1 Java Notes Class X

JAVA NOTES
Revision of Class IX Syllabus
Programming paradigms are a way to classify programming
languages based on their features. Paradigm means organizing
principle of a program. It is an approach to programming.
Procedure Oriented Programming: A Procedure oriented
programming approach allows the users to develop their logic by
using a number of functions that would enhance the program’s
productivity.

Example BASIC, COBOL, C

Object Oriented Programming: An Object Oriented Programming

is a modular approach, which allows the data to be applied with
a stipulated program area. It also provides the reusability feature
to develop productive logic, which means to give more emphasis
on data.
Basic Principles of OOP:

1. Abstraction: The act of representing essential features,

without including the background details.
2. Inheritance: Capability of one class of things to inherit
capabilities or properties from another class.
3. Encapsulation: Wrapping up of data and functions into a
single unit.
4. Polymorphism: Polymorphism is the ability for a message or
data to be processed in more than one form.

Java compilation process:

1. Java programs are written in “.java” file. (source code) and

then compiled by Java compiler.
2. Byte code: Java compiler converts the source code into an
intermediate binary form called the byte code.

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3. Java Virtual Machine (JVM): It a java interpreter that

converts byte code into machine to various platforms.
4. Just In Time(JIT): It is part of the JVM and it compiles byte
code into executable code in real time, one piece-by-piece,
demand basis.

Characteristics of Java:

1. Write Once Run Anywhere (WORA): The Java programs

need to be written just once, which can run on different
platforms without making changes in the Java program.
2. Light Weight Code: With Java, no huge coding is required.
3. Security: Java offers many enhanced security features.
4. Object Oriented Language: Java is Object Oriented
language, thereby, very near to real world.
5. Platform Independent: Java is essentially platform
independent. Change of platform does not affect the
original Java program.

Types of Java program:

1. Internet Applets: The programs executed inside the Java

based web browser.
2. Java Applications: The programs developed by the users.

Java libraries:

A package is a collection of various classes. Each class

contains different functions.
A package can be inclued in the program by using a keyword
'import'.
ex) import java.io.*;
import java.util.*;

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The (*) sign denotes that all the classes of the concerning
package will be made available for use in your program.
Keywords or Reserved words:
Java reserved words or the keywords are the words which
carry special meaning to the system compiler. Such words
cannot be used for naming a variable in the program.
case , switch, else, break , static, do, const, throws, float , char,
try, int, double, void, goto, for, while, new, import , boolean,
long, if, byte , package, private, catch, short, public, class ,
default.

Output statement: System.out.println( );

Comment line: The comment statement is a non executable

statement in Java.
These are the remarks given by the user.
Types: single line comment //----------
Multiline comment /*---------- */

Document comment /** --------- **/

ASCII
A - Z 65 - 90
a-z 97 - 122
0-9 48 - 57

white space 32
Token: The smallest individual unit in a program is known as a
Token
Types:

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1. Keywords: Keywords are the reserved words that convey a

special meaning to the language compiler. These are
reserved for special purpose.
Example) class, int, void, float

2. Literals: Literals or constants are data items that are fixed

data values (do not during the execution of the program).
Types:
a) Integer Literals are whole numbers without any fractional
part.
Decimal, Octal, Hexa decimal.
Ex) a= 505, b=-15
b) Real literals are numbers having fractional parts.

Ex) p=16.79 , q=-1.005

c) character literal is one character enclosed in single

quotes.
Ex) ‘x’, ‘9’,’*”

d) String literals are multiple character enclosed with double

quotes.
Ex) name= “aravind”
e) Boolean literal: the Boolean type has two values, true or
false.

f) Null literal has one value, the null reference. A null literal is
always of the null type.

3. Separators: The following nine ASCII characters are the

separators(punctuators).
( ) { }[ ] ; , .

4. Identifier: Identifiers are fundamental building block of a

program such as a variable, class, method etc.

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It’s used as the general terminology for the names given to

different parts of the program. double area=15.6;

Rules for forming identifiers:

 Identifiers can have alphabets, digits and underscore and
doller sign characters.
 They must not be a keyword or Boolean literal or null literal
 They must not begin with a digit
 They can be of any length

5. Operators: Operators are special symbols that cause an

action to take place.
Arithmetic, relational, logical, conditional operators.
A=b*c;
Escape sequences: Nongraphic characters are those
characters that cannot be typed directly from keyboard.
E.g. backspace, tabs etc.,
An escape sequence is represented by a backslash ( \ )
followed by one or more characters.
Escape sequence Nongraphic character
\b Backspace
\f Formfeed
\n Newline or linefeed
\r Carriage return
\t Tab space
\\ Backslash
\’ Single quotes
\” Double quotes
\? Question mark
\0 null

Data types:
Data Types are means to identify the type of data and
associated operations of handling it.
Two types:
1. Primitive or fundamental or Instrinsic ( predefined)

