1.
PROBABILITY, CONDITIONAL PROBABILITY, AND INDPENDENCE
c) =0.6, P(C∩A)=0.2, and
Q1. Let A, B, and C be three events such that: P(A)=0.5, P(B)=0.4, P(C∩A
P(A∩B
)=0.9. Then
(a)P(C) =
(A) 0.1 (B) 0.6 (C) 0.8 (D) 0.2 (E) 0.5
(b)P(B∩A
) =
(A) 0.0 (B) 0.9 (C) 0.1 (D) 1.0 (E) 0.3
(c)P (C|A) =
(A) 0.4 (B) 0.8 (C) 0.1 (D) 1.0 (E) 0.7
(d)P (Bc∩A
c ) =
(A) 0.3 (B) 0.1 (C) 0.2 (D) 1.1 (E) 0.8
2. Consider the experiment of flipping a balanced coin three times independently. (a) The number of
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points in the sample space is
(A) 2 (B) 6 (C) 8 (D) 3 (E) 9
(b)The probability of getting exactly two heads is
(A)0.125 (B) 0.375 (C) 0.667 (D) 0.333 (E) 0.451
(c)The events ‘exactly two heads’ and ‘exactly threeheads’ are
(A)Independent (B) disjoint (C) equally (D) identical(E) None likely
(d)The events ‘the first coin is head’ and ‘the secondand the third coins are tails’ are (A)
Independent (B) disjoint (C) equally (D) identical (E) None likely
Q3. Suppose that a fair die is thrown twice, then
1.the probability that the sum of numbers of thetwo dice is less than or equal to 4 is; (A)
0.1667 (B) 0.6667 (C) 0.8333 (D) 0.1389
2.the probability that at least one of the die shows4 is;
(A)0.6667 (B) 0.3056 (C) 0.8333 (D) 0.1389
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3.the probability that one die shows one and the sum of the two dice is four is;
(A)0.0556 (B) 0.6667 (C) 0.3056 (D) 0.1389
4.the event A={the sum of two dice is 4} and theevent B={exactly one die shows two} are, (A)
Independent (B) Dependent (C) Joint (D) None of these.
Q4. Assume thatP( A
) = 0.3,P( B) = 0.4,P( A∩
B
∩C
) =0.03, andP( A
∩
B
) = 0.88, then
1. the events A and B are,
(A) Independent (B) Dependent (C) Disjoint (D) None of these.
2.P( C\A∩B) is equal to,
(A) 0.65 (B) 0.25 (C) 0. 35 (D) 0.14
5. If the probability that it will rain tomorrow is 0.23, then the probability that it will not rain tomorrow
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is:
(A) −0.23 (B) 0.77 (C) −0.77 (D) 0.23
6. The probability that a factory will open a branch in Riyadh is 0.7, the probability that it will open a
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branch in Jeddah is 0.4, and the probability that it will open a branch in either Riyadh or Jeddah or both
is 0.8. Then, the probability that it will open a branch:
1) in both cities is:
(A) 0.1 (B) 0.9 (C) 0.3 (D) 0.8
2) in neither city is :
(A) 0.4 (B) 0.7 (C) 0.3 (D) 0.2
Q7. The Probability that a lab specimen is contaminated is 0.1, Three independent samples are checked.
1) The probability that none is contaminated is :
(A) 0.0475 (B) 0.001 (C) 0.729 (D) 0.3
2) The probability that exactly one sample is contaminated is :
(A) 0.243 (B) 0.081 (C) 0.757 (D) 0.3
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Q8. 200 adults are classified according to sex and their level of education in the following table:
Sex Male (M) Female (F)
Education
Elementary (E) 28 50
Secondary (S) 38 45
College (C) 22 17
If a person is selected at random from this group, then:
1) the probability that he is a male is:
(A) 0.3182 (B) 0.44 (C) 0.28 (D) 78
2) The probability that the person is male given that the person has a secondary education is:
(A) 0.4318 (B) 0.4578 (C) 0.19 (D) 0.44
3) The probability that the person does not have a college degree given that the person is a female is:
(A) 0.8482 (B) 0.1518 (C) 0.475 (D) 0.085
4) Are the events M and E independent? Why? [P(M)=0.44≠P(M|E)=0.359→dependent]
Q9. 1000 individuals are classified below by sex and smoking habit.
