Design of dog-legged staircase

230
1 5 9 10
UP 900

Floor A B 150 1950

20 19 15 11
900

230
300 900 2250 900 230

Rise of step = 160 mm Rise > 200 mm 175 mm to 200 mm

Tread = 250 mm Tread < 230 mm 250 mm to 280 mm
Nosing is not provided ( given )
Material M 20 Grade concrete
steel reinforcement Fe 415
Solution : -
Assume 150 mm thick waist slab. Both the landings can span on walls.
Landing A or B
Self-load 0.15 x 25 = 3.75 KN / m2
Floor finish = 1.00 KN / m2
Live load ( residence ) = 3.00 KN / m2
Total 7.75 KN / m2
PU = 1.5 x 7.75 = 11.63 KN / m2
Span = 1950 + 150 = 2100 i.e. 2.1 m
Consider 1 m length of slab
M = w x l2 / 8
= 11.63 x 2.12 / 8
= 6.41 KNm
Reinforcement will be in second layer, Assuming 8 mm O bars 50.2655
d = 150 - 15 (cover ) -12 - 6
= 123 mm
From table 6-3,Q= 2.76
Mu / b x d2 = 6.41 x 106 / 1000 x 1172
= 0.424 < 2.76

Pt = 50 1-√1-(4.6 / fck) x (Mu / b x d2)

fy / fck

= 50 1-√1-(4.6 / 15) x (0.468)

 250 / 15

= 50 [(1-0.93) x 15 / 250 ]
= 12.038%

Ast = 0.224 x 1000 x 117 / 100

= 148 mm2
According to IS 456-2000 clause 26.5.2.1 Minimum steel 0.15 % for Fe250 and 0.12 % for Fe415
Minimum steel = 0.12 %
Minimum steel = ( 0.15 / 100 ) x 1000 x 150
= 180 mm2 180 mm2
Provide 10 mm O bar
spacing of bar = Area of one bar x 1000 / required area in m 2 /m
= 78.50 x 1000 /262
= 279 mm 275
Provide 8 mm dia bar @275 mm c/c 182.784 mm2 . 0.1486 %
Maximum spacing = 3 x d = 3 x 117
= 369 mm ……….. O.K.
Check for shear : -
Vu = w x l / 2
= 11.63 x 2.1 / 2
= 12.21 KN
Shear stress = Vu / b x d
= 12.21 x 103 / 1000 x 117
= 0.099 N / mm2 < (‫ﺡ‬ C ) N / mm2 ( too small )
for Pt=0.224 ‫ﺡ‬c= 0.286319 < 0.28 ( from table 7-1 )
………… O.K.
Check for development length : -
Assuming L0 = 8 O (mild steel )
Pt = 100 x As / b x d
= 100 x 280 / 1000 x 117
= 0.149
From equation
Pt = 50 1-√1-(4.6 / fck) x (Mu / b x d2)
fy / fck
Mu1 / b x d2 = 0.519732
Mu1 = 0.499 x 1000 x 1172 x 10-6
= 7.86 KNm
Vu = 12.21 KN
1.3 x ( Mu1 / Vu ) + L0 ≥ Ld Ld = 47.01172 φ
1.3 x ( 6.83 x 106 / 12.21 x 103 ) + 8 O ≥ 47 O
 727.1908 + 8 O ≥ 47 O
43 O ≤ 727.19
which gives O ≤ 21.47 mm ……….. O.K.
Check for deflection : -
Basic ( span / d ) ratio = 20
Pt = 100 x Ast / b x d = 100 x 280 / 1000 x 117
= 0.149 0.154
IS 456-2000 clause 23.2.1 fig-4 ,for tension reinforcement
service stress = 194.9896 modification factor = 2.98163 2
( span / d ) ratio permissible = 2 x 20
= 40
Actual (span / d ) ratio = 2100 / 117
= 17.07 < 40 ……….. O.K.

Design of flight : -
Span and loading on both the flights are the same. Therefore same design will be
adopted.
Loads :
Inclined length of waist slab for one step = √ 2502 + 1602
= 296.8164 mm
Assuming 150 mm thick waist slab
self-load in plan = ( 296.8 / 250 ) x 0.15 x 25 = 4.45 KN / m2
Floor finish length for one step = 160 + 250
= 410 mm
floor finish = ( 410 / 250 ) x 1 = 1.64 KN / m2 250
Weight of step ( ( 0 + 160 ) / 2000 ) x 25 = 2.00 KN / m2 160 296.8
Live load = 3.00 KN / m2
Total = 4.45 + 1.64 + 2.00 + 3.00
= 11.09 KN / m2
Pu = 1.5 x 11.09 = 16.64 KN / m2
IS 456-2000 , clause 33.2
Landing is spanning in transverse direction. The span of stair according to discussion
made in art 13-1 and loading for 1 m width of stair is shown in fig below.

16.64 KN / m
11.63 KN / m 11.63 KN / m

RA = KN 24.82 RB = KN 24.82
0.525 2.25 0.525 525 = 900 / 2 +75
3.3

RA = RB = 0.525 x 11.63 + 16.64 x 2.25 / 2

 = 6.11 + 18.72
= 24.83 KN
Mu = 24.83 x 3.3/2 - 11.63 x (3.3/2)2 / 2 - ( ( 16.64 - 11.63 ) x ( 2.25/2 ) 2 ) / 2
= 40.97 - 15.83 - 3.17
= 21.9581 KNm
From Table 6-3 Q= 2.76
drequired = √M / Q x b
√
= 21.97 x 10 6 / 2.22 x 1000
= 89.19543 mm, Assume 10 mm dia bar
dprovided = 150 - 15 - 6
= 130 mm, ……….. O.K.
Mu / b x d = 21.97 x 10 / 1000 x (129)2
2 6

= 1.30
Pt = 50 1-√1-(4.6 / fck) x (Mu / b x d2)
fy / fck

= 50 1-√1-(4.6 / 15) x (1.32)

250 / 15

= 50 [(1-0.77) x 15 / 250 ]
= 39.192%

Ast = 0.687 x 1000 x 129 / 100

= 509.492 mm2 509.492
Provide 10 mm O bar
spacing of bar = Area of one bar x 1000 / required area in m 2 / m
= 113.04 x 1000 / 886
= 154 mm 150
Provide 10 mm dia bar@ 150 mm c/c 523.599 mm2.
Minimum steel is 0.15 % for mild steel and 0.12 % for HYSD Fe415 reinforcement
Distribution steel = ( 0.15 / 100 ) x 1000 x 150
= 180 mm2
Provide 8 mm O bar
spacing of bar = Area of one bar x 1000 / required area in m 2 /m
= 50.24 x 1000 /225
= 279 mm 275
Provide 8 mm dia bar @ 275 mm c/c 182.784 mm2 .
Check for shear : -
Vu = 24.82 KN
Shear stress = Vu / b x d
= 24.83 x 103 / 1000 x 129
 = 0.191 N / mm2 < (‫ﺡ‬ C ) N / mm2 ( too small )
100 x As / b x d = 100 x 904 / 1000 x 129
= 0.40
from table 7-1
for Pt = 0.7 ‫ﺡ‬c= 0.438494 N / mm2
IS 456-2000 clause 40.2.1.1
k = 1.3 for 150 mm slab depth
Design shear strength = 1.3 x 0.524
= 0.570 N / mm2 ………… O.K.
Check for development length : -
Assuming L0 = 12 O (mild steel )
Pt = 100 x As / b x d
= 100 x 904 / 1000 x 129
= 0.40
From equation
Pt = 50 1-√1-(4.6 / fck) x (Mu / b x d2)
fy / fck
we get , Mu1 / b x d = 1.331995
2