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int, long, float, double, char, short, byte , boolean

2. Reference or composite ( user defined)

class, string, array

PRIMITIVE DATA TYPES

Primitive Size Details
Data Type
byte 1 byte Stores positive and negative numbers ranging from -128 to 127.
int 4 bytes Stores positive and negative numbers ranging from -2,147,483,648
to 2,147,483,647.
short 2 bytes Stores positive and negative numbers ranging from -32,768 to
32,767.
long 8 bytes Stores positive and negative numbers from -
9,223,372,036,854,775,808 to 9,223,372,036,854,775,807.
float 4 bytes Stores Decimal numbers. It can be used for storing numbers having
6 to 7 decimal digits
double 8 bytes Stores Decimal numbers. It can be used for storing numbers having
15 decimal digits.
boolean 1 bit Can Store Only true or false.
char 2 bytes It can be used for storing only a single character, letter or ASCII
values.
NOTE: (1byte=8bits)
Variable:

A variable is a named temporary memory location to

store the values.
eg) float b = 15.5; <data type> <var name> =
<value>;
char ch = ‘G’;
Initializing a variable:

Initializing a variable means specifying an initial value to assign to

it (i.e., before it is used at all). Notice that a variable that is
not initialized does not have a defined value, hence it cannot be
used until it is assigned such a value.
Static initialization: Initialize the variable at the time of declaration
int b=5,a=0; float c=0.0

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Data type Value

Int 0
Long 0
Float 0.0
Double 0.0
Char ‘\u000’
String ““
Boolean False

Dynamic initialization : Inilialize the variable at program

execution time.(at run time)
int b=5, c=6;
int A= b+c;
Arithmetic expression:
A set of variables, constants and arithmetical operators
used together to yield
a meaningful result is known as Arithmetical Expression.
d= a*b+c/4;
Types:
1. Pure Expression: An arithmetical expression that uses all
its components of same data type.
int a,b;
int c=a+b*4;

2. Impure expression: An arithmetical expression in which

one or more components are of different data types.
int a; float f; double d;
double s= a*f/d;
Type conversion: In a mixed expression, the result can be
obtained in any one form of its datatypes. Hence, it is
needed to convert the various datatypes into a single
type. Such conversion is termed as Type conversion.
[Converting one form of data type into another form of
data type]

Types:

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1. Implicit type conversion ( Coercion)

The data type of the result gets automatically converted
into the highest data type available into the expression
without any intervention of the user.
Hierarchy of Data types ( DFL ISC B)
double -> float-> long-> int -> short -> char -> byte
int a; float b; double c;
d= a+b*c;
The data type of d is double.

2. Explicit conversion (Type casting)

When the data type gets converted to another data type
after the user's intervention.
int a; float b; double c;
d= (float) a+b*c;
The data type of d is float.

Note: Explicit conversion of literals is allowed in Java

programming.
float a= 14.67 F;
double b= 14.67 D;
int c= 59;
long f= 59 L;
Operators: Operators are special symbols that cause an
action to take place.
Types:

Unary operators:

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1. Unary(+): int a=5;

int b= +a; //5
2. Unary(-): int a=5;
int b= -a; //-5
int a=-5; int b=-a ; //5
3. Increment operator(++): ( increased by 1)
a) Post increment a++
b) Pre increment ++a
4. Decrement operator(--): (decreased by 1)
a) Post decrement a--
b) Pre decrement --a

Binary operators: (Two operands and one operator)

1. Arithmetic operators: + , - , * , / , %
a=5, b=2
a+b, a - b, a*b, a/b, a%b

2. Relational operators:( comparing the values)

>, >= ,< , <= , == , !=
a>b, a>=b, a<b, a<=b, a==b, a!=b

3. Logical operators: AND ( && ) , OR ( ||) , NOT ( ! )

Ternary operator (or) Conditional operator: ( ? : )

Syntax: Condition ? Expression 1 : Expression 2 ;

Example;
1) a= 19 , b= 15

max = (a > b) ? a : b ;

2) salary = 15000
bonus = ( salary> 10000) ? salary*15/100 : salary*
5/100 ;

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Special operators:
new: dynamically allocate the memory for the object.
Example: example e = new example( );

Dot (.) operator: invoking members of class

Example: System.out.println(); (System.in)

Operator precedence:
Operator precedence determines the order in which
the operators in an expression are evaluated.
Object is an instance of a class. It is an identifiable entity with
some characteristics and behavior.

Class represents a set of objects that share common

characteristics and behavior.

Abstraction : it is the act of representing essential features and

hiding the background details.

Encapsulation: it is an act of wrapping of the data and function

as one single unit. Provides insulation of the data from the direct
access by the program.

Inheritance : it is the capability of one class to inherit the

properties from another class

Polymorphism: it is the ability of data to be processed in more

than one form

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Message passing – when the objects need to interact with one

another, they pass /request information to one another. This
interaction is known as message passing.

