Department of CSE

1. INTRODUCTION
The present cell phones have it all. Today phones have everything ranging from the

smallest size, largest phone memory, speed dialing, video player, audio player, and camera and

so on. Recently with the development of Pico nets and Bluetooth technology data sharing has

become a child's play. Earlier with the infrared feature you can share data within a line of sight

that means the two devices has to be aligned properly to transfer data, but in case of blue tooth

you can transfer data even when you have the cell phone in your pocket up to arrange of 50

meters. The creation and entry of 5G technology into the mobile market place will launch a new

revolution in the way international cellular plans are offered. The global mobile phone is upon

the cell phone market. Just around the corner, the newest 5G technologies will hit the mobile

market with phones used in China being able to access and call locally phones in Germany.

Truly innovative technology changing the way mobile phones will be used. With the

Emergence of cell phones, which are similar to a PDA, you can now have your whole office

Within the phone. Cell phones will give tough competitions to laptop manufacturers and normal

computer designers. Even today there are phones with gigabytes of memory storage and the

latest operating systems .Thus one can say that with the current trends, the industry has a real

bright future if it can handle the best technologies and can produce affordable handsets for its

customers. Thus you will get all your desires unleashed in the near future when these smart

phones take over the market. 5G Network's router and switch technology delivers Last Yard

Connectivity between the Internet access provider and building occupants.5G's technology

intelligently distributes Internet access to individual nodes within the building.

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2. EVOLUTION FROM 1G-5G NETWORKS

Cell phones are used millions and billions of users worldwide. How many of us know the

technology behind cell phones that is used for our communication? I have also intrigued about

the type of technology used in my phone. What are 1G, 2G, 3G and 4G technologies?1G, 2G, 3G

& 4G ("G" stands for "Generation") are the generations of wireless telecom connectivity. In

1945, the zero generation (0G) of mobile telephones was introduced. Mobile Telephone Service,

were not officially categorized as mobile phones, since they did not support the automatic

change of channel frequency during calls. 1G (Time Division Multiple Access and Frequency

Division Multiple Access) was the initial wireless telecom network system. It's out-dated now.

The analog “brick phones” and “bag phones” are under 1G technology. Cell phones era began

with 1G.The next era; 2G has taken its place of 1G. Cell phones received their first major

upgrade when they went from 1G to 2G. This leap effectively took cell phones from analog to

digital. 2G and 2.5G were versions of the GSM and CDMA connections. And GSM is still the

most popular technology, but with no internet. Fortunately, GPRS, an additional service, is

provided over GSM for the purpose of internet access. GPRS has been developed and thus,

EGPRS was created. It's more secure and faster than GPRS.

Then 3G came, the new Wireless CDMA technology. It is the first wireless telecom

technology that provides broadband-speed internet connection on mobile phones. It has been

specially made for the demand of internet on smart phones. Further development led to the

creation of 3.5G, which provides blazing fast internet connection on phones, up to the speed of

7.2 MBPS. A smart phone can be connected to a PC to share its internet connection and 3G and

3.5G are ideal for this. But, as this WCDMA technology is not available in all regions, it’s not as

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popular as GSM yet. Before making the major leap from 2G to 3G wireless networks, the lesser-

known 2.5G was an interim standard that bridged the gap. Following 2.5G, 3G ushered in faster

data-transmission speeds so you could use your cell phone in more data-demanding ways. This

has meant streaming video (i.e. movie trailers and television), audio and much more. Cell phone

companies today are spending a lot of money to brand to you the importance of their 3G

network. The above systems and radio interfaces are based on kindred spread spectrum radio

transmission technology. While the GSM EDGE standard ("2.9G"), DECT cordless phones and

Mobile Wi MAX standards formally also fulfill the IMT-2000 requirements and are approved as

3G standards by ITU, these are typically not branded 3G, and are based on completely different

technologies.

4G, which is also known as “beyond 3G” or “fourth-generation” cell phone technology,

refers to the entirely new evolution. Developers are now going for 4G (OFDMA), which will

provide internet up to the speed of 1 GBPS! It is said to be able to overcome the problems of

weak network strength and should provide a much wider network, making sure that the users get

high-speed connectivity anytime anywhere. No doubt, 4G will open new doors of revolutionary

internet technologies, but for now, 3G and 3.5G are the best.4G will allow for speeds of up to

100Mbps. 4G promises voice, data and high-quality multimedia in real-time form all the time

and anywhere.

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3. 1G WIRELESS SYSTEM

First Generation wireless technology (1G) is the original analog (An analog or analogue

signal is any continuous signal for which the time varying feature (variable) of the signal is a

representation of some other time varying quantity), voice-only cellular telephone standard,

developed in the 1980s. The main difference between two succeeding mobile telephone systems.