Mu1 = 1.344 x 1000 x 1292 x 10-6

= 22.51 KNm
Vu = 24.82 KN
Development length of bars Ld = O σs / 4 x ‫ﺡ‬bd = O x 0.87 x 250 / 4 x 1 47.0117
1.3 x ( Mu1 / Vu ) + L0 ≥ Ld
1.3 x ( 22.37 x 106 / 24.83 x 103 ) + 8 O ≥ 47 O
1171.204 + 8 O ≥ 47 O
42.4 O ≤ 1171.2
which gives O ≤ 30.22 mm ………… O.K.
From Crossing of bars, the bars must extend upto 47 x 10 = 470
say 500 mm.
Check for deflection : -
Basic ( span / d ) ratio = 20
Pt = 100 x Ast / b x d = 100 x 904 / 1000 x 129
= 0.40
IS 456-2000 clause 23.2.1 fig-4 ,for tension reinforcement
modification factor = 1.3655 Service stress = 234.215 1.3655
( span / d ) ratio permissible = 1.62 x 20
= 27.30999
Actual (span / d ) ratio = 3300 / 129
= 25.38 < 27.30999 ………… O.K.
The depth could be reduced
Check for cracking : -
IS 456-2000 , clause 26.3.3
Main bars : maximum spacing permitted = 3 x effective depth of slab or 300 mm whichever is sm
= 3 x 129 390 mm or 300 mm
spacing provided = 150 mm < 300 mm ……….. O.K.
Distribution bars : maximum spacing permitted = 5 x effective depth of slab or 450 mm which
= 5 x 129 650 mm
spacing provided = 275 mm < 450 mm ……….. O.K.
 Rise > 200 mm 175 mm to 200 mm
Tread < 230 mm 250 mm to 280 mm

to 200 mm
to 280 mm

Table 6-3
Limiting Moment of resistance factor Q lim, N / mm2
For singly reinforced rectangular sections

fck N / mm2
fy, N / mm2
250 415 500 550
15 2.22 2.07 2.00 1.94
20 2.96 2.76 2.66 2.58
 25 3.70 3.45 3.33 3.23
30 4.44 4.14 3.99 3.87

nd 0.12 % for Fe415

check for shear

IS 456-2000 , Table 19
Table 7-1
Design shear strength of concrete , ‫ﺡ‬C, N / mm2
Pt = 100 x As Concrete grade
bxd M15 M20 M25 M30 M35
≤ 0.15 0.28 0.28 0.29 0.29 0.29
0.25 0.35 0.36 0.36 0.37 0.37
0.50 0.46 0.48 0.49 0.50 0.50
0.75 0.54 0.56 0.57 0.59 0.59
1.00 0.60 0.62 0.64 0.66 0.67
1.25 0.64 0.67 0.70 0.71 0.73
1.50 0.68 0.72 0.74 0.76 0.78
1.75 0.71 0.75 0.78 0.80 0.82
2.00 0.71 0.79 0.82 0.84 0.86
2.25 0.71 0.81 0.85 0.88 0.90
2.50 0.71 0.82 0.88 0.91 0.93
2.75 0.71 0.82 0.90 0.94 0.96
3.00 0.71 0.82 0.92 0.96 0.99
The above given table is based on the following formula
Design shear strength ‫ﺡ‬c = 0.85 √ 0.8 x fck ( √ 1 + 5 x β - 1 )
6xβ
β = 0.8 x fck / 6.89 Pt , but not less than 1.0
15.6268 5.76561
IS 456-2000 , Table 20
Table 7-2
Maximum shear stress , ‫ ﺡ‬, N / mm2
C
Concrete grade M15 M20 M25 M30 M35
( ‫ﺡ‬c )max N / mm 2.5
2 2.8 3.1 3.5 3.7
check for development length
IS 456-2000 clause 26.2.1
Development length of bars L d = O σs / 4 x ‫ﺡ‬bd
IS 456-200 clause 26.2.1.1
Table 7-5
Design bond stress (‫ﺡ‬bd ) for plain bars in tension
Concrete grade M15 M20 M25 M30 M35
( ‫ﺡ‬bd N / mm 2
1.0 1.2 1.4 1.5 1.7
Note-1 : ‫ﺡ‬bd shall be increased by 25 % for bars in compression
Note-2 : In case of deformed bars confirming to IS : 1786-1985 , the
value of ‫ﺡ‬bd shall be increased by 60 %.
For mild steel Fe250 σs = 0.87 x fy
For Fe415 σs = 0.67 x fy
IS 456-2000 clause 26.2.3.3
Ld ≤ M1 / V + L0
L0 = effective depth of the members or 12 O , whichever is greater
if ends of the reinforcement are confined by a compressive reaction M1 /
V increased by 30 % ( 1.3 M1 / V )

Table 7-6
Development length for single mild steel bars
Tension bars
fy N / mm2
15 20 25 30 35
250 54.375 45.3125 38.8393 36.25 31.9853
415 56.4141 47.0117 40.2958 37.6094 33.1847
500 67.9688 56.6406 48.5491 45.3125 39.9816
415 47.0117
check for deflection
Basic values of span to effective depth ratios for spans upto 10 m :
cantilever 7
simply supported 20
continuous 26
For spans above 10 m, the values in (a) may be multiplied by
10 / span in metres , except for cantilever in which case deflection
calculations should be made.
check for cracking
(a)The horizontal distance between parallel main
reinforcement bars ( spacing )shall not be more than three
times the effective depth of solid slab or
300 mm whichever is smaller.
 (b)The horizontal distance between parallel
reinforcement bars ( spacing ) provided against
shrinkage and temperature (distribution bar) shall not be more
than five times the effective depth of a solid
slab or 450 mm whichever is smaller.

IS 456-2000 Clause 40.2.1.1

Overall depth of 300 or
slab , mm more 275 250 225 200
78.53982 k 1.00 1.05 1.10 1.15 1.20

sketch :
The reinforcements for both the flights are shown in fig.
500
500

Provide 8 mm dia bar @275 mm c/c

Provide 10 mm dia bar@ 150 mm c/c
150 mm thick waist slab
Provide 8 mm dia bar @ 275 mm c/c
Provide 10 mm dia bar@ 150 mm c/c
 Flight-B

Provide 8 mm dia bar @ 27

Provide 10 mm dia bar@ 150 mm c/c

150 mm thick waist slab

Provide 8 mm dia bar @275 mm c/c Flight-A

φ
or 300 mm whichever is small
or 300 mm 300 mm

h of slab or 450 mm whichever is small

or 450 mm 450 mm
N / mm2

M40
0.30
0.38
0.51
0.60
0.68
0.74
0.79
0.84
0.88
0.92
0.95
0.98
1.01

1+5xβ-1)

ss than 1.0

m2
 M40
4.0

n tension
M40
1.9
mpression
786-1985 , the

er is greater & For checking development length , l 0

ssive reaction M1 / may be assumed as 8 O for HYSD
bars ( usually end anchorage is not
provided ) and 12 O for mild steel ( U
hook is provided usually whose
anchorage length is 16 O.

40 20
28.6184 45.3125
29.6916 47.0117
35.773 56.6406

s upto 10 m :

plied by
se deflection
 150 or
175 less
1.25 1.30
 150

Provide 8 mm dia bar @275 mm c/c

Provide 10 mm dia bar@ 150 mm c/c

Provide 8 mm dia bar @ 275 mm c/c

a bar@ 150 mm c/c
 vv
vv
v
 Design of Tread-riser staircase
Floor finish 1 KN / m2. Cover 15
Live load 3 KN / m .
2

width of stair 1 m. ( Given ) Parapet wall

material concrete 20 Tread
steel 415 HYSD reinforcement. Riser
Solution : - Landing
Assume 160 mm thick treads and risers. The uniform and point loads are
calculated as follows.
Uniform loads :
width of stair = 1 m.
self weight 0.16 x 25 = 4.0 + 0.0 KN /m.
floor finish 1 x 1 = 1.0 + 0.0 KN /m.
live load 1 x 3 = 0.0 + 3.0 KN /m.
parapet 0.75 x 0.15 x 20 = 2.25 + 0.0 KN /m.
Total 7.25 + 3.0 KN /m.
factored load = 1.5 ( 7.25 + 3 ) = 15.375 say 15.5 KN / m.
Point loads :
Self weight 0.16 x 0.175 x 25 = 0.7 + 0 KN.
floor finish of riser 0.175 x 1 = 0.175 + 0 KN.
0.875 + 0 KN.
factored point loads = 1.5 ( 0 + 0.875 ) = 1.3 KN.
The loading diagram is shown in fig.
RB = w x ℓ / 2 + P x a / ℓ
= 15.5 x 3.38 / 2 + 1.3 / 3.38 ( 0.185 + 0.435 + 0.685 + 0.935 +
1.185 + 1.435 + 1.685 + 1.935 + 2.185 + 2.435 )
= 26.20 + 5.04 = 31.32 KN.
RA = 15.5 x 3.38 / 2 + 1.3 / 3.38 ( 0.935 + 1.185 + 1.435 + 1.685 +
1.935 + 2.185 + 2.435 + 2.685 + 2.935 + 3.185 )
= 26.20 + 7.92 = 34.19 KN.
Point of zero shear from A lies at C i.e. at 7 th point load.
34.1943 -15.5 X -13.1 = 0
x= 3.05286
Use 8 mm dia Area of one Bar = 50.2655 mm2
Maximum moment
Muc = 34.12 x 1.765 - 1.3 ( 1.58 + 1.33 + 1.08 + 0.83 + 0.58 + 0.33 +
0.08 ) - 15.5 x 1.7652 / 2
= 28.80 KNm. 2.20608 2.1214 2.03673
d = 160 - 15 - 5 = 141 mm. 2.20608 1.9264 1.59173
Mu / b x d2 = 28.53 x 106 / 1000 x 1402 2.20608 1.9264 1.59173
= 1.449 < 2.76 37.7177 35.1337 32.989
Pt = 50 1-√1-(4.6 / fck) x (Mu / b x d2)
fy / fck 6.37319 13.3536 19.0372
= 50 1-√1-(4.6 / 15) x (1.456)
 415 / 15
= 0.442
Ast = 0.463 x 1000 x 140 / 100
= 623 mm2.

