University of Engineering and Technology Taxila
Computer Engineering Department
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Data Structure and Algorithm
Lab Manual # 01
Lab Instructor: Engr. Shahryar Khan
University of Engineering and Technology Taxila
Computer Engineering Department
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Lab Title: Python Basics and
Foundations
Lab Overview
This lab focuses on introducing Python to beginners, providing a strong
foundation in the language's core constructs. It is designed to cover
essential topics like variables, data types, strings, Boolean logic, control
structures, and Python collections. The lab consists of guided tasks to help
students gain hands-on experience, along with exercises to test their
understanding. At the end of this lab, students will be equipped with the
basic knowledge required to advance into more complex programming
concepts.
Lab Objectives
1. Familiarize students with Python syntax and programming basics.
2. Understand and work with variables, data types, and strings.
3. Learn the concepts of Boolean logic, operators, and control
structures.
4. Explore Python collections such as lists, tuples, sets, and
dictionaries.
5. Introduce the use of functions and arrays.
Lab Requirements
Install Python: Download and install Python 3.10+ from python.org.
Install VSCode: Download and install Visual Studio Code from
code.visualstudio.com.
Add Python Extension in VSCode: Open VSCode → Go to Extensions
(Ctrl+Shift+X) → Search for "Python" → Install.
Install Code Runner Extension: In VSCode Extensions, search for
"Code Runner" and install it to run Python programs easily.
Verify Python Installation: Open a terminal or command prompt and
type python --version to confirm Python is installed correctly.
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Computer Engineering Department
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Set Up Workspace: Create a folder for lab exercises (e.g.,
Python_Labs) and open it in VSCode as your workspace.
Reference Official Documentation: Use the Python official
documentation (https://docs.python.org/3/) and sample programs to
enhance learning.
Guided Tasks
Task 1: Python Variables
Objective: Learn how to define and use variables in Python.
Steps:
1. Open a Python file in VSCode (e.g., lab1_task1.py).
2. Write the following program
# Define variables
name = "Alice"
age = 25
is_student = True
# Print variables
print("Name:", name)
print("Age:", age)
print("Is Student:", is_student)
What You Learn: How to declare variables and store data in Python.
Expected Output
Name: Alice
Age: 25
Is Student: True
Task 2: Python Data Types
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Objective: Understand different Python data types and their use.
Create a file task2.py in VSCode and type the following program.
# Data types
integer_value = 10
float_value = 20.5
string_value = "Hello Python"
boolean_value = True
# Print data types
print(type(integer_value))
print(type(float_value))
print(type(string_value))
print(type(boolean_value))
What You Learn: The common data types in Python and how to check
them using type().
Expected Output:
<class 'int'>
<class 'float'>
<class 'str'>
<class 'bool'>
Task 3: Python Numbers and Type Conversions
Objective: Learn how to perform operations on numbers and convert
data types.
Steps:
Write the following code:
# Numbers and conversions
num = 10
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decimal = 5.7
text = "123"
# Arithmetic operations
print("Sum:", num + decimal)
print("Product:", num * decimal)
# Type conversions
print("Integer to Float:", float(num))
print("String to Integer:", int(text))
What You Learn: Arithmetic operations and type conversion methods
like int() and float().
Expected Output:
Sum: 15.7
Product: 57.0
Integer to Float: 10.0
String to Integer: 123
Task 4: Python Strings
Objective: Explore string slicing, concatenation, and commonly used
methods.
Steps
Write the following program
text = "Python Programming"
# Slicing
print("First 6 characters:", text[:6])
print("Last 6 characters:", text[-6:])
# Concatenation
greeting = "Hello, "
print("Greeting:", greeting + text)
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Computer Engineering Department
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# String methods
print("Uppercase:", text.upper())
print("Replace 'Python' with 'Java':", text.replace("Python", "Java"))
What You Learn: String manipulation and using methods like upper() and
replace().
