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Digital Control Systems Solutions

The document provides detailed solutions to exercises from a Digital Control Systems exam, focusing on Fourier and Z-Transforms. It includes the derivation of the Fourier Transform for a given time-domain signal, simplification using trigonometric identities, and conditions for sampling frequency to avoid aliasing. Additionally, it presents the Z-Transform for a discrete-time signal and its simplification as a geometric series.

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Dan Snow
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31 views2 pages

Digital Control Systems Solutions

The document provides detailed solutions to exercises from a Digital Control Systems exam, focusing on Fourier and Z-Transforms. It includes the derivation of the Fourier Transform for a given time-domain signal, simplification using trigonometric identities, and conditions for sampling frequency to avoid aliasing. Additionally, it presents the Z-Transform for a discrete-time signal and its simplification as a geometric series.

Uploaded by

Dan Snow
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Solution to Exercises from Digital Control Systems Exam

Exercise 2: Detailed Solution

1. Write down the formula of Fourier transform of x(t):


The Fourier Transform of a time-domain signal x(t) is given by the formula:

X(f) = ∫ x(t) e^(-j2πft) dt, from -∞ to ∞.

For the given x(t):


x(t) = 3 + 4cos(2πf1t) + 2cos²(πf2t) - 2sin²(πf2t),we apply the Fourier Transform
properties to compute X(f) later.

2. Simplify x(t) using trigonometric identities:


Using the trigonometric identities:
cos²(θ) = (1 + cos(2θ))/2
sin²(θ) = (1 - cos(2θ))/2
and cos(α + β) = cos(α)cos(β) - sin(α)sin(β),

We simplify each term:


2cos²(πf2t) = 1 + cos(2πf2t)
-2sin²(πf2t) = -1 + cos(2πf2t)
Adding these, x(t) simplifies to:
x(t) = 3 + 4cos(2πf1t) + cos(2πf2t).

3. Compute the Fourier Transform X(f):


For each term in x(t):
- The Fourier Transform of 3 is 3δ(f).
- The Fourier Transform of 4cos(2πf1t) is 2[δ(f - f1) + δ(f + f1)].
- The Fourier Transform of cos(2πf2t) is 0.5[δ(f - f2) + δ(f + f2)].
Combining these, we get:
X(f) = 3δ(f) + 2[δ(f - f1) + δ(f + f1)] + 0.5[δ(f - f2) + δ(f + f2)].

4. Draw the magnitude |X(f)| as a function of frequency f:


The magnitude spectrum of X(f) will consist of impulses at the following frequencies:
- At f = 0, magnitude 3.
- At f = ±f1, magnitude 2.
- At f = ±f2, magnitude 0.5.
A graph will be generated to visualize this.
5. Determine the Nyquist frequency:
The Nyquist frequency, fN, is the minimum sampling frequency required to avoid aliasing:
fN ≥ 2fmax.
Here, fmax = max(f1, f2), so fN = 2f2.

6. Condition for sampling frequency:


The sampling frequency fs must satisfy the Nyquist criterion:
fs > 2fmax.
This ensures that no aliasing occurs, and the original signal can be perfectly reconstructed.

7. Phenomenon for incorrect sampling frequency:


When the sampling frequency fs is incorrect (fs ≤ 2fmax), aliasing occurs.
Aliasing manifests as overlapping of frequency components in the sampled signal spectrum.

8. Draw |Xs(f)| for fs = fN + Δf:


For fs = fN + Δf, the spectrum of the sampled signal will show shifted replicas of X(f)
centered at ±fs, ±2fs, etc.
A graph will be generated to visualize this.

Exercise 3: Detailed Solution

1. Give the expression of X(z):


The Z-Transform of x[n] is given by:
X(z) = Σ x[n]z^(-n), from n = -∞ to ∞.
For the given x[n]:
x[n] = 2^n for n ≥ 0, x[n] = 0 for n < 0.
Substitute x[n]:
X(z) = Σ (2^n)(z^(-n)), from n = 0 to ∞.
X(z) = Σ (2/z)^n, from n = 0 to ∞.
This is a geometric series with first term 1 and ratio 2/z, so:
X(z) = 1 / (1 - 2/z), for |z| > 2.
Simplify further:
X(z) = z / (z - 2).

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