spacing of bar = Area of one bar x 1000 / required area in m 2 /m

= 50 x 1000 / 648
= 80.7 mm
Provide 8 mm dia @ 80.0 mm c/c 628.319 mm2 .
Check for deflection : -
Basic ( span / d ) ratio = 20
Pt = 100 x Ast / b x d = 100 x 667 / 1000 x 140
= 0.446
IS 456-2000 clause 23.2.1 fig-4 ,for tension reinforcement
modification factor = 1.29138 service stress = 238.748 N/mm2
( span / d ) ratio permissible = 1.29 x 20
= 26
Actual (span / d ) ratio = 3380 / 140
= 23.97 O.K.
Check for shear : -
Vu = 34.19 KN
Shear stress ‫ﺡ‬v = Vu / b x d
= 34.16 x 103 / 1000 x 140
= 0.243 N / mm2
100 x As / b x d = 100 x 667 / 1000 x 140
= 0.446
from table 7-1 β = 5.211227
' ‫ﺡ‬c = 0.45687 N / mm2
IS 456-2000 clause 40.2.1.1
k = 1.28 for 160 mm slab depth
Design shear strength = 1.28 x 0.449
= 0.585 N / mm2 O.K.
Distribution steel :
According to IS 456-2000 clause 26.5.2.1 Minimum steel 0.15 % for Fe250 and 0.12
% for Fe415
Using Fe415 steel ,
Minimum steel = ( 0.12 / 100 ) x 1000 x 160 0.12
= 192 mm 2

use 8 mm dia bar Area of one bar = 50.2655

No. of bar = Minimum steel / m. length / Area of one bar

= 192 / 50
 =4 no. Per m. length.
4 no. 8 mm dia are provided at each junction of tread and riser.
span there are 32 no. 8 mm dia are provided with As =
Too much area is provided.
Note that 6 mm dia mild steel reinforcement is not used here because according to the rules of
stirrups reinforcement , it should be bent around the reinforcement of diameter at least equal to
the diameter of the stirrups.
At landing , however 6 mm diameter M.S. bars can be used as distribution reinforcement , or
spacing of 8 mm dia bars can be increased.

spacing of bar = Area of one bar x 1000 / required area in m 2 /m

= 50 x 1000 /192
= 262 mm
Provide 8 mm dia @ 260 mm c/c 193.329 mm2 . distribution steel in land
Note that if landing slab could span in transverse direction ,this reinforcement would become
main reinforcement and could be designed accordingly.Not only that, but it would have reduced
the span of the stair case.
Check for development length : -
At A , Pt = 0.446
Pt = 50 1-√1-(4.6 / fck) x (Mu / b x d2)
fy / fck
0.446= 50 1-√1-(4.6 / 20) x (Mu / b x d2 )
415 / 20

( Mu / b x d2 ) = 1.459
Mu1 = 1.492 x 1000 x 140 x 140 x 10 -6
= 29.01 KNm.
Vu = 26.3358 KN. at 0.15 ℓ point of contraflexure from point A
1.3 x ( Mu1 / Vu ) + L0 ≥ Ld
1.3 x ( 29.24 x 106 / 34.12 x 103 ) + 8 O ≥ 56.4 O
1432.22 8≥ 47.0117
39.0117 ≤ 1432.2
which gives dia ≤ 36.71 mm O.K.
Sketch : 10 450 450
9 160
8
Beam at landing
7 level
6
5
4 no. 8 mm dia (Typical )
4 8 mm dia @ 80.0 mm c/c
3 in the form of stirrups
Slab level
Slab level
2
1

Beam at slab level

 The loading of the stair is considered into two parts consisting of :
mm ( i ) Uniform distributed load on tread.
( ii ) Concentrated point loads at the centres of risers.
150 mm thick 0.75 m high.
250 mm
175 mm
900 mm
U.D.L
U.D.L
U.D.L
Parapet
point
load 10 Landing level
point
load 9 160
8
7
6
5
4
3
Slab level
2
1
175

230 250 250 250 250 900 230

195 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250
1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3
1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 KN 195
15.5 KN/m 445
195 695
A` 3380 935 B 945
34.1943 KN 31.3207 1195
1445
1695
1945
1.95205 1.86737 1.78269 1.69802 1.61334 1.52866 1.44398 1.35931 2195
1.25705 0.92237 0.58769 0.25302 -0.08166 -0.41634 -0.75102 -1.08569 2445
1.25705 0.92237 0.58769 0.25302 3380
31.2835 30.0173 29.1904 28.8028 28.8544 29.3453 30.2754 31.6448
0.25302 1.69802 28.8028
23.4239 26.5137 28.3066 28.8027 28.0019 25.9042 22.5096 28.8027
 check for deflection
Basic values of span to effective depth ratios for spans upto 10 m :
cantilever 7
simply supported 20
continuous 26
For spans above 10 m, the values in (a) may be multiplied by
10 / span in metres , except for cantilever in which case deflection
calculations should be made.

check for shear

IS 456-2000 , Table 19
Table 7-1
Design shear strength of concrete , ‫ ﺡ‬, N / mm2
C

Pt = 100 x As Concrete grade

bxd M15 M20 M25 M30 M35
≤ 0.15 0.28 0.28 0.29 0.29 0.29
0.25 0.35 0.36 0.36 0.37 0.37
0.50 0.46 0.48 0.49 0.50 0.50
0.75 0.54 0.56 0.57 0.59 0.59
1.00 0.60 0.62 0.64 0.66 0.67
1.25 0.64 0.67 0.70 0.71 0.73
1.50 0.68 0.72 0.74 0.76 0.78
1.75 0.71 0.75 0.78 0.80 0.82
2.00 0.71 0.79 0.82 0.84 0.86
2.25 0.71 0.81 0.85 0.88 0.90
2.50 0.71 0.82 0.88 0.91 0.93
2.75 0.71 0.82 0.90 0.94 0.96
3.00 0.71 0.82 0.92 0.96 0.99

IS 456-2000 Clause 40.2.1.1

Overall depth of 300 or
slab , mm more 275 250 225 200
 k 1.00 1.05 1.10 1.15 1.20
ad and riser.In one meter length along the
1608.5 mm2

rding to the rules of

ter at least equal to

n reinforcement , or

distribution steel in landing portion.

ment would become
would have reduced

check for development length

IS 456-2000 clause 26.2.1
Development length of bars Ld = O σs / 4 x ‫ﺡ‬bd
IS 456-200 clause 26.2.1.1
Table 7-5
Design bond stress (‫ﺡ‬bd ) for plain bars in tension
Concrete
grade M15 M20 M25 M30 M35
( ‫ﺡ‬bd N / mm21.0 1.2 1.4 1.5 1.7
Note-1 : ‫ﺡ‬bd shall be increased by 25 % for bars in compression
Note-2 : In case of deformed bars confirming to IS : 1786-1985 , the
value of ‫ﺡ‬bd shall be increased by 60 %.
or mild steel Fe250 σs = 0.87 x fy
For Fe415 σs = 0.67 x fy
IS 456-2000 clause 26.2.3.3
Ld ≤ M1 / V + L0
L0 = effective depth of the members or 12 O , whichever is greater
if ends of the reinforcement are confined by a compressive reaction
M1 / V increased by 30 % ( 1.3 M1 / V )
( ‫ﺡ‬bd N / mm2 1.6 1.92 2.24 2.4 2.72
Table 7-6
Development length for single mild steel bars
mm dia (Typical ) fy N / Tension bars
mm2 15 20 25 30 35
250 54.375 45.3125 38.8393 36.25 31.9853
415 56.4141 47.0117 40.2958 37.6094 33.1847
500 67.9688 56.6406 48.5491 45.3125 39.9816
415 47.0117
 250
1.3
0.0576923077
0.1316568047
0.2056213018
0.2795857988
0.3535502959
0.4275147929
0.5014792899
0.575443787
0.649408284
0.7233727811
1

