Banks
➢ Manage withdrawals and deposits as well as
supplying short-term loans to a person and
small-scale businesses.
Investment Bank

➢ A bank that purchases large holdings of

newly issued shares and resells them to
investors.
Insurance and Companies

➢ Offers insurance policies to the public

either by selling them directly to a person or
through an employer’s benefit plan.
➢ A corporation is a legal unit that is distinct
CORPORATION from its owners. Moreover, a corporation
has the right to enter contracts, loan and
borrow money, hire employees, own assets,
and pay taxes.

➢ Cooperatives are jointly owned enterprises

engaging in the production or distribution
COOPERATIVES of goods or services. Cooperatives are
usually operated by farmers or consumers
for their mutual benefit.

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 ➢ Trade unions or also known as labor unions
are consist of workforces who have come
TRADE UNIONS together to attain mutual goals like
protecting the integrity of its trade,
improving safety standards, achieving
higher pay and benefits like health care,
and retirement

➢ Organizations that are devoted to

manipulating political, economic, social,
TRANSNATIONAL and institutional decisions across country
ADVOCACY borders.
GROUPS

➢ These are independent organizations whose

goals are to help develop and support
economic growth especially for the poor and
DEVELOPMENT marginal portion of the society. So, they
AGENCIES may have opportunities for income and
decent employment

➢ Include both governmental and non-

governmental organizations.

INTERNATIONAL International Non-governmental organizations

ORGANIZATIONS
➢ transcend borders in pursuit of a common
cause.
Examples of INGO’s

International Red Cross and other

humanitarian teams deployed in areas hit by
natural and man-made disasters.
International Governmental Organizations

➢ refer to a grouping established by states

and are based on treatise, have formal
structures, and meet at regular intervals
(Santarita & Madrid, 2016)
Example of IGO’S

Peace-keeping forces sent by the United

Nations to warring states.

Table 1. Non-state Institution in The Society

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 What’s More

Activity I: INQUIRY CHART FOR NON-STATE INSTITUTIONS

DIRECTIONS: Complete the Inquiry Chart. Indicate references to your
answers. Synthesize the gathered information from each question into a
summary.
TOPIC: What are the different How can non- Provide other New
classifications of non- state interesting Question/s
state institutions? institutions facts
bring change
in society?

SOURCE:

SUMMARY

Non-state institutions are

entities that participate in
international politics. They are
organizations with sufficient
power to influence and cause a
change even though they do
not belong to any established
institution of state.

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 What I Can Do

“REFLECTION ON THE GO”

DIRECTION: Compose and write at least five words base on your idea/s
that may define the Social Roles and Functions of the presented types of
Nonstate Institution to you on the “ME” textbox as well as to your
community on the “SOCIETY” textbox.

“ME” “SOCIETY”
____________________________ ____________________________
____________________________ ____________________________
____________________________ ____________________________
____________________________ ____________________________
____________________________ ____________________________
____________________________ ____________________________
____________________________ ____________________________
____________________________ ____________________________
____________________________ ____________________________
____________________________ ____________________________
____________________________ ____________________________
____________________________ ____________________________
____________________________ ____________________________
____________________________ ____________________________
____________________________ ____________________________
______________________ ______________________

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 Assessment

MULTIPLE CHOICE

DIRECTIONS: Read and answer the questions properly then tick (/) the letter that
corresponds to your answer.