1G and 2G,is that the radio signals that 1G networks use are analog, while 2G networks are

digital. Although both systems use digital signaling to connect the radio towers (which listen to

the handsets) to the rest of the telephone system, the voice itself during a call is encoded to

digital signals in 2G whereas 1G is only modulated to higher frequency, typically 150 MHz and

up. One such standard is NMT (Nordic Mobile Telephone), used in Nordic countries, Eastern

Europe and Russia. Others include AMPS (Advanced Mobile Phone System) used in the United

States, TACS (Total Access Communications System) in the United Kingdom, JTAGS in Japan,

C-Netz in West Germany, Radio com 2000 in France, and RTMI in Italy. Analog cellular service

is being phased out in most places worldwide. 1G technology replaced 0Gtechnology, which

featured mobile radio telephones and such technologies as Mobile Telephone System (MTS),

Advanced Mobile Telephone System (AMTS), Improved Mobile Telephone Service (IMTS),

and Push to Talk (PTT).

Developed in 1980s and completed in early 1990’s

1G was old analog system and supported the 1st generation of analog cell phones

speed up to 2.4kbps

Advance mobile phone system (AMPS) was first launched by the US and is a 1G

Mobile system

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Allows users to make voice calls in 1 country

4. 2G WIRELESS SYSTEMS

2G is short for second-generation wireless telephone technology. Second generation 2G

cellular telecom networks were commercially launched on the GSM standard in Finland in 1991.

2G network allows for much greater penetration intensity. 2G technologies enabled the various

mobile phone networks to provide the services such as text messages, picture messages and

MMS (multimedia messages). 2G technology is more efficient. 2G technology holds sufficient

security for both the sender and the receiver. All text messages are digitally encrypted. This

digital encryption allows for the transfer of data in such a way that only the intended receiver can

receive and read it. Second generation technologies are either time division multiple access

(TDMA) or code division multiple access (CDMA). TDMA allows for the division of signal into

timeslots. CDMA allocates each user a special code to communicate over a multiplex physical

channel. Different TDMA technologies are GSM, PDC, iDEN, and IS-136. CDMA technology is

IS-95. GSM has its origin from the Group special Mobile, in Europe. GSM (Global system for

mobile communication) is the most admired standard of all the mobile technologies.

Although this technology originates from the Europe, but now it is used in more than

212 countries in the world. GSM technology was the first one to help establish international

roaming. This enabled the mobile subscribers to use their mobile phone connections in many

Different countries of the worlds are based on digital signals, unlike 1G technology which were

used to transfer Analogue signals. GSM has enabled the users to make use of the short message

services (SMS) to any mobile network at any time. SMS is a cheap and easy way to send a

message to anyone, other than the voice call or conference. This technology is beneficial to both

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the network operators and the ultimate users at the same time. In comparison to 1G's analog

signals, 2G's digital signals are very reliant on location and proximity. If a 2G handset made a

call far away from a cell tower, the digital signal may not be enough to reach it. While a call

made from a 1G handset had generally poor quality than that of a 2G handset, it survived longer

distances. This is due to the analog signal having a smooth curve compared to the digital signal,

which had a jagged, angular curve. As conditions worsen, the quality of a call made from a 1G

handset would gradually worsen, but a call made from a 2Ghandset would fail completely. Data

transfer in speeds is up to 64kbps.

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5. 3G WIRELESS SYSTEMS

International Mobile Telecommunications-2000 (IMT--2000), better known as 3G or

3rdGeneration is a generation of standards for mobile phones and mobile telecommunications

services fulfilling specifications by the International Telecommunication Union. The use of 3G

technology is also able to transmit packet switch data efficiently at better and increased

bandwidth. 3G mobile technologies proffers more advanced services to mobile users. The

spectral efficiency of 3G technology is better than 2G technologies. Spectral efficiency is the

measurement of rate of information transfer over any communication system. 3G is also known

as IMT-2000.


Transmission speeds from 125kbps to 2Mbps

In 2005, 3G is ready to live up to its performance in computer networking

(WCDMA, WLAN and Bluetooth) and mobile devices area (cell phone and GPS)

Data are sent through technology called packet switching

Voice calls are interpreted using circuit switching

Access to Global Roaming

Clarity in voice calls

Fast Communication, Internet, Mobile T.V, Video Conferencing, Video Calls, Multi

Media Messaging Service (MMS), 3D gaming, Multi-Gaming, etc. are also available

With 3G phones.