Table 6-3
Limiting Moment of resistance factor Q lim, N / mm2
 For singly reinforced rectangular sections

fck N fy, N / mm2

/ mm2 250 415 500 550 415
15 2.22 2.07 2.00 1.94 2.07
20 2.96 2.76 2.66 2.58 2.76
25 3.70 3.45 3.33 3.23 3.45
30 4.44 4.14 3.99 3.87 4.14
20 2.76

or spans upto 10 m :

e multiplied by
hich case deflection

, ‫ ﺡ‬, N / mm2
C

de
M40
0.30
0.38
0.51
0.60
0.68
0.74
0.79
0.84
0.88
0.92
0.95
0.98
1.01

150 or
175 less
 1.25 1.30

1.1

bars in tension

M40
1.9
s in compression
o IS : 1786-1985 , the

whichever is greater
compressive reaction

3.04

ild steel bars

s
40 20
28.618421053 45.3125
29.691611842 47.0117
35.773026316 56.6406
 Design of Single flight staircase ( beam at the end of the landing )
Riser = 200 mm 150
Tread = 230 mm 100
20 mm Nosing is provided to comply with minimum 250 mm tread size. Cover
Height of the floor = 3.2 m. ( given ) Floor finish =
Live load = 3 KN / m .
2
intermediate beam at step no.
Material 20 Grade concrete Beam width =
415 HYSD reinforcement. Total tread ( step ) =
Solution : -
In the present case, let us propose to provide an intermediate beam within the
step no. 10. This will approximately divide the span equally.
This beam is a cantilever beam which may not have anchorage inside , as
the level of this beam is intermediate between the floor and the ceiling .
Note the following points :
( 1 ) An R.C.C. column might be available at step no. 10. If it is so , the
beam may be cantilevered from the column. If the column is available at
step no. 9 or 11 , the position of beam BC 1 may be changed accordingly.
( 2 ) The 11th step may be at lintel level ( or 12th step ). If loft slab is
available inside the building at this position , the beam may be extended
inside to get required counterbalancing.
( 3 ) If any of the above two arrangements is not available , the beam may
be designed as a cantilever from the wall keeping proper safety.The proper
connections shall be developed to fix the beam in the wall by means of
sufficient counterbalancing. Note that masonry should not be allowed to
resist tension.
The third scheme is discussed in this example.
Design of stair :
Provide the intermediate beam in 10th step.Assume 100 mm thick waist slab.The
loads in the flight AB and landing BC are as follows :
Assume 100 mm thick waist slab. Inclined length of waist slab for one step
= √ 2302 + 2002
= 304.795 mm.
Waist slab self weight in plan
= 0.10 x 25 x 304.8 / 230
= 3.31 + 0 KN / m2.
Weight of steps
= (( 0 + 0.2 ) / 2 ) x 25
= 2.5 + 0 KN / m2.
Floor finish length for each step
= 250 ( 230 tread + 20 nosing ) + 200 ( riser )
= 450 mm.
Floor finish load
= ( 450 / 230 ) x 1 KN / m2 A
= 1.96 KN / m2.
Parapet load is assumed to be uniformly distributed on the slab.
Parapet load is
0.15 x 0.75 x 20 / ( 1 x 1 ) = 2.25 KN / m2.
Loads on flight : AB BC
DL LL DL LL
waist slab ( sloping ) 3.31 + 0 0.00 0
0.1 x 25 ( straight ) 2.5 + 0
steps 2.5 + 0 0 + 0
floor finish 1.96 + 0 1.0 + 0
Parapet load 2.25 + 0 2.25 + 0
live load 0 + 3 0 + 3
Total 10.02 + 3 KN / m .2
5.75 + 3
Factored load 1.5 ( 10.0 + 3.0 ) = 19.5 KN / m . 1.5 ( 5.75 + 3.0 ) = 13.13
2

The loading diagram for 1 m wide stair is shown in fig.

Assuming both the spans loaded with total loads and carrying out analysis , we get the followings :
Maximum moment at D
19.5 16.8384 19.5 x 1.38 / 2.38 = 11.3067
13.13 x 1 / 2.38 = 5.51681
16.82
2.3 2.38
A D C
Using three moment equation for span ABC
MA ( L1 / I1 ) + 2MD ( L1 / I1 + L2 / I2 ) + MC ( L2 / I2 ) = - 6 A1a1 / ( I1 L1 ) -6 A2a2 / ( I2L2)
19.5 KN / m 16.82 KN / m

A D D C

12.91373 11.9224
A1 = ( 2 / 3 ) x Base x h1 A2 = ( 2 / 3 ) x Base x h1
= ( 2 / 3 ) x 2.3 x 12.89 = ( 2 / 3 ) x 2.38 x 11.91
= 19.80 = 18.92
a1 = 1.15 m a2 = 1.19 m
MA ( 2.3 / I ) + 2MD ( 2.3 / I + 2.38 / I ) + MC ( 2.38 / I ) = - [ 6 x 19.76 x 1.15 / ( I x 2.3 ) ] - [ 6 x 18.9 x 1.
2.3MA + 9.36MD + 2.38MC = - [ 59.28 ] - [ 56.7 ] 9.36 MD = -116.154
9.36MD = - 115.98 As MA = 0 , MC = 0
MD = -12.4096 KNm.
19.5 KN / m 16.82 KN / m

2.3 m 2.38 m
A D
12.40961 C
12.9137 11.9224 2.3 dist. 12.4096
(-)
(+) 1.15 dist. ? 6.2048
2.38 dist. 12.4096
 1.19 dist. ? 6.2048
6.70892 5.71763
MD = - 12.39 KNm
(+)
(+) VA x 2.3 -19.5 x 2.3 x 1.15 = -12.39 X dist. 17.04
(-) VA = 17.0632 KN 2.3 - X dist. 27.81
VA + VD = 19.5 x 2.3 27.81 X =17.04 ( 2.3 - X )
12.40961 VD = 44.85 - 17.04 44.85 X = 39.19
VD = 27.8541 KN X = 0.87372
17.0632 25.2518
MD = - 12.39 KNm
0.88034 VC x 2.38 -16.82 x 2.38 x 1.19 = -12.39
VC = 14.8236 KN
0.87372 VC + VD = 16.82 x 2.38
27.85414 14.8236 VD = 40.03 - 14.81
VD = 25.2518 KN
Positive moments :
Mu,AD = 17.04 x 0.87 - 19.5 x 0.87 x 0.87 / 2
= 7.454248 KNm.
Mu,DC = 14.81 x 0.88 - 16.82 x 0.88 x 0.88 / 2
= 6.524918 KNm. max. moment 7.45425 KNm
Negative moment steel :
Mu ( - ) = 12.41 KNm. Use 10 mm dia bar 78.5398
d = 100 - 15 - 5 = 80 mm.
Mu / b x d2 = 12.39 x 106 / 1000 x 802
= 1.9 < 2.76
Pt = 50 1-√1-(4.6 / fck) x (Mu / b x d2)
fy / fck
= 50 1-√1-(4.6 / 15) x (1.9)
415 / 15
= 0.616
Ast = 0.655 x 1000 x 80 / 100
= 493 mm2.

spacing of bar = Area of one bar x 1000 / required area in m 2 /m

= 78.5 x 1000 /524

= 159.4 mm
Provide 10 mm dia @ 155.0 mm c/c 506.708 mm2.
The extra top bars are provided for 0.3 ℓ as shown in figure.
Positive moment steel :
Mu / b x d2 = 7.45 x 106 / 1000 x 802 = 1.16 < 2.76
 Pt = 50 1-√1-(4.6 / fck) x (Mu / b x d2)
fy / fck
= 50 1-√1-(4.6 / 15) x (1.16)
415 / 15
= 0.348
Ast = 0.358 x 1000 x 80 / 100
= 278 mm2.
Use 8 mm dia bar 50.2655 mm2.
spacing of bar = Area of one bar x 1000 / required area in m 2 /m
= 50 x 1000 /286
= 180.6 mm
Provide 8 mm dia @ 150 mm c/c 335.103 mm2.
The reinforcement will be kept the same in both , the spans , viz. AD and AC.
Larger steel is provided to match with support steel . Note that at the slab level ,
scissor type reinforcement detail is necessary.Required development length
= 47.01172 376.094 mm , say 400 mm ( Table 7-6 )
Distribution steel :
According to IS 456-2000 clause 26.5.2.1 Minimum steel 0.15 % for Fe250 and 0.12
% for Fe415
Using mild steel , Use 250 Grade steel
Minimum steel = ( 0.15 / 100 ) x 1000 x 100 0.15
= 150 mm 2