SEX
Male (M) Female (F)
SMOKING Daily (D) 300 50
HABIT Occasionally (O) 200 50
Not at all (N) 100 300
A person is selected randomly from this group.
1.Find the probability that the person is female. [P(F)=0.4]
2.Find the probability that the person is femaleand smokes daily. [P(F∩D
)=0.05]
3.Find the probability that the person is female,given that the person smokes daily.
[P(F|D)=0.1429]
4.Are the events F and D independent? Why? [P(F)=0.4≠P(F|D)=0.1429→dependent]
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10. Two engines operate independently, if the probability that an engine will start is 0.4, and the
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probability that other engine will start is 0.6, then the probability that both will start is:
(A) 1 (B) 0.24 (C) 0.2 (D) 0.5
Q11. IfP( B) = 0.3 andP( A
\B) = 0.4, thenP( A∩
B
) equalsto;
(A) 0.67 (B) 0.12 (C) 0.75 (D) 0.3
12. The probability that a computer system has an electrical failure is 0.15, and the probability that it
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has a virus is 0.25, and the probability that it has both problems is 0.10, then the probability that the
computer system has the electrical failure or the virus is:
(A) 1.15 (B) 0.2 (C) 0.15 (D) 0.30
13. From a box containing 4 black balls and 2 green balls, 3 balls are drown independently in
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succession, each ball being replaced in the box before the next draw is made. The probability of drawing
2 green balls and 1 black ball is:
(A) 6/27 (B) 2/27 (C) 12/27 (D) 4/27
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2.BAYES RULE:
1. 80 students are enrolled in STAT-324 class. 60 students are from engineering college and the rest
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are from computer science college. 10% of the engineering college students have taken this course
before, and 5% of the computer science college students have taken this course before. If one student
from this class is randomly selected, then:
1) the probability that he has taken this course before is:
(A) 0.25 (B) 0.0875 (C) 0.8021 (D) 0. 75
2) If the selected student has taken this course before then the probability that he is from the
computer science college is:
(A) 0.1429 (B) 0.375 (C) 0.80 (D) 0. 25
2. Two machines A and B make 80% and 20%, respectively, of the products in a certain factory. It is
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known that 5% and 10% of the products made by each machine, respectively, are defective. A finished
product is randomly selected.
(a)Find the probability that the product is defective.[P(D)=0.06]
(b)If the product were found to be defective, whatis the probability that it was made by
machine B. [P(B|D)=0.3333]
3. Dates' factory has three assembly lines, A, B, and C. Suppose that the assembly lines A, B, and C
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account for 50%, 30%, and 20% of the total product of the factory. Quality control records show that 4%
of the dates packed by line A, 6% of the dates packed by line B, and 12% of the dates packed by line C
are improperly sealed. If a pack is randomly selected, then:
(a) the probability that the pack is from line B and it is improperly sealed is
(A) 0.018 (B) 0.30 (C) 0.06 (D) 0.36 (E) 0.53
(b) the probability that the pack is improperly sealed is
(A) 0.62 (B) 0.022 (C) 0.062 (D) 0.22 (E) 0.25
(c) if it is found that the pack is improperly sealed, what is the probability that it is from line B?
(A) 0.0623 (B) 0.0223 (C) 0.6203 (D) 0.2203 (E) 0.2903
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Q4.Twobrothers,MohammadandAhmadownandoperateasmallrestaurant.Mohammadwashes
50%ofthedishesandAhmadwashes50%ofthedishes.WhenMohammadwashesadish,hemight
breakitwithprobability0.40.Ontheotherhand,whenAhmadwashesadish,hemightbreakitwith
probability 0.10. Then,
(a) the probability that a dish will be broken during washing is:
(A) 0.667 (B) 0.25 (C) 0.8 (D) 0.5
( b) If a broken dish was found in the washing machine, the probability that it was washed by
Mohammad is:
(A) 0.667 (B) 0.25 (C) 0.8 (D) 0.5
3. RANDOM VARIABLES, DISTRIBUTIONS, EXPECTATIONS :
Q1. Consider the experiment of flipping a balanced coin three times independently.