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6. 4G WIRELESS SYSTEMS

4G refers to the fourth generation of cellular wireless standards. It is a successor to 3G

And 2G families of standards. The nomenclature of the generations generally refers to a change

in the fundamental nature of the service, non-backwards compatible transmission technology,

and new frequency bands.3G technologies make use of TDMA and CDMA. 3G (Third

Generation Technology) technologies make use of value added services like mobile television,

GPS (global positioning system) and video conferencing.

The basic feature of 3G Technology (Third Generation Technology) is fast data transfer

rates. However this feature is not currently working properly because, ITU 200 is still making

decision to fix the data rates. It is expected that 2 Mbit/sec for stationary users, while 348 Kbits

when moving or travelling. ITU sell various frequency rates in order to make use of broadband

technologies. Network authentication has won the trust of users, because the user can rely on its

network as a reliable source of transferring data.3G technology is much flexible, because it is

able to support the 5 major radio technologies. These radio technologies operate under CDMA,

TDMA and FDMA.CDMA holds for IMT-DS (direct spread), IMTMC (multi carrier). TDMA

accounts for IMT-TC (time code), IMT-SC (single carrier). FDMA has only one radio interface

known as IMT-FC or frequency code. Third generation technology is really affordable due to the

agreement of industry. This agreement took place in order to increase its adoption by the users.

3G (Third Generation Technology) system is compatible to work with the 2G technologies. 3G

(Third Generation Technology) technologies holds the vision that they should be expandable on

demand. The aim of the 3G (Third Generation Technology) is to allow for more coverage and

growth with minimum investment. The bandwidth and location information available to 3G

devices gives rise to applications not previously available to mobile phone users.

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Mobile TV- a provider redirects a TV channel directly to the subscriber's phone where

it can be watched.

Video on demand- a provider sends a movie to the subscriber's phone.

Video conferencing- subscribers can see as well as talk to each other.

Tele-medicine a medical provider monitors or provides advice to the potentially

Isolated subscriber.

Mobile ultra-broadband (gigabit speed) access and multi-carrier transmission.

7. WHAT IS 5G & WHAT IT OFFERS

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5G Technology stands for 5th Generation Mobile technology. 5G technology has

changed the means to use cell phones within very high bandwidth. User never experienced ever

before such a high value technology. The 5G technologies include all type of advanced features

which makes 5G technology most powerful and in huge demand in near future.

The gigantic array of innovative technology being built into new cell phones is stunning.

5G technologies which are on hand held phone offering more power and features than at least

1000 lunar modules. A user can also hook their 5Gtechnology cell phone with their Laptop to get

broadband internet access. 5G technology including camera, MP3 recording, video player, large

phone memory, dialing speed, audio player and much more you never imagine. For children

rocking fun Bluetooth technology and Pico nets has become in market.

As per the present status all over the world WCDMA is commercially launched .Some

nations has planned to launch LTE within next quarter. Operator is looking ahead for wide scale

deployment of LTE in 2012. Operators will also find that the timing is right to make the switch

because much of the first generation of 3G equipment will need to be upgraded soon. LTE

networking equipment and handsets, already under development, will become available in 2010,

and should be rolled out in large quantities in Europe by 2012. Clearly shows that within 2020

LTE will become the latest trend for wireless communication all over the world. But yet our

question remains unanswered. Why there is a need for 5G.

Even though LTE provides wide range of growth for present wireless telecommunication.

People are not in a circumstance to make use of those benefits in an effective manner LTE might
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be rigorously used in Commercial/Industrial areas. But think of a common man who utmost

utilize LTE for downloading a movie or make a video call. Fact is that there is no such ground-

breaking application exists in real world to be utilized by a common man. You might doubt how

this verdict is applicable for current innovative world, where have enormous splendid real time

applications. Concern is that our present wireless telecommunications is bottlenecked to use

those applications in an effective manner. This paper mainly focuses on how a 5G network can

provide more approach to a common man to utilize his available possessions in an immense way

to make him to feel the real progress.

If you can able to pay all your bills in a single payment with your mobile.

If you can able to sense Tsunami/earthquake before it occurs.

If you can able to visualize lively all planets and Universe.

We can lock our Laptop, car, Bike using our mobile when you forgot to do so.

Our mobile can share your work load.

5G Mobile can identify the best server.

Mobile can perform Radio resource management.

If your mobile can intimate you before the call drops.

Mobile phone get cleaned by its own. Can able to fold your mobile as per your desire.

If you can able to expand your coverage using your mobile phones.

If you can able identify your stolen mobile with nanoseconds.