Use 6 mm dia bar Area of One Bar = 28.2743 mm2

spacing of bar = Area of one bar x 1000 / required area in m 2 /m
= 28 x 1000 /150
= 188 mm
Provide 6 mm dia @ 180 mm c/c 157.08 mm2.
Check for deflection : -
Basic ( span / d ) ratio = 26
Pt = 100 x Ast / b x d = 100 x 357 / 1000 x 80
= 0.419
IS 456-2000 clause 23.2.1 fig-4 ,for tension reinforcement
modification factor = 1.58112 service stress = 199.893 N/mm2
( span / d ) ratio permissible = 1.25 x 26
= 41.1092
Actual (span / d ) ratio = 2300 / 80
= 28.75 O.K.
for negative reinforcement
Basic ( span / d ) ratio = 26
Pt = 100 x Ast / b x d =
100 x 560 / 1000 x 80
= 0.63
IS 456-2000 clause 23.2.1 fig-4 ,for tension reinforcement
 modification factor = 1.16972 service stress = 234.119 N/mm2
( span / d ) ratio permissible = 1.1 x 26
= 30.4127
Actual (span / d ) ratio = 2300 / 80
= 28.75 O.K.
Check for shear : -
At A , Vu = 17.06 KN
Shear stress ‫ﺡ‬v = Vu / b x d
= 17.04 x 103 / 1000 x 80
= 0.213 N / mm2
100 x As / b x d = 100 x 357 / 1000 x 80
= 0.419
from table 7-1 β = 5.54386
' ‫ﺡ‬c = 0.44556 N / mm2
IS 456-2000 clause 40.2.1.1
k = 1.3 for 100 mm slab depth
Design shear strength = 1.3 x 0.436
= 0.579 N / mm2 O.K.
At B,BA Vu = 27.85 KN At B,BC 25.2518 KN
Shear stress ‫ﺡ‬v = Vu / b x d
= 27.81 x 103 / 1000 x 80
= 0.348 N / mm2 0.31565 N / mm2
100 x As / b x d = 100 x 560 / 1000 x 80
= 0.63339 0.63339
from table 7-1 β = 3.66634 β = 3.66634
' ‫ﺡ‬c = 0.525004 N / mm2 ' ‫ﺡ‬c = 0.525 N / mm2

IS 456-2000 clause 40.2.1.1

k = 1.3 for 100 mm slab depth
Design shear strength = 1.3 x 0.524
= 0.683 N / mm2 O.K. 0.68251 N / mm2 O.K.
At point of contraflexure ( 0.3 ℓ from D )
Vu = 27.81 - ( 0.3 x 2.3 x 19.5 )
= 14.38 KN.
Shear stress ‫ﺡ‬v = Vu / b x d
= 14.36 x 103 / 1000 x 80
= 0.180 N / mm2
100 x As / b x d = 100 x 357 / 1000 x 80
= 0.419
from table 7-1 β = 5.54386
' ‫ﺡ‬c = 0.44556 N / mm2
IS 456-2000 clause 40.2.1.1
k = 1.3 for 100 mm slab depth
Design shear strength = 1.3 x 0.436
= 0.579 N / mm2 O.K.
Check for development length : -
At A , Pt = 0.419
Pt = 50 1-√1-(4.6 / fck) x (Mu / b x d2)
fy / fck
0.446= 50 1-√1-(4.6 / 15) x (Mu / b x d2 )
415 / 15

( Mu / b x d2 ) = 1.380
Mu1 = 1.411 x 1000 x 80 x 80 x 10 -6
= 8.83 KNm.
Vu = 17.06318 KN.
1.3 x ( Mu1 / Vu ) + L0 ≥ Ld
1.3 x ( 9.03 x 106 / 17.04 x 103 ) + 8 O ≥ 56.4 O
672.996 8≥ 47.0117
39.0117 ≤ 673.00
which gives dia ≤ 17.25 mm O.K.
At point of contraflexure ( 0.3 ℓ from D )
Mu1 = 8.83 KNm.
Vu = 14.38 KN.
1.3 x ( Mu1 / Vu ) + L0 ≥ Ld
1.3 x ( 9.03 x 106 / 14.36 x 103 ) + 8 O ≥ 56.4 O
798.629 8 ≥ 47.0117
39.0117 ≤ 798.63
which gives dia ≤ 20.47 mm O.K.
Design of central beam BC1 :
Loading = 27.81 + 25.22 = 53.106 KN/m use 16 mm dia bar
Clear span of the beam is 1 m . The beam is adjusted in step no. 10 as indicated in fig.
depth of the beam ( 309 + 109 ) / 2 = 209 mm
The effective depth d = 209 - 25 - 6 = 171 mm
The effective span ℓ = 1000 + 230 / 2 ( centre of wall ) = 1115 mm or
ℓ = 1000 + 178 / 2 ( i.e. d / 2 ) = 1085.5 mm , whichever is less , i.e. ℓ =
Mu = w x ℓ 2 / 2 = 53.03 x 1.0892 / 2 = 31.2876 KNm
Vu = 1.0 x 53.03 = 53.106 KN ( based on clear span )
Mu / b x d = 31.45 x 106 / 230 x 1782 =
2
4.65 > 2.76
Design as a Doubly Reinforced section
Mu,lim = 2.07 x 230 x 1782 x 10-6 = 18.56 KNm
Mu2 = Mu - Mu,lim = 31.45 - 15.08 = 12.73 KNm
Let the compression reinforcement be provided at an effective cover of 38
d' / d = 35 / 178
= 0.222 consider d' / d = 0.2
Stress in compression steel , fsc = 329 N / mm2 ( refer to table 6-6 )
Asc = Mu2 / ( fsc x ( d - d' ) )
= 16.37 x 106 / 329 ( 178 - 35 )
= 291 mm2
Corresponding tension steel
Ast2 = Asc fsc / 0.87 fy
= 348 x 329 / ( 0.87 x 415 )
= 265.0 mm2
Ast,lim = Mu,lim / ( 0.87 fy ( d - 0.42 Xu,max ) ) Xu, max = 0.48
= 15.08 x 106 / ( 0.87 x 415 ( 178 - 0.42 x 0.48 x 178 ) )
= 15.08 x 106 / 361.05 ( 142.12 )
= 377 mm2
Ast = Ast,lim + Ast2 .
= 294 + 317.1 mm2
= 641.6 mm2 Err:502 641.575 mm2
Provide No. Dia. No. Dia.
Ast = 3 16 1 12 716.283 mm2 O.K. ,tension reinforcement. T
Asc = 3 12 0 12 339.292 mm2 O.K. , compression reinforcem
Anchorage length = Ld = 47.0117 752.188 mm
To provide proper development length , reinforcement will be bent by 180º ( at top
90º bent + 90º bent at bottom ) forming the chipiya open at tip of the cantilever.
Note that all the four chipiya have different depths and are open at the tip of the cantilever.
Vu = 53.10595 KN
Shear stress ‫ﺡ‬v = Vu / b x d
= 53.03 x 103 / 230 x 178
= 1.35027 N / mm2
100 x As / b x d = 100 x 628 / 230 x 178
= 1.821
from table 7-1 β = 1.27509
' ‫ﺡ‬c = 0.762515 N / mm2
Shear design is required
Vus = Vu - ‫ﺡ‬c b d
shear force Vus = 53.03 - ( 0.684 x 230 x 178 x 10 -3 )
= 23.12 KN. steel Grade = 250
Use 6 mm dia two-legged M.S. stirrups with Asv = 56.5487 mm2
Sv = 0.87 fy Asv d / Vus
= 0.87 x 250 x 56 x 178 / 25.03 x 10 3
 = 91 mm.
From IS 456-2000 clause 26.5.1.6
Spacing of minimum shear reinforcement using 6 mm dia stirrups
= 0.87 Asv fy / 0.4 b
= 0.87 x 56 x 250 / 0.4 x 230
= 133.7 mm
spacing should not exceed
(i) 300 mm
( ii ) 0.75 d = 0.75 x 178 = 128.25 mm
( iii ) ≤ ( minimum ) 133.7 mm

( iv ) ( designed ) 91 mm
Provide 6 mm dia two-legged stirrups @ 90 mm c/c
capacity of section with minimum shear reinforcement
Vus = 0.87 fy Asv d / Sv
= ( 0.87 x 250 x 56 x 178 / 80 ) x 10 -3
= 23.37 KN O.K. 3
Check for deflection :
Basic span / d ratio = 7 service stress = 215.595 N/mm2
100 Ast / b d = 100 x 628 / 230 x 178 = 1.821
modification factor = 0.92426 IS 456-2000 clause 23.2.1 fig-4 ,for tension reinforcement
100 Asc / b d = 100 x 402 / 230 x 178 = 0.86268
modification factor = 1.22334 IS 456-2000 clause 23.2.1 fig-5 ,for compression reinforcement
Span / d permissible = 7 x 0.96 x 1.25 = 7.91481
Actual span / d = 1089 / 178 = 6.34795 O.K.
Check for cracking (spacing of bars ) :
Clear distance between bars
= ( 230 - 50 - 2 x 16 - 2 x 12 ) / 3 = 36.6667 mm
Minimum clear distance permitted
= hagg + 5 mm = 20 + 5 = 25 mm or 12 mm ( O of bar ) i.e. 25
Maximum clear distance permitted
= 180 mm ( cracking - table 8-1 , IS 456-200 , table 15 ) O.K.

