AssiGNMEM-O3

PABI-A

a whet do you mecn by spectaal puity?

b Spectaal pusity,efos to the desge to whiçh
astene1l cxlisht contains bnly «sinde
fatsueny Ox waelensth, wthout conteinin
Gticsh tan otheo brtpencieS,
cnd olsence
n he ftsuen onkent oh distoy
o the srsn
Iight.
Defne thc tem'Meta stoble stote?
Amete steble stote efsto gcndiion whee
qsystmIs kmpcs,osily stable but not
in is bwest ene'sy shete. this stote
wbik the system iey pessist in
fos some time. t eutotull tunsi tions to
amoxe stable stete thassh pxuess hnon
Qs elaieticn.
Define thekhm Popuetion Ihuehsicn
Populetien hvessjon in lesea ae5to siHuetion
utel stete then in the leuex eneasg saT
St&te
 This condlitic is (hucig fx luses
tc ows abscesp Hisn, ulbing in cabten
Gnnphicsbi)
Q) what is the ook c heliumin He-Ne
Lesex?
Anse Helium gsuos es the eneasy uskx 0n 4he
lusea Eis tsponsible bo paovicing the
levels fx the lede ac
Helivm is tpicslly uSedl to excite Neon ctgr
to hiche ststes thxash collins
nibttn the luscs pxoces.
65) Eplain the concept oF Opticul pump ing
ArgY Opics pumpin, involues using lieh to
Stete to a hishex enesyy sterte
his procesS pepatS
quent emission of cohtagnt liebt in lasexs.
scucisl fos mgintginin pepulah
V
PART- B

Q12 why the both endls of tube in a He-Ne l4sto

ange)
 Pane No
Date

yy sUpPetsS. the into-acd photons foom visible

phetons in Me-Ne leses2
Both encls of tbe He-Ne lse tube are kept gt
Peusts gnde to minimise aeflctroo
bsses. At Batwste's gne, isht polcsisecd
pesale) to the plung of incidooKe eapesiencgs
ro afflectig0, whichduces loss
anl enhs1nces ksex ekficicny
6ksci,
spprtss intaceol CiR) photons inta He-Ne.
a intyacuity_ pism oy filtez cen be
Useel, These components sclecti toensmit
wisible wauelinsths while fkting
Ox Gbsosbín, IR'racli etin
By plecinssuch aa devite w'thin the
Iese cuuitk it enswts thet nyisible
phetons a llouedl to,cN ulste, thctiely
sippassins the nwantrcl IR dcudistics).
kax the onstuctien of asonatins, cauity why

ss he He-Ne lase, gptic misss aaf monteel

titonsllybon the' lesea tube tofoxm
 1. De cisin ali <nmenti xsn muntins,
miss
PeGise sacdjustnent ct
ial x chitvin optinson
sonance
2. Het Dissipstion: Spes uting the miac
the leisestube paeuent heat
tnsfedist
Cects het oule
themoS Susfuces cx compxomise thuir
clisnment.
3. Meinknsnce-Extsn mountin, facilitghec
etucitb acess fox
bing tbe
deeningmnt
delicate lsses be cssemblu
psotan n s the laseS optactiongl ikpn.
G32 The Spectaca
spe ctaal spatud of ed cudmim lieht of
wduelensth s94.3 nm is 0. O0)nm.
(alc uleete spectasl pusity factox, coheerc
Jensth end coherent time
Ans:) A] : Gprt Specctlsprtacl= Q, o0\nm
À: wenelen sth'of lisht s94.3nm

Setaalphig factoalp? pro =O. Oo}nm

691.3nm
 Pace N
Date

ohexnce lensth (lc)

O.Oo nm

GhczentImer)
t=Lc -Y79, Gonm
3XI08 mls

D Dehine visibility aool show visibiliky is &meusUe

dE dlesate o!ohezence blw the koo souxces
intnsíHcs.

the ceseof coheoce blw 2csptical sotS.

is pahabcukerly ekuent in infeson hy
wle inthk ne pattesns at uymed
Suphposition dwauer fo) diffent
SOMhces.