Compiler : It is a software which converts high level language

program to machine language and viz. as a whole. It is faster but
hard to debug.

Interpreter: It is a software which converts high level language

program to machine language and viz line by line. It is slow but
easy to debug.

Bytecode : When a java source code is compiled the resultant got

is called a bytecode.

Keywords: These are words have a specific meaning to a

language compiler.

Tokens: It is the smallest unit of a program

Literals : is a token whose value does not change during the

execution of a program.

Comments: Giving remarks for a statement is called as a

comment. There are 3 different types of giving a comment.
 // single line comment
 /* ……
 …….. */ multi line comment
 /** …………….. */ documentation

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Jdk – Java development kit.

Constant: a data item that never changes its value during a

program runs.

Final: The keyword final makes a variable as constant. i.e., whose

value cannot be changed during the program execution

Operators: a symbol used to depict a mathematical or logical

operation.

Arithmetic operators: they provide facilitation to the mathematical

calculations within a program: they are + - * / %

Assignment operators: These operators are used to assign the

value of an expression to a variable : =

Shorthand operators : allows ease while programming instructions

and feature with all the available operators with two operands :
+= -= *= /= %=

Relational operators: provide facilitation for comparing numbers

and characters for calculation and do not function with strings.: >
< <= >= == !=

Increment operator : is used to increment the variable by 1: ++

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Logical operators: used to conduct the logical combination of

Boolean values within a program.: && || !

Expression : is a combination of operators, constants and

variables.

Type conversion: The process of converting one predefined type

into another.

Explicit type conversion: The process of converting one

predefined type into another.
It is user defined conversion that forces an expression to be of
specific type (also called as type casting) e.g. int x= 65; char c
= (char) x; it is called type casting.

Implicit type conversion: The process of converting one

predefined type into another is called type conversion. It is
performed invisible without user intervention and hence known as
automatic conversion.

When two operands of different types are encountered in the

same expression the lower type variable is converted to the type
of the higher type variable automatically and is also known as
type promotion.:
byte x=8; int y=x; it is called coercion

Variables
A variable is defined as a location in the memory of the computer
where the values are stored.

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Static initialization: it is an expression that initializes a variable

during compile time.
E.g., int a=10;

Dynamic initialization: it is an expression that initializes a variable

during runtime;
E.g.: int a= c * b;

Package : is a collection of classes. Each package includes

related built-in functions.

Statement : A set of instructions which terminate with a colon are

called a statement.
E.g., int a =4;

Compound statement / Block statement: Multiline statements are

called compound/block statement. They are enclosed in curly
brackets { }
E.g., if(a>b)

{
a=4;
b=0;
}

Selection statement: These are statements which allows to choose

a set of instructions for execution depending upon an expression.

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if-else statement tests an expression and depending upon its truth

value one of the two sets of action is executed.

Dangling else: In Nested if statement the number of it is more than

the number of else.(unmatched if and else)

Switch is a multiple branching statement, this statement tests the

value of an expression against a list of integer or character
constants for equality.

Default statement gets executed when no match is found in the

switch cases.

Fall through: the fall of control to the following cases of matching

case (or)
execution of multiple cases after matching takes place in a
switch statement.

Iteration statements : executing a set of statements repeatedly

until a given condition is met.
Types: for, while and do- while statements.

for is the easiest to understand of the Java loops. All its loop
control elements are gathered in one place(on the top of the
loop)

While statement is another looping statement and it is entry

controlled. The statement will work only if the condition is true.

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Do-while: It is another looping statement and it is exit controlled.

The statement will work once even if the condition is false.

Jump statements: unconditionally transfer program control within

a function.

Break: it is used as a terminator from the enclosed loop and

transfers the control to the statement after the loop.(terminate the
current loop)
(or)

Break : When break statement is executed it comes out of the

inner most loop(if it is a loop statement ) and it comes out of a
switch-case statement.

continue: Causes the control to transfer from within the block to

the next iteration of the loop. (Terminates the current iteration)

POP and OOPs

POP OOP
Emphasis is given to functions Emphasis is given to functions
and data

=&==
= = =
= is an assignment operator, = = is a relational operator,
used to assign values to a used to check for equality
variable

e.g., a=4; if(a = = 5)

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Variables & constant

Variable Constant
A variable is defined as a A constant is the value which
location in the memory of the is stored in a variable
computer where the value is
stored.

E.g.: a, amount “Ida” “37 P.S.M. st”

Pre increment and post increment both increment the value by
1.
Pre increment Post increment
Prefix the variable gets post increment is incremented
incremented first and then use. after the operation of function
of its associate operator,

Whereas e.g., a=4; a+=a++; = 8

a+=++a; =9

& and &&

& &&
& is a bitwise operator ( for the && is a logical operator( the
manipulation of data at the bit logical operator evaluates to
level) true value if either of the 2
expressions is true.