The beam is designed assuming that it is fixed in the wall. Such fixity can be assumed if there is
column from which this beam can be projected. In this case, let us provide an R.C.C. beam inside t
wall and running parallel to the wall ( say from 8 th to 12 th tread ) of length 5 x 230 = 1150 mm. T
level of this beam is at 10 th step. The depth of this beam shall be more than 209 mm say 300 mm. L
this beam be numbered as B 1. Now the bracket BC1 may be projected from this beam. The necess
counterbalancing will be provided by the loads on beam B 1. If necessary , the length of B 1 may
increased.

Now the beam B1 is loaded from top. In limiting conditions, the inverted arch action will provide more
loading on beam B1. The beam B1 is continuously supported by masonry wall , therefore , it is not
subjected to any shear force or bending moment , but is subjected to pure torsion due to beam BC 1. Th
torsional moment on B1 is
 Tu = 1 / 2 (31.45 ) = 15.6438 KNm
Provide 3 - 16 mm dia top bars and 3 - 16 mm dia bottom bars in beam B 1.
Also provide 8 mm dia two-legged stirrups @ 150 mm c/c.
During construction , the wall is completed upto slab level . The formwork for stair is provided . Then
required length and depth of beam BC 1 is provided by removing the masonary leaving friction grips.
Then reinforcement of beam B 1 and BC1 are Provided . The details for the beam B 1 and BC1 are shown
fig.
Sketch : 400
400 16
15
14
13
714
12
230 8 mm dia@
11
714 10 6 mm dia@
200
9
8
8 mm dia@ 150
7 100 mm thick waist slab
6 Beam-BC1 adjusted in step no. 10
5 10 mm dia @ 155.0 mm c/c
4
3
2
Plinth level
1

Beam with minimum reinforcements

Wall from foundation

BC1 3 16 1 12

B1
400 200 109

109
230 1000 3
6 mm @

Average depth = (( 200 + 109 ) + 109 ) / 2 = 209 mm.

 B1 BC1 3 - 16 mm O

WALL

300

8 9 10 11 12 8 mm O @ 150 mm c/c
STEP Nos. 3 - 16 mm O
Beam B1 - 230 x 400 overall

Remove masonry - keep friction bond

 mm thick masonry parapet 0.75 m high
mm thick landing
15 mm
Floor finish = 1 KN / m2.
ate beam at step no. 10
Beam width = 230 mm
Total tread ( step ) = 16 no.

19.5 KN/m
13.13 KN/m

D B 1 C

2.3 2.38
 KN / m2.
KN / m2.

we get the followings :

( I x 2.3 ) ] - [ 6 x 18.9 x 1.19 / ( I x 2.38) ]

=17.04 ( 2.3 - X )

X dist. 14.81
2.38 - X dist. 25.22
25.22 X =14.81 ( 2.38 - X )
40.03 X = 35.25
X = 0.88034 m

Table 6-3
Limiting Moment of resistance factor Q lim, N / mm2
For singly reinforced rectangular sections

mm2 fck N fy, N / mm2

/ mm2 250 415 500 550
15 2.22 2.07 2.00 1.94
20 2.96 2.76 2.66 2.58
25 3.70 3.45 3.33 3.23
30 4.44 4.14 3.99 3.87
20 2.76
check for development length
IS 456-2000 clause 26.2.1
Development length of bars Ld = O σs / 4 x ‫ﺡ‬bd
IS 456-200 clause 26.2.1.1
Table 7-5
Design bond stress (‫ﺡ‬bd ) for plain bars in tension
Concrete
grade 15 20 25 30
( ‫ﺡ‬bd N / mm21.0 1.2 1.4 1.5
Note-1 : ‫ﺡ‬bd shall be increased by 25 % for bars in compression
Note-2 : In case of deformed bars confirming to IS : 1786-1985 ,
the value of ‫ﺡ‬bd shall be increased by 60 %.
or mild steel Fe250 σs = 0.87 x fy
 For Fe415 σs = 0.67 x fy
IS 456-2000 clause 26.2.3.3
Ld ≤ M1 / V + L0
L0 = effective depth of the members or 12 O , whichever is great
if ends of the reinforcement are confined by a compressive
reaction M1 / V increased by 30 % ( 1.3 M1 / V )
( ‫ﺡ‬bd N / mm2 1.6 1.92 2.24 2.4
Table 7-6
Development length for single mild steel bars
fy N / Tension bars
mm2 15 20 25 30
250 54.375 45.3125 38.8393 36.25
415 56.4141 47.0117 40.2958 37.6094
500 67.9688 56.6406 48.5491 45.3125
415 47.0117

check for deflection

Basic values of span to effective depth ratios for spans upto 10 m :
cantilever 7
simply supported 20
continuous 26
For spans above 10 m, the values in (a) may be multiplied by
10 / span in metres , except for cantilever in which case
deflection calculations should be made.
 check for shear
IS 456-2000 , Table 19
Table 7-1
Design shear strength of concrete , ‫ ﺡ‬, N / mm2
C

Pt = 100 x As Concrete grade

bxd M15 M20 M25 M30 M35 M40
≤ 0.15 0.28 0.28 0.29 0.29 0.29 0.30
0.25 0.35 0.36 0.36 0.37 0.37 0.38
0.50 0.46 0.48 0.49 0.50 0.50 0.51
0.75 0.54 0.56 0.57 0.59 0.59 0.60
1.00 0.60 0.62 0.64 0.66 0.67 0.68
1.25 0.64 0.67 0.70 0.71 0.73 0.74
1.50 0.68 0.72 0.74 0.76 0.78 0.79
1.75 0.71 0.75 0.78 0.80 0.82 0.84
2.00 0.71 0.79 0.82 0.84 0.86 0.88
2.25 0.71 0.81 0.85 0.88 0.90 0.92
2.50 0.71 0.82 0.88 0.91 0.93 0.95
2.75 0.71 0.82 0.90 0.94 0.96 0.98
3.00 0.71 0.82 0.92 0.96 0.99 1.01

IS 456-2000 Clause 40.2.1.1

Overall depth of 300 or
slab , mm more 275 250 225 200 175
k 1.00 1.05 1.10 1.15 1.20 1.25
 check for development length
IS 456-2000 clause 26.2.1
Development length of bars Ld = O σs / 4 x ‫ﺡ‬bd
IS 456-200 clause 26.2.1.1
Table 7-5
Design bond stress (‫ﺡ‬bd ) for plain bars in tension
Concrete
grade M15 M20 M25 M30 M35
( ‫ﺡ‬bd N / mm21.0 1.2 1.4 1.5 1.7
Note-1 : ‫ﺡ‬bd shall be increased by 25 % for bars in compression
Note-2 : In case of deformed bars confirming to IS : 1786-1985 ,
the value of ‫ﺡ‬bd shall be increased by 60 %.
or mild steel Fe250 σs = 0.87 x fy
For Fe415 σs = 0.67 x fy
IS 456-2000 clause 26.2.3.3
Ld ≤ M1 / V + L0
L0 = effective depth of the members or 12 O , whichever is greater
if ends of the reinforcement are confined by a compressive
reaction M1 / V increased by 30 % ( 1.3 M1 / V )

Table 7-6
Development length for single mild steel bars
fy N / Tension bars Compression bars
mm2 M15 M20 M15 M20
250 55 O 26 O 44 O 37 O
mm dia bar 415 56 O 47 O 45 O 38 O
ated in fig. 500 69 O 58 O 54 O 46 O