Expected Output:
First 6 characters: Python
Last 6 characters: mming
Greeting: Hello, Python Programming
Uppercase: PYTHON PROGRAMMING
Replace 'Python' with 'Java': Java Programming
Task 5: Python Boolean
Objective: Understand how Boolean values work and how to use them.
Steps:
Write the following code
# Boolean values
a = 10
b = 20
print("Is a equal to b?", a == b)
print("Is a less than b?", a < b)
print("Logical AND:", a < b and b > 15)
print("Logical OR:", a > b or b > 15)
What You Learn: Boolean operations and logical expressions.
Expected Output:
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Is a equal to b? False
Is a less than b? True
Logical AND: True
Logical OR: True
Task 6: Python Operators
Objective: Learn and use Python's various operators.
Steps
Write the following program
x = 15
y=4
# Arithmetic operators
print("Addition:", x + y)
print("Division:", x / y)
# Comparison operators
print("Is x greater than y?", x > y)
# Logical operators
print("Logical AND:", x > 10 and y < 5)
What You Learn: Arithmetic, comparison, and logical operators.
Expected Output:
Addition: 19
Division: 3.75
Is x greater than y? True
Logical AND: True
Task 7: Python Lists
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Objective: Learn to work with Python lists and perform operations.
Steps
Write the following code
fruits = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]
# Accessing list items
print("First fruit:", fruits[0])
# Modifying list
fruits.append("orange")
print("List after adding orange:", fruits)
# Looping through list
for fruit in fruits:
print("Fruit:", fruit)
What You Learn: Accessing, modifying, and looping through lists.
Expected Output
First fruit: apple
List after adding orange: ['apple', 'banana', 'cherry', 'orange']
Fruit: apple
Fruit: banana
Fruit: cherry
Fruit: orange
Task 8: Python Tuples
Objective: Explore tuple properties and operations.
Steps
Write the following code
# Tuples
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colors = ("red", "green", "blue")
print("First color:", colors[0])
# Unpacking tuple
(a, b, c) = colors
print("Unpacked values:", a, b, c)
What You Learn: Accessing and unpacking tuple elements.
Expected Output
First color: red
Unpacked values: red green blue
Task 9: Python Sets
Objective: Use sets to handle unique items and perform operations.
Steps:
Write the following code
# Sets
numbers = {1, 2, 3, 4}
numbers.add(5)
numbers.remove(2)
print("Updated set:", numbers)
# Set operations
even_numbers = {2, 4, 6}
print("Union:", numbers.union(even_numbers))
print("Intersection:", numbers.intersection(even_numbers))
What You Learn: Adding/removing items and performing set operations.
Expected Output
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Updated set: {1, 3, 4, 5}
Union: {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}
Intersection: {4}
Task 10: Python Dictionaries
Objective: Work with key-value pairs in Python dictionaries.
Steps
Write the following code
# Dictionaries
student = {"name": "Alice", "age": 21, "grade": "A"}
student["age"] = 22
print("Updated dictionary:", student)
# Loop through dictionary
for key, value in student.items():
print(key, ":", value)
What You Learn: Accessing, updating, and iterating through dictionaries.
Expected Output
Updated dictionary: {'name': 'Alice', 'age': 22, 'grade': 'A'}
name : Alice
age : 22
grade : A
Task 11: Python If-Else
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Computer Engineering Department
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Objective: Understand decision-making in Python using if-else conditions.
Steps:
Write the following code
# Input from user
number = int(input("Enter a number: "))
# Check if the number is positive, negative, or zero
if number > 0:
print("The number is positive.")
elif number < 0:
print("The number is negative.")
else:
print("The number is zero.")
What You Learn: Implementing conditional logic with if-else and
handling user input.
Expected Output
For input = 5
Enter a number: 5
The number is positive.
Task 12: Python While Loop
Objective: Understand how to use a while loop to perform repeated
actions.
