TCP/IP PROTOCOLS

TCP/IP PROTOCOL SUITE/STACK

 Overview of TCP/IP Protocol Suite/Stack
• TCP/IP that is Transmission Control Protocol and
Internet Protocol was developed by Department
of Defence's Project Research Agency (ARPA, later
DARPA) as a part of a research project of network
interconnection to connect remote machines.
• The features that stood out during the research, which
led to making the TCP/IP Protocol Suite/Stack were:
• Support for a flexible architecture. Adding more
machines to a network was easy.
• The network was robust, and connections remained
intact until the source and destination machines were
functioning.
• The overall idea was to allow one application on one
computer to talk to(send data packets) another
application running on different computer.
 Introduction
• TCP/IP means Transmission Control Protocol and
Internet Protocol. It is the network model used in
the current Internet architecture as well.
• Protocols are set of rules which govern every
possible communication over a network. These
protocols describe the movement of data between
the source and destination or the internet. They
also offer simple naming and addressing schemes.
 TCP/IP protocol stack
• TCP/IP is the protocol suite upon which all Internet
communication is based.
• Different vendors have developed other
networking protocols, but even most network
operating systems with their own protocols, such
as Netware, support TCP/IP.
• It has become the de facto standard.
• Protocols are sometimes referred to as protocol
stacks or protocol suites. A protocol stack is an
appropriate term because it indicates the layered
approach used to design the networking software
 TCP/IP protocol stack

• Flow of data between two computers using TCP/IP

stacks.
Different Layers of TCP/IP Reference Model

• The 4 layers that form the TCP/IP reference model

are:
i. Layer 1 (Host-to-network Layer/ Network access layer)
ii. Layer 2 (Internet layer)
iii. Layer 3 (Transport Layer)
iv. Layer 4 (Application Layer)
Different Layers of TCP/IP Reference Model
• Though there are sources that indicate that the
model has five layer i.e. Layer 5 (Application), Layer
4 (Transport), Layer 3 (Internet), Layer 2 (Network),
and Layer 1 (Physical).
i. Layer 1 (Host-to-network Layer/ Network access
layer)
• Lowest layer of the all.
• Protocol is used to connect to the host, so that the
packets can be sent over it.
• Varies from host to host and network to network.
Different Layers of TCP/IP Reference Model
ii. Layer 2 (Internet layer)
• Selection of a packet switching network which is based on a
connectionless internetwork layer is called a internet layer.
• It is the layer which holds the whole architecture together.
• It helps the packet to travel independently to the destination.
• Order in which packets are received is different from the way
they are sent.
• IP (Internet Protocol) is used in this layer.
• The various functions performed by the Internet Layer are:
– Delivering IP packets
– Performing routing
– Avoiding congestion
Different Layers of TCP/IP Reference Model
iii. Layer 3 (Transport Layer)
• It decides if data transmission should be on parallel
path or single path.
• Functions such as multiplexing, segmenting or splitting
on the data is done by transport layer.
• The applications can read and write to the transport
layer.
• Transport layer adds header information to the data.
• Transport layer breaks the message (data) into small
units so that they are handled more efficiently by the
network layer.
• Transport layer also arrange the packets to be sent, in
sequence.
Different Layers of TCP/IP Reference Model
iv. Layer 4 (Application Layer)
The TCP/IP specifications described a lot of applications that were
at the top of the protocol stack. Some of them were TELNET, FTP,
SMTP, DNS etc.
• TELNET is a two-way communication protocol which allows
connecting to a remote machine and run applications on it.
• FTP(File Transfer Protocol) is a protocol, that allows File
transfer amongst computer users connected over a network.
It is reliable, simple and efficient.
• SMTP(Simple Mail Transport Protocol) is a protocol, which is
used to transport electronic mail between a source and
destination, directed via a route.
• DNS(Domain Name Server) resolves an IP address into a
textual address for Hosts connected over a network.
• It allows peer entities to carry conversation.
• It defines two end-to-end protocols: TCP and UDP
Different Layers of TCP/IP Reference Model
• TCP(Transmission Control Protocol): It is a reliable
connection-oriented protocol which handles byte-
stream from source to destination without error
and flow control.
• UDP(User-Datagram Protocol): It is an unreliable
connection-less protocol that do not want TCPs,
sequencing and flow control. Eg: One-shot request-
reply kind of service.
 Merits of TCP/IP model
• It operated independently.
• It is scalable.
• Client/server architecture.
• Supports a number of routing protocols.
• Can be used to establish a connection between two
computers.
 Demerits of TCP/IP
• In this, the transport layer does not guarantee
delivery of packets.
• The model cannot be used in any other application.
• Replacing protocol is not easy.
• It has not clearly separated its services, interfaces
and protocols.
PROTOCOLS
 Introduction
A Family of Protocols
• TCP/IP is a large collection of different
communication protocols based upon the two
original protocols TCP and IP.
TCP - Transmission Control Protocol
• TCP is used for transmission of data from an application to
the network.
• TCP is responsible for breaking data down into IP packets
before they are sent, and for assembling the packets when
they arrive.
IP - Internet Protocol
• IP takes care of the communication with other computers.
• IP is responsible for the sending and receiving data packets
over the Internet.
 Protocols
HTTP - Hyper Text Transfer Protocol
• HTTP takes care of the communication between a
web server and a web browser.
• HTTP is used for sending requests from a web client
(a browser) to a web server, returning web content
(web pages) from the server back to the client.
HTTPS - Secure HTTP
• HTTPS takes care of secure communication
between a web server and a web browser.
• HTTPS typically handles credit card transactions
and other sensitive data.
 Protocols
SSL - Secure Sockets Layer
• The SSL protocol is used for encryption of data for
secure data transmission.
SMTP - Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
• SMTP is used for transmission of e-mails.
MIME - Multi-purpose Internet Mail Extensions
• The MIME protocol lets SMTP transmit multimedia
files including voice, audio, and binary data across
TCP/IP networks.
IMAP - Internet Message Access Protocol
• IMAP is used for storing and retrieving e-mails.
 Protocols
POP - Post Office Protocol
• POP is used for downloading e-mails from an e-mail
server to a personal computer.
FTP - File Transfer Protocol
• FTP takes care of transmission of files between
computers.
NTP - Network Time Protocol
• NTP is used to synchronize the time (the clock)
between computers.
DHCP - Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol
• DHCP is used for allocation of dynamic IP addresses to
computers in a network.
 Protocols
SNMP - Simple Network Management Protocol
• SNMP is used for administration of computer networks.
LDAP - Lightweight Directory Access Protocol
• LDAP is used for collecting information about users and e-
mail addresses from the internet.
ICMP - Internet Control Message Protocol
• ICMP takes care of error-handling in the network.
ARP - Address Resolution Protocol
• ARP is used by IP to find the hardware address of a computer
network card based on the IP address.
RARP - Reverse Address Resolution Protocol
• RARP is used by IP to find the IP address based on the
hardware address of a computer network card.
 Protocols
BOOTP - Boot Protocol
• BOOTP is used for booting (starting) computers
from the network.
PPTP - Point to Point Tunneling Protocol
• PPTP is used for setting up a connection (tunnel)
between private networks.