Visibil4y 0s ce Sinec as the tico be muaimum

ene ainimum intensit1es of the intsn(e
petton othe sum cf magimuha anc
minimun intnSibes.
 Dage in
afa

V= Cmea -[min
Lma t Cmin
=2+2L

Imgg- Nea intensito intafetnte petes

Tmin Mirn intknsit ok inteafente pattan
Nou ets denngnstrete thert visiblty ise
ch eqal intnsities.
Conslcdes two cohcent souscer d- lisbt with
when these tuo
scsces intcske, they coxcte an intortn:
pat tsn,
lets dencte the esulkunt intnsity ote
pont as IG)
Lmin =Hht2L h
=2[-2[: O
TE
TF the SoustES qoe (ompetey coheyent the nt
foence will heemeo sncd min intensite
Rual to the sumcncd ciffeene
cf the inhstes a the ihdividual s
XSprctiuely
tue wbldTheat
be: Fat the visibilhy nth
 Page N

V: Lme1- lmin li-L

Cmast Emin
Since Ti=2

The inteafounce pctton bes 0visibility when

because the met crd oin intnsi tics
cCHincldle, esulkn, in no (nhstin inksfoance.
p9ttosn
the sousces qof puhtially cohtaent cx connple
tely incoheatnt the intknte patton wi)
hae nyns0 visibilty
This is becsuUse the met Gnd min. inknsitics
will not ccoincíde leaclins, to ngn- 1850 value

99) luo lishts. heawins intens itiesin the oaito of l9

prouce intefuen e frin,es oe visibilit
d3. whct info co w gtt chout
cohcaence2
Gihen ntens ites of the tuo lisbts c in the

sLch thet T-I 9t(o, whes Tis sore

hy inknsihy nit.
cbithay
Visibility of ntkafeence fxinees V-0.3
Ans>
['mo+ mn
Me intnsity occuss chen 2 wauS Cate in oL
min. intensiy occUSS hen they Goe out
LmersL+h +2.T T.

lo

Lmin: TIs+ 9o-I

To 9

PART-C
Define temprgl coheaence Cnd Spetial chet
Desive methe tm aticql expreSsiCo 'fes
feX Cobesent
lencth nel coheent tirme
(aleolcte the coheRnt tme anc coethce leng
of white light of
3500 to 6500¢ wiue. length inge
 Page NO
Date

Any
HRORAL (OHERENCE:: Refes to the consistency
of phese of eucue ous time. mecses
how well e liht Sosce meinteins c
Awaue with stble phasc (unchsnsjns, fes)
tahibits bic termpal coheaence, e
gpidly daiftinphases heue shostea
Aimes.Inyungs
(ohe zence
CLpesiment. tempos oence
double slit
accus te intesftaen(e ptteNS.
SPATIAL COHERENCE Descibes the co-eletioo
blw wuS
waes at dibfcoRnt points in Spqce.
when wcues ase cll tocueins in
thesame diztcn the biit oo
cohesence. Pefect spetigl coheatnce occus
when a waue hs unikm ampltuck ouey
n infinite lnsth. Ihis pocpty in luences
intofcoence phenomenc in vasoS systm.
CoHERENKE ENGTH DERVATON:
le cchesente lensth
kcht
SA Spetaci line wiclh
 Date

du
Pt(inC))
o(2n )1)

2n 2n(-)_04)

COHEREN INE DEALVATON:

Â1= 350OÀ: 250OXIom

 Ce 35oo XIo Sec I|G6. 61X lo's
3x108
)T-165 XIosg

L:650oX\610 =2167 XIG15ç

3X108
Coheatnce Time (oT): (2. 16)X1o's -J67X|o-)