8. BASIC ARCHITECTURE OF 5G TECHNOLOGY

8.1. Ubiquitous Computing

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5G would be about "ubiquitous computing", that is, having the ability to access the

applications want from any platform, anywhere, any time. To create such an environment, one

needs to integrate various applications, emerging from various engineering practices. Human life

will be surrounded by intelligent sensors, which will bring radical change to human life’s daily

approaches of doing things, as:

Your intelligent car will send SMS to your cell phone, from your car.

Your home security camera is attached to secured internet. So that you can view your

Sitting room on your laptop/mobile phone screen, by accessing secure website.

You are receiving regular MMS from your hospital about your medication need and

Next doctor appointment.

8.2. Aggregator

Existing telecom networks are fashioned in hierarchical way, where subscriber traffic

Is aggregated at aggregation point (BSC/RNC) and then routed to gateways. (As shown in

figure).Flat IP architecture will lessen burden on aggregation point and traffic will directly move

from Base station to Media gateways. Vision of Super Core is based on IP platform. All network

operators (GSM, CDMA, Wimax, and Wire line) can be connected to one Super core with

massive capacity. This is realization of single network infrastructure. The concept of super core

will eliminate all interconnecting charges and complexities, which is right now network operator

is facing. It will also reduce number of network entities in end to end connection, thus reducing

latency considerably.

8.3. Flatter IP concept

At regular interval, semiconductor manufacturers advance to a new generation with

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Smaller feature sizes. This allows them to incorporate more functions into a given area of silicon

and, hence, more features or new capabilities into electronic devices like cell phones, Increased

processing capacity will be allow Mobile devices (cell phones, PDAs, etc) to do more tasks

(instructions per minute) then before. This will lead to even the Flatter IP network. As Flat IP has

shifted some of the BSC/RNC’s radio resource functions to Base station, Flatter IP will shift

some of the RR functions, to Mobile devices from Base station. Finally your cell phone will not

be just access device but, it will also perform some of the Radio Resource Management

functions.

With the shift to flat IP architectures, mobile operators can

Reduce the number of network elements in the data path to lower operations costs

And capital expenditure.

Partially decouple the cost of delivering service from the volume of data transmitted to align

infrastructure capabilities with emerging application requirements.

Minimize system latency and enable applications with a lower tolerance for delay; upcoming

latency enhancements on the radio link can also be fully realized.

Evolve radio access and packet core networks independently of each other to a greater extent

than in the past, creating greater flexibility in network planning and deployment.

Develop a flexible core network that can serve as the basis for service innovation

Across both mobile and generic IP access networks.

9. 5G: Nano Core

Sophisticated technology has enabled an age of globalization. Technological convergence

is the tendency for different technological systems to evolve towards performing similar tasks.

What Nicholas Negroponte labeled the transformation of "atoms to bits," the digitization of all

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media content. When words, images and sounds are transformed into digital information, it

expands the potential relationships between them and enables them to flow across platforms.

The 5G Nancore is a convergence of below mention technologies. These technologies

have their own impact on exiting wireless network which makes them in to 5G.

• Nanotechnology.

• Cloud Computing.

• All IP Platform.

9.1. Nanotechnology:

Nanotechnology is the application of Nano science to control process on nanometer scale.

I.e. between 0.1 and 100nm.The field is also known as molecular nanotechnology (MNT). MNT

deals with control of the structure of matter based on atom-by-atom and molecule by molecule

engineering. The term nanotechnology was introduced by Nori Taniguchi in 1974 at the Tokyo

international conference on production engineering. Nanotechnology is the next industrial

revolution, and the telecommunications industry will be radically transformed by it in a few

years. Nanotechnology has shown its impact on both mobile as well as the core network. Apart

from this it has its own impact on sensor as well as security. This is considered as a most

significant in telecommunication. We will be discussing the same in our further slides.

9.2. Nano Equipment (NE):

Mobile phone has become more than a communication device in modern world it has

Turned into an identity of an individual. In 5G Nanocore these mobile are referred as Nano

Equipment as they are geared up with nanotechnology. One of the central visions of the

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Wireless industry aims at ambient intelligence: computation and communication always

available and ready to serve the user in an intelligent way. This requires that the devices are

Mobile. Mobile devices together with the intelligence that will be embedded in human

environments – home, office, public places – will create a new platform that enables ubiquitous

sensing, computing, and communication.

Specifications of Nano Equipment are given as follow:

• Self Cleaning – the phone cleans by itself

• Self powered – the phone derives its energy/power from the sun, water, or air.

• Sense the environment – the phone will tell you the weather, the amount of air pollution

Present, etc.