1. Kevin Corpuz is known for his extraordinary personal abilities that inspire
devotion and obedience among his subordinates. This type of authority is known as:

A. Rational-Legal Authority
B. Charismatic Authority
C. Government Authority
D. Traditional Authority

2. A company requires Nadine Lustre to perform during their charity event in

exchange for publicity and exposure. What kind of reciprocity exists in the scenario?
A. Generalized
B. Balanced
C. Negative
D. Positive

3. The following are classification of non-state institutions except

A. Red Cross
B. Metro bank
C. Market exchange
D. Jollibee corporations

4. A non-state institution that receives deposits from the public and generates credit.
A. Bank
B. Corporations
C. Cooperatives
D. Trade Union

5. The following are examples of redistribution, except:

1. Dowry 2. Payment 3. Tax 4. Charitable Donations
A.1
B. 1,2
C.1,2,3
D.1,2,3,4

6. Which of the following situations is correct about the concept of redistribution?

A. Sophie paid 65 pesos for her jolly spaghetti and drinks.
B. Kevin has the responsibility to finance his younger siblings’ education as
a form of his gratitude to his parents’ support.
C. Mark bought medical supplies from a pharmaceutical company and resell
them at a higher price to gain profit.
D. Mr. Amores donated 5,000 pesos to GMA Foundation. The GMA
Foundation used the donation to provide relief goods such as rice grains,
blankets, canned goods, and toiletries to the victims of Bagyong “Ambo.”

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7. Which of the following concepts is not true about reciprocity?
A. It is the transaction between two socially equal parties having the same
status with regards to values of goods or services.
B. Transactions between individuals wherein they try to gain as much as
conceivable while paying the least amount possible.
C. This transaction is limited only to money in exchange for goods or services.
D. The giver is expected to gain something in return.

8. Which of the following best describes insurance and companies?

A. Transcend borders in pursuit of a common cause.
B. Develop and support economic growth especially for the poor.
C. Propose insurance policies to the public either by selling them directly to a
person or through an employer’s benefit plan.
D. Manage withdrawals and deposits as well as supplying short-term loans to
a person and small-scale businesses.

9. Which of the following statements are correct about corporations?

1. A corporation is a legal unit that is distinct from its owners.

2. A corporation has the right to enter contracts, loan and borrow money, hire
employees, own assets, and pay taxes.
3. The primary goal of a corporation is to develop and support economic growth
especially for the poor and marginal portion of the society.
4. Corporations manipulate political, economic, social, and institutional
decisions across country borders.

A. 1
B. 1and 2
C.1,2 and 3
D.1,2,3 and 4

10. How can developmental agencies contribute meaningfully to society?

A. By utilizing jointly owned enterprise.

B. Through selling insurance policies through an employer’s benefit plan
C. By providing support for economic growth especially for the poor and
marginal portion of the society.
D. Via manipulation of political, economic, social, and institutional decisions
across country borders

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 Additional Activities

MATCHING TYPE

DIRECTIONS: For each item in column A (terms), select the statement in column B
(responses that best define the terms in Column A). Write the letter of the correct
answer on the space before each number.

COLUMN B
COLUMN A
A. Also known as labor unions and is consist of workforces
_____1. BANKS who have come together to attain mutual goals.
_____2. COOPERATIVES
B. Frequently operated by farmers or consumers for their
_____3. TRADE UNION mutual benefits.
_____4. DEVELOPMENT C. A financial institution that receives deposits from the
AGENCIES public and generates credit.
_____5. TRANSNATIONAL
D. The goal of this institution is to help the poor and
ADVOCACY GROUPS
marginal portion of the society. So, they may have
_____6. CORPORATION opportunities for income and decent employment.
_____7. INTERNATIONAL E. Organizations which are devoted into manipulating
ORGANIZATIONS political, economic, social, and institutional decisions
_____8. INSURANCE AND across country boarders.
COMPANIES F. Manage withdrawals and deposits as well as supplying
short-term loans to a person and small-scale businesses.
_____9. INVESTMENT BANK
G. A bank that purchases large holdings of newly issued
_____10. RETAIL BANKS shares and resell them to investors.

H. Offers insurance policies to public either by selling it

directly to a person or through an employer’s benefit plan.

I. International Red Cross is an example of this non-state

institution.

J. A legal unit that is distinct from its owners. Moreover,

corporation has the right to enter contracts, loan and
borrow money, hire employees, own assets, and pay taxes.

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