Implicit Type conversion & Explicit type conversion

Implicit Explicit
Is a conversion of one data It is user defined that forces an
type into another by the expression to be of specific
compiler without the user’s type
intervention
Implicit –E.g. float a=4.5f; int x=66;
double x=987.9998; char c=(char)x;

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If any operation is done using

the above data types then the
resultant will be double.

Expression and operators

Expression Operators
Expression is a combination of Operators : it is a symbol used
operators, constants and to represent logical or
variables. It can be arithmetic, arithmetic operations
relational etc. E.g. : + - * / %
E.g. : u+1/2 at2
Unary and Binary operators
Unary operator Binary operator
1 operator 1 operand 1 operator 2 operand
E.g. -4 E.g. 2+4

if else- switch case

If else Switch case
All the different data types Only char and int type can be
can be used used
Does not have a default Has a default operation
operation
Can be tested for logical and Only for equality
relational fn
for and while
For While
Can be used for only fixed Can be used when the no of
iteration times for a loop to be done is
not known
Can use only char or int type Any data type

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do-while and while statement

Do while While
Exit controlled Entry controlled
If the condition is false then If the condition is false then the
also the loop will be done loop will not be done at all
once
E.g.: int a=1; int a=1;
While (a>=5) do
{ {
a++; a++;
} }while(a>=5);
loop will not be done even loop will be done at least
once once

/ and %
/ %
Returns the quotient Returns the remainder
E.g.: int c=7/2 answer =3 E.g.: int c=7%2
float c=7/2 answer = 3.5 Answer =1

Compiler and interpreter

Compiler Interpreter
It is a software which converts It is a software which converts
high level language into high level language into
machine language as a whole machine language line by line
It is faster Slower
Debugging is harder Debugging is easier

character and string literal

Character literal String literal
A single character enclosed Zero or more characters
within single quotes enclosed within double
quotation.

primitive and user defined datatype

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Primitive data type User defined data type

These are built in data types Created by user
The sizes of these objects are The sizes of these data types
fixed depend upon their constituent
members
These data types are available The availability of these data
in all parts of a java program types depends upon their
scope

print() and println()

Print() Println()
The successive output will The successive output will
come in the same line come in a new line

Break & continue

Break Continue
it serves as a terminator from Continue-causes the control to
the enclosed loop,(i.e.) it transfer from within the block
comes out of an inner loop. to the next iteration of the
And transfers the control to the loop.
statement after the loop.

Break –E.g. While(amount<100) E.g. for(i=0;i<5;i++)

{ {
if(amount = = 11) if(a= =0)
break; } continue;
if amount is 11 then the control System.out.println(a*a);
will be transferred to the
statement following the while
loop.

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Operator Precedence
Precedence Operator Type Associativity
15 () Parentheses Left to Right
[] Array subscript
· Member selection
14 ++ Unary post-increment Right to left
-- Unary post-decrement
13 ++ Unary pre-increment Right to left
-- Unary pre-decrement
+ Unary plus
- Unary minus
! Unary logical negation
~ Unary bitwise complement
(type) Unary type cast
12 * Multiplication Left to right
/ Division
% Modulus
11 + Addition Left to right
- Subtraction
10 << Bitwise left shift Left to right
>> Bitwise right shift with sign
>>> extension
Bitwise right shift with zero
extension
9 < Relational less than Left to right
<= Relational less than or equal
> Relational greater than
>= Relational greater than or equal
instanceof Type comparison (objects only)
8 == Relational is equal to Left to right
!= Relational is not equal to
7 & Bitwise AND Left to right
6 ^ Bitwise exclusive OR Left to right
5 | Bitwise inclusive OR Left to right
4 && Logical AND Left to right
3 || Logical OR Left to right
2 ?: Ternary conditional Right to left
1 = Assignment
+= Addition assignment
-= Subtraction assignment
*= Multiplication assignment
/= Division assignment
%= Modulus assignment

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Objects & Classes

Object An identifiable entity with certain characteristics, behavior,
and attributes.

Classes A group or collection of similar objects with similar

characteristics and behavior. (An instance of a class).
Variable A named memory location to store values.
Variable

Local: Defined inside a block or method

Static/Class: Declared with static keyword, these variables have a

common copy for each object

Non-Static/Instance: Each and every object will have a common copy of

it and can only be accessed with the help of an object

Constructor
Constructor is a special method which is used to initialize
instance/non-static variable.
Properties of constructors
 A constructor has the same name as the class
 It does not have a return type, not even void
 It doesn’t have a calling statement
 The constructor gets called when an object is created
Types of constructors

Parameterised

Constructor

Non Parameterised

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Examples:

Parameterized: Non-Parameterized:
1. Int num1, num2, sum; 1. Int num1, num2, sum;
2. Sum(int num1, num2){ 2. Sum(){
3. num1=num1; 3. Sum=0;
4. num2=num2; 4. }
5. }

Constructor Overloading When there are more than one

constructor in a program, it’s called constructor overloading.