Gherence Lensth (l lxoT

l: 3X10'o)
a) Gxplsin onstouctien and woshins cf e-Ne
laseh with help ch an enthsy leal ci4m.
whet eoe upplicotios of eser
-) (oNSTRUCTON:
The main (omponentof He-Ne lasex is the discha
us at lo PxssUe The tube is sually
lensth enclis sealed
both ends.
The dischcace tube is plucec buw two mix exS
thet fosrs opical ascnetox. Gne migox
is fully aRflective Ctal mios) nd the
otheo is postialy RElectie (output -ceple)
 ate

ashenegment allcUs the kseh lieht to L

This
crnplifiel thegh ltiple pastes inthe
tube mil.
’ Electsical sis
enus supplicck to the ses
thsouh electaodes c4+9checl to the ende
ch thE disthcsse tube. This eucites the He
cusin, them o txons
Gnd Ne otms,kuels
to hishex ens
’ he elischesse tube is usually enclesed ineboth
pxokc
tiue hasin,- with incous ct
endls to cllos the leses liht to pss
thcagh.
cathode Ancde

He-Ne
locle
mitut
BosteS Pastislly
Retlecting, windo offlectec

WORKING:
’ Passincg ele ctsicity xcites te und Ne
in cgs ctors
miztu,cuusins,
cusinsy c populetico in
 Page No.
Date

stets then in goul sterte

s ited atoms cmit photcos as they ehur
toolues ensy euel. LOithe poptetcn
inuessico) these emssins stimdete othex
oloons to emit idane photors cmpyjn
light eocl ksminss cohsont beerm!
’ Micns ct the tube ends osman ophiccl
eS on ato3.Phretons emittccl paselelto
Abe atjs bouce back and fosth blw the
InisaAS, pussins, thhh the cg&in mcclim
muliple imes, stinmu le 4ins, oR erm0ssioD
Se anplifying light.
’ Afaactisn of light, pusses thacsh the peoielly
«kcthe nisx, Fohmin, the les becm
GnipliticatigO within the gsln mceliuo
) Woite plysicql sishificance c Einsteins coBff
icents, Hcw woud ou ahicue the coneliton
of () Meteastable stefe
GD Populetisn negsisO
Issing csnoditon o a leses
 AcoRfficients
stimuletcl emissicyo oefBxient)-[t
the poobgbility ofps stimulgtec
ps unit tmeGnl unt enissicShir r
unt volune.
lote emssicoo occuas when n erute
shete, emittins s photon
Akteptico cocfxciept- Htptsonhsthe
-iiy Gbosptin
pes n)t Volume.
pti unit time ard
Ahstospiso ccuss when sn ctomshsab
a phot toansiticolns to 4hichey enusc
teS. This pxoLes s Kimportsnt kx
iCONDITON
niatinsyFOR lesch pumping psocess.
LASER OPTON
( Mete steble Stete
Achicvinc, metastable stete inyolus ceetin
4populetiO 0NwASiO whex mox GHon
az in hiehex state Cesscited) then in be
LoSte lsound state)
higisypiclly" achieuecd by pumpng
the lease medium wth Such
as thsceh opticelox ele ctoic&meo
to aise atss to hlghcx
ngy
 Page No
DateI1

foccsS when these azt moyl atomgin hjches

euol then
engs gy Jeuel theninip loues enscy level
distoibuticn ouhibium
con-aeyto the vsual thesme elibaiurn
Aheuins populeton inyessn hypicslly inuolues
pumprns enessy itÍ the sstens such
bs thash elechsic clischaage, sotcal
pumpin.o iense ligbt gbption to
populekthethe
loue
blshex eny
leel kuel cnl depo
pulate
G) Armplikcatiop of Recicticg
Amplificatsn of xacigtigo when the noc
photcns undessong stimuletecemikslc
aCeecds the ne ofphosns undaagcoing
absus ptio) Gnd spsntentcS emition
Ths leciels to the cohesent amplficction o
ight witbin the leses mcdii.
(ondiion,c ampliicertican include achicving
Populgtc inueasisn heving highvalue
ch the stimylehecl emissickh coticent
Gnel ensus,in, thet the aoticcl auity
(Ressnghs) allskee hutiple puue
photons to stimulte futhex emisi
bnd smplificutian
 Date