1085.5 mm
 mm

Table 6-6
STRESS IN COMPRESSION REINFORCEMENT f sc ,
N / mm2 IN DOUBLY REINFORCED BEAMS
d'/d
fy N / mm2
0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2
250 217 217 217 217
415 355 353 342 329
415 500 424 412 395 370
329 550 458 441 419 380
If Mu > Mu,lim : design the section either increasing the dimensions of se
Over reinforced section ( doubly-reinforced beam ).The additional momen
needed is obtained by providing compression( top ) reinforcement and add
reinforcement. Mu2 = Mu - Mu,lim as explained below .
Ast,lim = Mu,lim / ( 0.87 fy ( d - 0.42 Xu,max ) )
Asc = Mu2 / ( fsc x ( d - d' ) )
Ast2 = Asc fsc / 0.87 fy
,tension reinforcement. Top Ast = Ast,lim + Ast2 .
, compression reinforcement. Bottom. If Xu < Xu,max the section is under-reinforced ( singly reinforced )
If Xu = Xu,max the section is balanced
If Xu > Xu,max the section is over-reinforced ( doubly reinforced )
where ,
the cantilever. Xu,max = 0.53 x d ( for Fe250 mild steel )
Xu,max = 0.48 x d ( for Fe415 HYSD steel )
Xu,max = 0.46 x d ( for Fe500 HYSD steel )
Xu,max = 0.44 x d ( for Fe550 HYSD steel )
Xu =( 0.87 fy Ast ) / ( 0.36 fck b )

check for shear

IS 456-2000 , Table 19
Table 7-1
Design shear strength of concrete , ‫ ﺡ‬, N / mm2
C

Pt = 100 x As Concrete grade

bxd M15 M20 M25 M30 M35
≤ 0.15 0.28 0.28 0.29 0.29 0.29
0.25 0.35 0.36 0.36 0.37 0.37
0.50 0.46 0.48 0.49 0.50 0.50
0.75 0.54 0.56 0.57 0.59 0.59
 1.00 0.60 0.62 0.64 0.66 0.67
1.25 0.64 0.67 0.70 0.71 0.73
1.50 0.68 0.72 0.74 0.76 0.78
1.75 0.71 0.75 0.78 0.80 0.82
2.00 0.71 0.79 0.82 0.84 0.86
2.25 0.71 0.81 0.85 0.88 0.90
2.50 0.71 0.82 0.88 0.91 0.93
2.75 0.71 0.82 0.90 0.94 0.96
3.00 0.71 0.82 0.92 0.96 0.99
IS 456-2000 Clause 40.2.1.1
Overall depth of 300 or
slab , mm more 275 250 225 200
k 1.00 1.05 1.10 1.15 1.20

check for deflection

Basic values of span to effective depth ratios for spans upto 10 m :
cantilever 7
ension reinforcement simply supported 20
continuous 26
ompression reinforcement For spans above 10 m, the values in (a) may be multiplied by
10 / span in metres , except for cantilever in which case
deflection calculations should be made.
check for crackin
IS 456-2000 26.3.3 Maximum distance between bars in tension
Table 15 Clear distance Between Bars ( Clause
26.3.3 )
mm % redistribution to or from section considered
fy -30 -15 0 +15 +30
Clear distance between bars

an be assumed if there is a N / mm mm mm mm mm mm
2

e an R.C.C. beam inside the 250 215 260 300 300 300
gth 5 x 230 = 1150 mm. The 415 125 155 180 210 235
an 209 mm say 300 mm. Let 500 105 130 150 175 195
m this beam. The necessary
y , the length of B 1 may be

action will provide more

ll , therefore , it is not
orsion due to beam BC 1. The
r stair is provided . Then
ry leaving friction grips.
eam B 1 and BC1 are shown in

100

Beam at slab level

150 mm c/c
180 mm c/c ( Distribution Bar )

mm c/c

12 0 12
90 mm c/c
 415
2.07
2.76
3.45
4.14

e 26.2.1.1
5
r plain bars in tension

35 40
1.7 1.9
% for bars in compression
nfirming to IS : 1786-1985 ,
60 %.
or 12 O , whichever is greater
ned by a compressive
1.3 M1 / V )
2.72 3.04
6
ngle mild steel bars
on bars
35 40 20
31.9853 28.6184 45.3125
33.1847 29.6916 47.0117
39.9816 35.773 56.6406

upto 10 m :
150 or
less
1.30
1

rs in tension

M40
1.9
s in compression
o IS : 1786-1985 ,

whichever is greater
compressive
)
 0.2
217
329
370
380
easing the dimensions of section or deign as
am ).The additional moment of resistance M u2
top ) reinforcement and additional tensile
low .

ngly reinforced )

ubly reinforced )

‫ ﺡ‬, N / mm2
C

M40
0.30
0.38
0.51
0.60
 0.68
0.74
0.79
0.84
0.88
0.92
0.95
0.98
1.01

150 or
175 less
1.25 1.30

upto 10 m :
v
Design of Helicoidal Stair
Live Load = 5 KN/m2 Poison ratio v = 0.2
Tread T = 280 mm
Riser = 200 mm
width of Stair b = 1.2 m
Height of the Building = 4000 mm
included angle of stair = 180 degree
mid landing length = 1.2 m
concrete grade = 25
Steel grade = 415
Solution : -
No. of riser = 20
Length of tread at the centre line = 5600 mm
Going of the staircase including the mid-landing = 6800 mm
Arc length = (PI()/180)*included angle*radius
3.141593 radius r = 6800 mm
radius r = 2164.507 mm
Gradient of staircase α = tan-1(R/T) 35.537678 degree

Step -1 Calculate the loads

Assume thickness of slab = L/25 272 mm say 275 mm
Assume 20 mm clear cover and 12 mm dia bar used. ( IS 456 Table 16 )
Effective depth = 249 mm
self wt. of slab = 25*275*1.2 = 8.25 KN/m
self wt. of steps = 25*(0.2/2)*1.2 = 3 KN/m
Live load = 6 KN/m
Total Load = 17.25 KN/m
Factored load normal to the surface of the slab = 1.5 * total load * cos( θ ) 21.055354 KN/m
Step - 2 Calculate the bending moment
Radius of the centroidal axis of the slab, Rc =R + b2/12R 2219.947 mm
The value of c = 2(g+1)sinθ-2gθcosθ / (g+1)θ - (g-1)sinθcosθ = 1.27324
g = EI/GC = E/G = E/(E/2*(1+v)) = 2*(1+v) = 2.4
I = bh3/12 and c = bh3/3.5 , so I/C= 0.291667
g= 0.7 'θ = 90
At mid span ϕ = 0
Bending moment, Mr = Wu Rc2(ccosϕ - 1) = 28.3525 KNm
Torsional moment, Mt = Wu R (csinϕ - ϕ) =
c
2
0 KNm
At Support ϕ = 90
Bending moment, Mr = Wu Rc2(ccosϕ - 1) = -103.7643 KNm
Torsional moment, Mt = Wu R (csinϕ - ϕ) =
c
2
-30.87576 KNm
Step - 3 Check for depth of slab. Equivalent bending moment ( clause 41.4.2 of IS 456 )
Me = Mr + Mt ((1+h/b) / 1.7 ) = 126.0886 KNM
Limiting moment of resistance k = 0.138
Required depth d = sqrt(Me / k b fck ) = 174.517 mm O.K.
Step - 4 Design the reinforcement.
Mu/bd2 = 1.694712 < 3.45

Pt = 50 1-√1-(4.6 / fck) x (Mu / b x d2)

fy / fck
Pt = 0.513368 %
 At = 1533.943 mm2
Use 16 mm dia bar Area of one bar = 201.0619
no. of bar provided = 8 Bar at the top face of the slab at support for a distance of span/3 =
1608.495 mm 2
O.K. & provide 4 Bars at the top face of the slab at mid-span.
Mu/bd2 = 0.381076 < 3.45