Steps
Write the following code
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Computer Engineering Department
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# Print numbers from 1 to 5 using a while loop
i=1
while i <= 5:
print("Number:", i)
i += 1
What You Learn: Using while loops for repetitive tasks with a known exit
condition.
Expected Output
Number: 1
Number: 2
Number: 3
Number: 4
Number: 5
Task 13: Python For Loop
Objective: Explore Python's for loop to iterate over sequences.
Steps
1- Write the following code
# Print each character of a string
for char in "Python":
print("Character:", char)
2- Write the following program and observe the output
for num in range(1, 6):
print("Square of", num, "is", num ** 2)
University of Engineering and Technology Taxila
Computer Engineering Department
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Task 14: Python Functions
Objective: Learn how to define and call functions in Python.
Steps:
1- Write the following program to define a simple function:
# Define a function to greet the user
def greet(name):
print(f"Hello, {name}! Welcome to Python programming.")
# Call the function
greet("Alice")
greet("Bob")
2- Write another program to calculate the factorial of a number:
def factorial(n):
if n == 0 or n == 1:
return 1
else:
return n * factorial(n - 1)
# Input from user
num = int(input("Enter a number: "))
print("Factorial of", num, "is", factorial(num))
What You Learn: Writing reusable functions and using recursion.
Task 15: Python Lambda Functions
University of Engineering and Technology Taxila
Computer Engineering Department
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Objective: Explore anonymous functions using the lambda keyword.
Steps
1- Write a program to demonstrate a simple lambda function
# Lambda to find square of a number
square = lambda x: x ** 2
print("Square of 5:", square(5))
2- Use a lambda function with filter()
# Filter even numbers from a list
numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8]
even_numbers = list(filter(lambda x: x % 2 == 0, numbers))
print("Even numbers:", even_numbers)
What You Learn: Defining and using lambda functions with built-in
methods like filter().
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Exercise Questions:
1. Check Positive or Negative
Write a program that takes a number as input and checks whether it
is positive, negative, or zero.
2. Calculate the Sum of Two Numbers
Write a program to take two numbers as input and print their sum.
3. Find the Maximum of Three Numbers
Write a program to input three numbers and print the largest one.
4. Reverse a String
Write a program to reverse a string input by the user.
5. Check for Even or Odd Number
Write a program to check if a number is even or odd.
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6. Print Multiplication Table
Write a program to print the multiplication table for a given number
(from 1 to 10).
7. Convert Celsius to Fahrenheit
Write a program to convert a temperature from Celsius to
Fahrenheit using the formula:
Fahrenheit = (Celsius x 9 / 5 ) + 32
8. Count the Vowels in a String
Write a program to count the number of vowels in a string the user
provides.
9. Calculate the Factorial of a Number
Write a program to calculate the factorial of a number using a loop.
10. Find Prime Numbers in a Range
Write a program to print all prime numbers between 1 and 50.
Real-Life Scenario Questions (5 Questions)
1- Electricity Bill Calculation
Write a program to calculate the electricity bill based on the
following tariff:
o Up to 100 units: Rs. 30/unit
o 101 to 300 units: Rs. 40/unit
o Above 300 units: Rs. 60/unit
o Meter Rent: 1500
o Additional Tax: 200
Ask the user to input the units consumed and print the total
bill.
2- GPA Calculation
Write a program to calculate the GPA of a student.
Input the grades for 5 courses (on a scale of 4.0) and calculate the
average GPA.
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Computer Engineering Department
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3- Monthly Budget Planner
Write a program to help a user plan their monthly budget.
Input the monthly income and expenses for categories like rent, food,
transportation, and savings. Calculate the remaining balance or deficit.
4- Loan EMI Calculator
Write a program to calculate the EMI (Equated Monthly Installment) for a
loan based on the following formula:
N
P× R ×(1+ R)
EMI =
(1+ R)N −1
Where:
P = Principal loan amount
R = Monthly interest rate (Annual interest rate / 12 / 100)
N = Number of monthly installments
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