G4D whct is semlconcductos lesee? Descbe ie

(onstoyct)
in deteil.
cnd woshinc, th Bsuze
Ango Aserni.conduchos l«scx,alko hnauns diodo
lates is a type of lascs thet uses c
semiconduchos as the aetie medium tro
gtnaste colkent licbt.
CoNSTRUCiON
’ Ihe acthÇ medium is apnjunchiCgO diode
made fagm the since chystel o hallum
ahunicle. Ihis (Gstelis cat in the fcasn
o plattex heiving, thícknes s of aSsnn)

Medel

eletaok
junctisn
Bigsins

Lasex
Lasex Mete|
output electzoole Contuct
 Page NG
Cate

le platclet consists of tuo phts havins en

clet ton concuctivity (otype) snd hole
type (p-tyr)
lhe photn emissin is stimuletcd in
in aves
thin luyesof PNc h r n cxkr of
mipas) Ihe ele cal voltaseis
to the caystel thaush the eleocelePplccl
n the oppes susfete fixec
’ he endl faces
polishecl enltpethe junçticoso dile ae well
allel too
çach othea They
det as cn opical escgntces
wbich the emittecd lieht cmesthscUsb
out
wORVING
Conduction Bencl
Enesy
Bwniex Fee ele ctso
rcton
Benl
+
Lases
ligbt
 PN junctin ÍS fayacl bisucc
’ Wbenthe
sse applicclvoltçe, the electocns nd
holet aac'njectecl int juncHcgn tGiC
inconsicecble concontoaica

eSHUNe the juncticen onteins

tsSin the
ass Cmcunt of ele
band cnd eletse cmubt of hoks in the
conduction
valence bancl.
’ hich, c(andlde
the pCpulerticso clensity is cachtcued.
ch population nuesi is The
ele t s qne boles xcmbine wth ecah
otbes ancl this aecom bin tti30 S produce
Yaciatcs in fsm licht.
’ when the fcswesd biesccl volt sinaL9Secd.
Moe andmoe licht photong 2e emitadl
ang the lisht psocochÍCO instently btcm
shatngR
Taeseephotons wil toissex achaino
stimulutd oeconbinAo SU lHn
in xlese d photons in phase.
’ The
Ihe phstons
photens mine, at the olene of the
juni tico treuels moink kcethpar
flectitso hlw 2 sides placecd
and cpposlte to ecch othx anel Go
stathgth.
 ahscspticsn
leuel2 ulytecl stirm Racte
RAIABSORbN
E: STMUAITEO
fficicnt coR
emissin Gpont enissicn
Spont.
leuel2 Catom of
ANI’
No. spont R
level1. oleuel2ermissitsn
tenecus EQUATION-
ot
Rete SpoNTANEQUs
(Candit02 leasce) the Fo
ítico whet
the 4ot codlients.
Einitein Vhiaus elaticnShip
bw the DesiR 5)
enth qop Buncl Eg E9
A=hc
of
licht: laseswauaensth
8oo¢.
cuaulength lastbeum the
out cjes statnth,
it encvgh gqinins, AC
Date
No
Page
 NECESSARY ONDITON FOR LASEA AcTON:
1. Popultoo invessiCO
sheel be gsegtes thsn Ni. This is achieugd
oby n enyinto the systmto
apopyletioo inuessi).
2. tmulethec ermissigo
lhe xCte o simulteelDeminence.
emissicop most oomin
qte a ottex psoCeses such abscptioo
and spcont. emissin his oequise hih
Nalus o stimulateel emissloo' coelhicichts
3. Optical Feedbgck
Amechensm fos copticql feed
back suhesos
o3 a seSongte cauity is needod to sustin 0
ampliy the emitkd icht thaogh multiple.
Argpi Eiccatan
The ain in the lase mediuo mst be
theh the las eS, encusing het the saeatex
outputlight
5.hatehold Condiicgo
he pumping vete must etceeel a astain thes
hold toalbieue aucs actiI), belcw thk haeshole
spent. emiision domíreess se cobeAant
uses emissIso doeS not ocCwh.