“this” keyword “this” is a keyword which refers to the current

object.
Example:
1. String flavor; float cost;
2. Fruitjuice(String flavor, float cost){
3. this.flavor=flavor;
4. this.cost=cost;
5. }
6.

Return types indicate the type of outcome of a method to be

returned to its caller. Ex: int, double, float, char, short, byte,
Boolean, void
Example:

1. Public int sum(int a, int b){

2. c=a+b;
3. Return c;
4. }

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Function/Method
Function is a set of Java executable statements enclosed in a
function definition.

Methods
defined
methods

Advantages of methods:

 Reusability
 Manage complex programs into smaller parts
 Hide details
Method definition/prototype refers to the first line of a method
which contains the access specifier, modifier, return type, method
name and the method signature.
Syntax

1. <access specifier> <modifier> <return type> <method name> (list of

parameters)
2. {
3. <statements>
4. }
5. //eg:
6. public static int(int a, int b){
7. int c=a+b;
8. return c;
9. }

Method call syntax:

1. <object name>.<method name>(arguments);

2. //Example:
3. a.example();

new keyword is used to dynamically allocate memory for the

object

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Static keyword is a modifier which identifies the method as a class

method. It means that the method is not called through an object

Access-specifier: Keywords (except friendly) that control the

visibility of a data member

Private: the data members or member methods which are

specified as private can be used only within the scope of the
class. These members are not accessed outside the class.
Public: The class members specified as public can be used even
outside the visibility of a class
Protected: the protected members are used in the class as private
members which can only be applied within the class but can be
inherited to another class

Return types indicate the type of outcome of a method to be

returned to its caller. Ex: int, double, float, char, short, byte,
Boolean, void
Method signature: Collection of data type and variable names
written inside a function definition.

Parameters: The value which is passed into the function to

instantiate

Parameters

Actual Formal
parameters parameters
In method calling In method definition

Actual parameters: The parameters that appear in method calling

Formal parameters: The parameters that appear in method

definition

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Actual Parameters Formal Parameters

Appear in method calling Appear in method definition
Original value Copied value of actual
parameters
Ways of Pass/call by value:
passing
values to Any change made in the formal parameters
a function will not reflect in the actual parameters

Pass/call by reference:
Any change made in the formal parameters
will reflect in the actual parameters

Call by value Call by reference

Changes made in the formal Changes made in the formal
parameters will not reflect in parameters will reflect in the
the actual parameters actual parameters
Primitive type data are passed Reference type data are
to the method using pass by passed to the method using
value pass by value
It is a pure function It is an impure function

Pure function/accessor method: A method that returns a value

but does not change the state of an object
Impure function/mutator: A method that may not return a value
but change the state of an object

Recursive Function: A function that calls itself / A function that

refers to itself for execution

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Method Overloading
Method overloading: Multiple functions sharing the same name
with different parameters/ method signature.
Example:

1. void Area(int side){

2. area=side*side;
3. }
4. void Area(int l, int b){
5. area=l*b; }

Arrays
Array: An Array is a set of like variables which are referred to by a
common name. A number called subscript/index is used to
distinguish one from the other.
Syntax

1. <data type> <array name>[]=new <data type>[<n>];

‘n’ denotes the maximum number of elements that the array can
hold.
Assigning values for an Array

Ex:

1. int arr[]={1, 2, 3, 4}

.lenght function – Tells the number of elements in an array

Ex:

1. int len=arr.length;

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Linear search: The search element is checked with all the

elements of the array. If the element is found, the flag variable is
made to ‘1’ otherwise, it remains ‘0’.
Linear Search Binary Search
Can work with both sorted and Works only with sorted arrays.
unsorted arrays.
Reads and compares each Works by dividing the array in
element of the array one by two segments out of which only
one. one needs to be searched.

String Handling & Library Classes

In Java, String is an object which contains a sequence of
characters. String class is used to create and manipulate strings.
The String class is available in java.lang package.

Declaration and Assigning a String

1. //Declaration:
2. String <variable>;
3. //Ex:
4. String str;
5. //Assigning:
6. <variable>=<String literal>;
7. //Ex:
8. str=”Hello World!”;

Input a String
1. //For a string without any space (For a single word):
2. <variable>=<Scanner object>.next();
3. Str=sc.next();
4. //For a String with spaces (For a sentence):
5. <variable>=<Scanner object>.nextLine();
6. Str=sc.nextLine();

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String Functions
For all the below examples, str=”COMPUTER”; Output will be displayed as a single line
comment (//).

Quick

Function names start with lowercase and then the second

word starts with uppercase letters. Eg: indexOf();
Topics asked in board questions are marked with

.length() (int)
This function is used to return the length of the string.

Syntax with example:

1. <int variable>=<string var>.length();

2. int Len=str.length();
3. //8

.charAt() (char)
This function returns the character from the given index.