Let X= Number of heads – Number of tails.
(a)List the elements of the sample space S.
(b)Assign a value x of X to each sample point.
(c)Find the probability distribution function of X.
(d)Find P( X≤1 )
(e)Find P( X < 1 )
(f)Findμ=E(X)
(g)Findσ2= Var(X)
2. It is known that 20% of a certain human population are female. The experiment is to select a
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committee consisting of two individuals at random. Let X be a random variable giving the number of
females in the committee.
1.List the elements of the sample space S.
2.Assign a value x of X to each sample point.
3.Find the probability distribution function of X.
4. Findtheprobabilitythattherewillbeatleastonefemaleinthecommittee. 5.
Findtheprobabilitythattherewillbeatmostonefemaleinthecommittee.6.Find
μ=E(X)
7.Findσ2= Var(X)
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3.Aboxcontains100cards;40ofwhicharelabeledwiththenumber5andtheothercardsarelabeled
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withthenumber10.Twocardswereselectedrandomlywithreplacementandthenumberappearedon
each card was observed. Let X be a random variable giving the total sum of the two
numbers.
(i)List the elements of the sample spaceS.
(ii)To each element ofSassign a value x of X.
(iii)Find the probability mass function (probabilitydistribution function) of X. (iv) Find
P(X=0).
(v)Find P(X>10).
(vi)Findμ=E(X)
(vii)Findσ2= Var(X)
Q4. Let X be a random variable with the following probability distribution:
x −3 6 9
f(x) 0.1 0.5 0.4
1)Find the mean (expected value) of X,μ=E(X).
2)Find E(X2) .
3)Find the variance of X, Var (X) =σX 2 .
4)Find the mean of 2X+1,E( 2X+1) =μ2X+ 1 .
5)Find the variance of 2X+1, Var(2X+1)=σ22 X + 1.
Q5. Which of the following is a probability distribution function:
(A)f(x ) =��+1
) =��−1
10; x=0,1,2,3,4 (B)f(x
5; x=0,1,2,3,4
(C)f(x ) =15; x=0,1,2,3,4 (D)f(x) =5−��2
6; x=0,1,2,3
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Q6. Let the random variable X have a discrete uniform with parameterk=3 and with values 0,1, and 2.
The probability distribution function is: f(x)=P(X=x)=1/3 ; x=0, 1, 2.
(1) The mean of X is
(A) 1.0 (B) 2.0 (C) 1.5 (D) 0.0
(2) The variance of X is
(A) 0.0 (B) 1.0 (C) 0.67 (D) 1.33
(a) Find the probability distribution function of X, f(x).
(b) Find P( 1≤X<2). (using both f(x) and F(x))
(c) Find P( X>2). (using both f(x) and F(x))
Q7. Consider the random variable X with the following probability distribution function:
X 0 1 2 3
f(x) 0.4 c 0.3 0.1
The value ofcis
(A) 0.125(B) 0.2(C) 0.1 (D) 0.125 (E) − 0.2
Q8. Consider the random variable X with the following probability distribution function:
X −1 0 1 2
f(x) 0.2 0.3 0.2 c
Find the following:
(a)The value ofc.
(b)P( 0 < X ≤ 2 )
(c)��= E(X)
(d)E(X2)
(e)��2= Var(X)
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Q9. If a random variable X has a mean of 10 and a variance of 4, then the random variable Y=2X−2,
(a) has a mean of:
(A) 10 (B) 18 (b) and a standard (C) 20 (D) 22
deviation of:
(A) 6 (B) 2 (C) 4 (D) 16
Q10. If the probability distribution function of X, the number of typing errors committed by a typist, is:
x 0 1 2 3 4
f(x) 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.1
Find the average (mean) number of errors for this typist.
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