• Flexible – bend but not break

• Transparent – “see through” phones

9.3. Cloud Computing:

Cloud computing is a technology that uses the internet and central remote server to

maintain data and applications. In 5G network this central remote server will be our content

provider. Cloud computing allows consumers and business to use applications without

installation and access their personal files at any computer with internet access. The same

concept is going to be used in Nanocore where the user tries to access his private account form a

global content provider through Nanocore in form of cloud. The development of cloud

computing provides operators with tremendous opportunities. Since cloud computing relies on

the networks, it shows the significance of networks and promotes network development. It also

requires secure and reliable service providers, capabilities that operators have deep expertise in.

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Operators can enter the cloud computing market and create new value-added services and

experiences by integrating industry content and applications in the digital supermarket model.

9.4. All IP Network:

As already discussed for converging different technologies to form a single 5G Nanocore,

We require a common platform to interact, Flat IP architecture act as an essential part of 5G

network. The All-IP Network (AIPN) is an evolution of the 3GPP system to meet the increasing

demands of the mobile telecommunications market. To meets customer demand for real-time

data applications delivered over mobile broadband networks, wireless operators are turning to

flat IP network architectures. Primarily focused upon enhancements of packet switched

technology, AIPN provides a continued evolution and optimization of the system concept in

order to provide a competitive edge in terms of both performance and cost.

The key benefits of flat IP architectures are:

• Lower costs

• Universal seamless access

• Improved user experience

• Reduced system latency

• Decoupled radio access and core network evolution

9.5. Heterogeneous Wireless Networks Interoperability

The challenge in the design of the terminals is connected to the management of trade

Between the flexibility of how to use the spectrum and needed space and power to given

platform. New methods for partial reconfigurable offer design dimensions that allow the system

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to adapt to the opportunities and requirements of the terminals in a manner that shall maximize

the spectral efficiency and also maximize the battery power. As a result of growing level of

acceptance of the wireless technologies in different fields, challenges and types of wireless

systems associated with them are changing. In heterogeneous wireless networks the concept is

"always best connected" (always associated with the best quality), aimed at client terminals, and

is proposed in different researches.

10. DESIGN OF 5G MOBILE NETWORK ARCHITECTURE

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11. BENEFITS OF 5G TECHNOLOGY

High speed, high capacity, and low cost per bit.

Support interactive multimedia, voice, streaming video, Internet, and other broadband

Services, more effective and more attractive, Bi directional, accurate traffic statistics.

Global access, service portability, and scalable mobile services.

The high quality services of 5G technology based on Policy to avoid error.

5G technology is providing large broadcasting of data in Gigabit which supporting

Almost 65,000 connections.

5G technology offer transporter class gateway with unparalleled consistency.

12. CONCLUSION

The development of the mobile and wireless networks is going towards higher data rates

and all-IP principle. Currently, there are many available radio access technologies, which
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provide possibility for IP-based communication on the network layer, as well as there is

migration of all services in IP environment, including the traditional telephony and even

television, besides the traditional Internet services, such as web and electronic mail as most used

among the others. On the other side, mobile terminals are obtaining each year more processing

power, more memory on board, and longer battery life for the same applications (services). It is

expected that the initial Internet philosophy of keeping the network simple as possible, and

giving more functionalities to the end nodes, will become reality in the future generation of

mobile networks, here referred to as 5G.

Author has defined completely novel network architecture for such 5G mobile networks.

The architecture includes introduction of software agents in the mobile terminal, which will be

used for communication with newly defined nodes called Policy Routers, which shall be placed

in the core network. The Policy Router creates IP tunnels with the mobile terminal via each of

the interfaces to different RATs available to the terminal. Based on the given policies, the change

of the RAT, i.e., vertical handover, is executed via tunnel change by the Policy Router, and such

change is based on the given policies regarding the Quality of Service and user preferences, as

well as performance measurement obtained by the user equipment via new defined procedure for

that purpose in this paper, called Quality of Service Policy based Routing (QoSPRO).

14. REFERENCES

1. Suvarna Patil, Vipin Patil A Review on 5g Technology, International Journal of

Engineering and Innovative Technology (IJEIT).

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2. Saurabh Patel, Malhar Chauhan, Kinjal Kapadiya 5G : Future Mobile Technology –

Vision 2020, International Journal of Computer Applications (IJCA).

3. Aleksandar Tudzarov, Functional Architecture for 5G Mobile Network, International

Journal of Advanced science and Technology (IJAST).

4. Imthiyaz Ali, The 5G Nanocore

5. Akhilesh Kumar Pachauri, Ompal Singh, 5G Technology: Redefining Wireless

Communication in Upcoming Years

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