Syntax with example:

1. <char variable>=<string var>.charAt(<index>);

2. char ch=str.charAt(2);
3. //O

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.indexOf() (int)
This function returns the index of first occurrence of a
character.

Syntax with example:

1. <int variable>=<string var>.indexOf(<character>);

2. int idx=str.indexOf(‘M’);
3. //2

.indexOf(char ch, int start_index) (int)

This function returns the index of a given character from the
given index.
Syntax with example:

1. <int var>=<String var>.indexOf(<char var>,<int var>);

2. char ch=’M’;
3. int ind=str.indexOf(ch, 1);
4. //2

.lastIndexOf(char ch) (int)

This function returns the index of the last occurrence of a
given character.
Syntax with example:

1. <int var>=<String var>.lastIndexOf(char ch);

2. int ind=str.lastIndexOf(‘E’);
3. //6

.substring(int start_index, int last_index) (String)

This function is used to extract a set of characters
simultaneously from a given index upto the end of the String or till
a given index.
Syntax with example:

1. <String var>=<String var>.substring(<int var>,<int var>);

2. String ext=str.substring(3);
3. //PUTER

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.toLowerCase() (String)
This function is used to convert a given String to lowercase
letters (entire string).
Syntax with example:

1. <String var>=<String var>.toLowerCase();

2. String lc=str.toLowerCase();
3. //computer

.toUpperCase() (String)
This function is used to convert a given String to uppercase
letters (entire string).
Syntax with example:

1. <String var>=<String var>.toUpperCase();

2. String uc=str.toUpperCase(ind);
3. //COMPUTER

.replace(char old, char new) (String)

This function is used to replace a character or a sequence of
characters in a String with a new character or sequence of
characters. (NOTE: This does not work with int values)
Syntax with example:

1. <String var>=<String var>.replace(<char var>,<char var>);

2. String rep=str.replace(“PUTER”,”PUTE”);
3. //COMPUTE

.concat(String second) (String)

This function is used to concatenate/join two Strings together.
(NOTE: This does not add any spaces in-between)
Syntax with example:

1. <String var>=<String var>.concat(s);

2. String s=”STUDENT”;
3. String con=str.(s);
4. //COMPUTERSTUDENT

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.equals(String srt) (boolean)

This function is used to check for equality between two
Strings. (NOTE: This function returns a boolean value. This function
cannot be used for characters. //You can simply use == for
characters. This can be used in if statements)
Syntax with example:

1. <boolean var>=<String var>.equals(<String var>);

2. String s=”COMPUTER”;
3. boolean chk=str.equals(s);
4. //true

. equalsIgnoreCase(String str) (boolean)

This function does the same function of .equals() function.
The only difference is that it does not care about the case (It
ignores the case).
Syntax with example:

1. <boolean var>=<String var>.equalsIgnoreCase(<String var>);

2. boolean chk=str.equalsIgnoreCase(“cOmPuTeR”); //true

.compareTo(String str) (int)

This function is used to compare two Strings. It also checks
whether a String is bigger or smaller than the other and returns a
suitable int value. It returns 0 if both are equal. A positive value
when the first is bigger than the second and a negative value
when the second String is bigger than the first. It returns the no. of
additional characters when both the Strings’ first sequence of
characters are equal but the other has additional characters.
Syntax with example:

1. <int var>=<String var>.compareTo(<String var>);

2. String s=”SCIENCE”;
3. int cmp=str.compareTo(s);
4. //A, B, C, (C is the 3rd letter in the Alphabet and S is the 19th)
5. //the value of cmp will be-16 because (3-19=-16)

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.compareToIgnoreCase(String str) (int)

This function does the same function as .compareTo but it
ignores the case.
Syntax with example:

1. <int var>=<String var>.compareToIgnoreCase(<String var>);

2. int cmp=str.compareToIgnoreCase(“cOmPuTeR”);
3. //0

.trim() (String)
This function removes spaces at the start and end of the
String. (NOTE: This function does not remove spaces in-between
characters)
Syntax with example:

1. <String var>=<String var>.trim();

2. Str=” He llo World! “;
3. String trm=str.trim();
4. //He llo World!

.startsWith(String str) (boolean)

This function is used to check if the given String is a prefix to
the other.
Syntax with example:

1. <boolean var>=<String var>.startsWith(<String var>);

2. pfx=”COM”
3. boolean chk=str.startsWith(pfx);
4. //true

.endsWith(String str) (boolean)

This function is used to check if a given String has a specified
suffix.
Syntax with example:

1. <boolean var>=<String var>.ends with(<String var>);

2. boolean chk=str.endsWith(“TER”);

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.equals() .compareTo()
Returns a Boolean value Returns a an int value
It checks for equality between It checks if a String is equal,
two Strings bigger or smaller than the
other.
Difference Between equals() and compareTo() functions

Library Classes & Wrapper Classes

For better understanding:

Before we get into Library Classes & Wrapper Classes, it’s

important to know what is a primitive and composite data types.

Primitive Data Type: These are fundamental built-in data types of

fixed sizes. Ex: int, long, float

Composite/Reference/User-Defined Data Type: These are

data types created by the user. The availability of these data
types depends upon their scope and sizes depend upon
their constituent members. Ex: array, class, object

Primitive data type Composite data type

These are built in data types Created by user
The sizes of these objects are The sizes of these data types
fixed depend upon their constituent
members
These data types are available The availability of these data
in all parts of a java program types depends upon their
scope
Difference between primitive and composite data type.

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Library Classes
JDK (Java Development Kit) V1.5 and above contains Java Class
Library (JCL) which contains various packages. Each package
contains various classes containing different built-in functions.

JDK

JCL

Classes

Functions

Ex: java.lang, java.math

Wrapper Class
Wrapper Classes are a part of java.lang (A Library Class Package).
Wrapper classes contain primitive data values in terms of objects/
Wrapper Class wraps a primitive data type to an object. There are
8 wrapper classes in Java. Ex: Integer, Byte, Double
(NOTE: Wrapper Classes always start with an uppercase letter
Ex: Integer, Boolean, Float)

Need for Wrapper Classes

 To store primitive values in the objects
 To convert a string data into other primitive types and vice-
versa

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Wrapper Class Primitive Type

Byte Byte
Short short
Integer int
Long long
Float float
Double double
Character char
Boolean boolean
Wrapper Classes and their primitive types

Functions/Methods of Wrapper Classes

Conversion from String to Primitive types
For converting String to any primitive data type, Wrapper
Class functions can be used. For any primitive data Wrapper Class,
the parse<prm data type>(<String arg>) (or) valueOf(<String arg>)
functions can be used.
Eg: int i=Integer.parseInt(s); int j=Integer.valueOf(s);
For better understanding:

1. <prm data type var>=<prm data type Wrapper Class>.parse<prm data

type name>(<String arg>);
2. <prm data type var>=<prm data type wrapper class>.valueOf(<String
arg>);
3.
4. //Examples:
5. int a=Integer.parseInt(“238”);
6. doubleb=Double.parseDouble(“23.45”);
7. int c=Integer.valueOf(“37”);
8. float d=Float.valueOf(“42.87”);

Examples of each <> (In the above syntax):

prm data type: int a | double b prm data type name: Int | Long | Double
prm data wrapper class: Integer | Double String arg: “38.743” | “1874293856”

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Conversion from primitive type data to String

For converting a primitive type data to a String, the toString()
Wrapper Class function can be used.
Ex: Integer.toString() | Double.toString()

1. <String var>=<Wrapper Class>.toString(<prm data arg>);

2. String cnv=Integer.toString(38);
3. String dbl=Double.toString(94.53);

Boxing, Unboxing & Autoboxing

Boxing
Conversion of primitive type data to an object.
Syntax with example:

1. <wrapper class> <object name>=new <wrapper class>(<prm type arg>);

2. int a=239;
3. Integer x=new Integer(a);

Unboxing
Conversion of an object to primitive type data.
Syntax with example:

1. <int var>=<wrapper class obj>

2. int b=x;

Autoboxing
Boxing is the mechanism and autoboxing is the feature of
the compiler which generates the boxing code.
Syntax with example:

1. <wrapper class> <object name>=new <wrapper class>(<prm type arg>);

2. int a=239;
3. Integer x=new Integer(a);

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Character
Character is defined as a letter, a digit or any special
symbol/UNICODE enclosed within single quotes. Ex: ‘@’, ‘s’, ‘5’

Assigning a character
A Character is declared under char data type.
Syntax with example:

1. char <var name>=’<char literal>’;

2. char ch=’a’;

Input a character
A Character is declared under char data type.
Syntax with example:

1. <char var>=<Scanner obj>.next().charAt(0);

2. ch=sc.next().charAt(0);

Character Functions
Character.isLetter() (boolean)
This function is used to check if a given argument is a letter or
not.
Syntax with example:

1. <boolean var>=Character.isLetter(<char arg>);

2. boolean chk=Character.is(‘A’); //true

Character.isDigit() (boolean)
This function is used to check if a given argument is a digit or
not.
Syntax with example:

1. <boolean var>=Character.isDigit(<char arg>);

2. boolean chk=Character.is(‘7’); //true

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Character.isLetterOrDigit() (boolean)
This function is used to check if a given argument is either a
letter or a digit or none of these.
Syntax with example:

1. <boolean var>=Character.is(<char arg>);

2. boolean chk=Character.is(‘A’); //true

Character.isWhitespace() (boolean)
This function is used to check if a given argument is a
blank/gap/space or not.
Syntax with example:

1. <boolean var>=Character.is(<char arg>);

2. boolean chk=Character.is(‘A’); //false

Character.isUpperCase() (boolean)
This function is used to check if a given argument is an
uppercase letter or not.
Syntax with example:

1. <boolean var>=Character.is(<char arg>);

2. boolean chk=Character.is(‘A’); //true

Character.isLowerCase() (boolean)
This function is used to check if a given argument is a or not.
Syntax with example:

1. <boolean var>=Character.is(<char arg>);

2. boolean chk=Character.is(‘A’); //false

Character.toUpperCase() (char)
This function is used to convert/returns a given
argument/character/letter to/in uppercase character/letter.
Syntax with example:

1. <char var>=Character.toUpperCase(<char arg>);

2. char uc=Character.toUpperCase(‘a’); //A

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Character.toLowerCase() (char)
This function is used to convert/returns a given
argument/character/letter to/in lowercase character/letter.
Syntax with example:

1. <char var>=Character.toLowerCase(<char arg>);

2. char lc=Character.toLowerCase(‘A’); //a

Differentiate between the following

Unary & Binary operator (ICSE 2019)
Unary Binary
Works on single operand Works on 2 operands
E.g., ++, -- E.g., +, -, *, /

If else if and switch case (ICSE 2019 Marking Scheme)

If else if Switch case
Range if values are checked Only one value is compared
Supports both primitive and Supports only integer, char
composite data type
Relational/Logical expression can Only equality can be checked
be checked

Linear search and Binary search (ICSE 2019 Marking Scheme)

Linear Search Binary Search
Array need not be sorted Array must be sorted
Checks each item Does not check each item
Checks the search value from the 0 th Checks the search value from the
index middle value of the array
It checks in a sequential order It checks by dividing the array into
two halves

Call by value and Call by reference (ICSE 2019 Marking Scheme)

Call by value Call by reference
It works with primitive data type It works with reference data
type
The original value of variable The original value of variable
remains unchanged changes
Operation is performed on Operation is performed on
duplicate value of variables original values of variables.
It is also called as pure function. It is also called as Impure
function.

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Searching and sorting (ICSE 2018 Marking Scheme)

Searching Sorting
To find an element in an array is To arrange the elements in an order
called searching is called sorting
Eg: Linear Search Eg: Bubble sort

isUpperCase and toUpperCase (ICSE 2018 Marking Scheme)

isUpperCase toUpperCase
CHECKS whether a given character CONVERTS the character to its upper
is an uppercase letter or not case
Output of this function is boolean Output of this function is character

While loop and do while loop (ICSE 2018 Marking Scheme)

While loop Do while loop
Entry controlled loop Exit controlled loop
If condition is false in the beginning, Loop will be execute at least once
loop never executes even if the condition is false
Minimum reputation is 0 Minimum reputation is 1

Constructor and function (ICSE 2017)

Constructor Function
The constructor ahs the same name A function has a different name
as the class than that of the class
It does not have a return type, not It must have a return type
even void

Break and Continue

Break Continue
Used to terminate a block in which it Used to transfer the control to the
exists next iteration
Break statement can be used in It cannot be used it a stitch case
switch case as well as loop
statements

Unboxing and Boxing (ICSE Prelim)

Unboxing Boxing
Conversion of an object to primitive Conversion of primitive type data to
data type an object
Passed as an argument to a function Passed as an argument to a function
which is expecting a primitive data which is expecting a wrapper class
type variable. object.

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Private and public access specifier

Private Public
These members are accessible only These members are accessible
within the same class where it’s within the package as well as
declared. outside the package.
Higher level of encapsulation Lowest level of encapsulation

Note: All classes in the package have access to the member defined friendly. The
classes outside the package doesn’t have access to the member.

Errors

Runtime Logical
Error Error Error

Types of Errors (Icons are for illustration purposes only. FrozenNotes cannot be held liable for incorrect representation)

1.
Errors which prevent a code from execution due to
are called Compile Time Errors. These
may include mistakes like missing semicolon, missing
brackets, grammatical mistakes and more…

1.System.out.print(“Hello”) //Missing semicolon

2. public stat void hello(){System.out.println(“Hello World!”); //Missing
brackets & grammatical
3. int a=7, b=5;
4. z=a+b; //uninitialized variable z

Errors which are during the of the

program. Runtime errors occur when a program does

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not contain any syntax errors but asks the computer to

do something that the computer is
.

1. int a=248, b=0, c=0;

2. c=a/b; //Division by 0 is not possible

Error occurred when the program

the function and yields a different result.
These programs get and
executed but gives a result then what is
expected.

1. int a=34, b=7, c=0; c=a/b; //Incorrect operator

2. System.out.println(“The reminder of a divided by b is “+c+” and I’m
confident about it”);

A sequence of statements which until the

system crashes or the execution is terminated. These are
encountered/occur when the given is not
.

1. for(i=0; i<1; i--){

2. System.out.println(“Ah! I won’t stop, do whatever you can but please don’t
terminate!”);
3. }

== equals()
== is a relational operator equals() is a String class function
== can be used for all type of data Equals() can only be used for Strings
except Strings

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