Pt = 50 1-√1-(4.6 / fck) x (Mu / b x d2)

fy / fck
Pt = 0.107518 %
At = 321.2647 mm2 minimum reinforcement = 0.12 396 mm2
Use 12 mm dia bar Area of one bar = 113.0973
no. of bar provided = 4 Bar at the Bottom face of the slab throughout = 452.3893
Step - 5 Check for shear.
Shear force acting at a distance of 249 mm from the support
Vu = 66.34542 KN
Equivalent shear force ( clause 41.3.1 of IS 456 ) Design shear strength ‫ﺡ‬c =
Ve = Vu + 1.6 ( Mt / b ) = 107.5131 KN
Nominal shear stress ‫ﺡ‬v = Ve / bd = 0.359816 N/mm2 β=
Pt = 0.151402 %
Permissible shear stress ‫ﺡ‬c = 0.292178 Shear reinforcement has to be provided
As torsion is present,closed stirrups with 135 degree hooks are provided. From clause 41.4.3 of IS 456
Asv = [( Tu / b1 d1 ) + ( Vu / 2.5 d1 ) ] * [Sv / 0.87 fy ] > ( ‫ﺡ‬v - ‫ﺡ‬c ) b Sv / 0.87 fy
Assume 10 mm dia two-legged stirrups, we have 157.0796 mm2
b1 = b - 2 Cs = 1124 mm
d1 = D - 2 Cs = 199 mm
157.0796 = 0.980874 0.224804 Sv
Sv = 160.1425 mm
Moreover Sv <= 698.7413 mm
As per clause 26.5.1.7 of IS 456, spacing should be less than x1,(x1+y1)/4 and 300 mm that is
1150 225 343.75 300
spacing required = 160.1425 mm
spacing provided = 150 mm
Provide 10 mm dia two-legged stirrups @ 150 mm c/c throughout the length

mid-landing
4 no.16 mm dia bar

8 no.16 mm dia bar

2266.667
1200
2164.507
PLAN ( reinforcement at top )
8 no.16 mm dia bar

4 no. 12 mm dia bar Provide 10 mm dia two-legged stirrups @ 150 mm

Cross section at support
4 no.16 mm dia bar

Provide 10 mm dia two-legged stirrups @ 150 mm

4 no. 12 mm dia bar
Cross section at mid-span
 Table 6-3
Limiting Moment of resistance factor Q lim, N / mm2
For singly reinforced rectangular sections

fck N fy, N / mm2

/ mm2
250 415 500 550 415
15 2.22 2.07 2.00 1.94 2.07
 20 2.96 2.76 2.66 2.58 2.76
25 3.70 3.45 3.33 3.23 3.45
2266.667 mm 30 4.44 4.14 3.99 3.87 4.14
25 3.45

396 mm2

mm2 O.K.

shear strength ‫ﺡ‬c = 0.85 √ 0.8 x fck ( √ 1 + 5 x β - 1 )

6xβ
0.8 x fck / 6.89 Pt , but not less than 1.0
19.17251

.4.3 of IS 456
o-legged stirrups @ 150 mm c/c throughout the length

o-legged stirrups @ 150 mm c/c throughout the length

 Design of Single flight staircase
Riser = 200 mm 150
Tread = 230 mm 150
20 mm Nosing is provided to comply with minimum 250 mm tread size. Cover
Height of the floor = 3.2 m. ( given )
Live load = 3 KN / m2.
Material 20 Grade concrete
415 HYSD reinforcement.
Solution : -
Assume 180 mm thick waist slab. Inclined length of waist slab for one step
= √ 2302 + 2002
= 304.795 mm.
Waist slab self weight in plan
= 0.18 x 25 x 304.8 / 230
= 5.96 + 0 KN / m2.
Weight of steps
= (( 0 + 0.2 ) / 2 ) x 25
= 2.5 + 0 KN / m2.
Floor finish length for each step
= 250 ( 230 tread + 20 nosing ) + 200 ( riser )
= 450 mm.
Floor finish load
= ( 450 / 230 ) x 1 KN / m2
= 1.96 KN / m2.
Parapet load is assumed to be uniformly distributed on the slab.
Parapet load is
0.15 x 0.75 x 20 / ( 1 x 1 ) = 2.25 KN / m2.
The total distributed loads on the stair are as follows :
Loads on flight :
waist slab 5.96 + 0 KN / m2.
steps 2.5 + 0 KN / m2.
floor finish 1.96 + 0 KN / m2.
Parapet load 2.25 + 0 KN / m2.
live load 0 + 3 KN / m2.
Total 12.67 3 KN / m2.
Factored load 1.5 ( 12.67 + 3 ) = 19 + 4.5 KN / m2.
Loads on landing
waist slab ( 150 mm ) 0.15 x 25 = 3.75 + 0 KN / m2.
floor finish 1.0 + 0 KN / m2.
parapet 2.25 + 0 KN / m2.
live load 0 + 3 KN / m2.
7 + 3 KN / m2.
Factored load 1.5 ( 7 + 3 ) = 10.5 + 4.5 KN / m2.
Also the end parapet point load
CD = 2.25 x 1.5 ( factored Value ) = 3.38 KN / m.
The loading diagram is shown in fig., 1 m wide stair.
Maximum ( + ) ve moment
When cantilever has only dead load
MBC = w x ℓ2 / 2 + P x ℓ = 10.5 x 1.1152 / 2 + 3.75 x 1.115
= 6.53 + 3.76 = 10.29 KNm.
RA = w x ℓ / 2 - Moment @ B = ( 23.5 x 3.68 / 2 ) - ( 10.71 / 3.68 )
= 43.2489 - 2.80 = 40.45 KN. ( RA + Rx ) = 23.5 x ( x ) )
Point of zero shear at x = 40.33 / 23.5 = 1.72 m. ( 40.33 + 0 ) = 23.5 x ( x ) )
Mu ( + ) = 40.33 x 1.72 - 23.5 x 1.72 2 / 2 ( moment is maximum when shear is zero )
= 69.62 - 34.81
= 34.81 KNm.
Vu( AB ) = 40.3340.45
KN. KN
Maximum ( - ) ve moment at point B
Mu ( - ) = w x ℓ 2 / 2 + P x ℓ = 15 x 1.1152 / 2 + 3.75 x 1.115
= 13.09 KNm.
Vu( BA ) = w x ℓ / 2 + Moment @ B = ( 23.5 x 3.68 / 2 ) + ( 13.51 / 3.68 )
= 43.2489 + 3.56 = 46.81 KN.
Vu( BC ) = w x ℓ + P = 15 x 1.115 + 3.75 = 20.10 KN.
Positive moment reinforcement :
Mu = 34.81 KNm. Use 10 mm dia bar 78.5398
d = 180 - 15 ( cover ) - 6 = 160 mm.
Mu / b x d2 = 34.61 x 106 / 1000 x 1592
= 1.36 < 2.76
Pt = 50 1-√1-(4.6 / fck) x (Mu / b x d2)
fy / fck
= 50 1-√1-(4.6 / 15) x (1.37)
415 / 15
= 0.412
Ast = 0.431 x 1000 x 159 / 100
= 659 mm2.

spacing of bar = Area of one bar x 1000 / required area in m 2 /m

= 113 x 1000 /685
= 119 mm
provide 10 mm dia @ 115 mm c/c 682.955 mm2
Check for deflection : -
Basic ( span / d ) ratio = 20
Pt = 100 x Ast / b x d = 100 x 706 / 1000 x 159
= 0.427
IS 456-2000 clause 23.2.1 fig-4 ,for tension reinforcement
 modification factor = 1.34757 service stress = 232.347 N/mm2
( span / d ) ratio permissible = 1.25 x 20
= 27
Actual (span / d ) ratio = 3680 / 159
= 23.00 O.K.
Negative moment reinforcement :
Mu ( - ) = 13.09 KNm. Use 8 mm dia bar 50.2655
d = 150 - 15 ( cover ) - 5 = 131 mm.
Mu / b x d2 = 13.51 x 106 / 1000 x 1302
= 0.8 < 2.76
Pt = 50 1-√1-(4.6 / fck) x (Mu / b x d2)
fy / fck
= 50 1-√1-(4.6 / 15) x (0.8)
415 / 15
= 0.222
Ast = 0.237 x 1000 x 130 / 100
= 290 mm2.

spacing of bar = Area of one bar x 1000 / required area in m 2 /m

= 78.5 x 1000 /308
= 173 mm
provide 8 mm dia @ 170 mm c/c 295.679 mm2
Check for deflection : -
Basic ( span / d ) ratio = 7
Pt = 100 x Ast / b x d = 100 x 392 / 1000 x 130
= 0.226
IS 456-2000 clause 23.2.1 fig-4 ,for tension reinforcement
modification factor = 1.71939 service stress = 236.221 N/mm2
( span / d ) ratio permissible = 1.55 x 7
= 12.04
Actual (span / d ) ratio = 1150 / 130
= 8.51 O.K.
Check for shear : -
At A , Vu = 40.45 KN
Shear stress ‫ﺡ‬v = Vu / b x d
= 40.33 x 103 / 1000 x 159
= 0.253 N / mm2
100 x As / b x d = 100 x 706 / 1000 x 159
= 0.427
from table 7-1 β = 5.44037
' ‫ﺡ‬c = 0.44898 N / mm2
IS 456-2000 clause 40.2.1.1
k = 1.24 for 180 mm slab depth
Design shear strength = 1.24 x 0.435
= 0.557 N / mm2 O.K.
At B,BA Vu = 46.81 KN At B,BC 20.10 KN
Shear stress ‫ﺡ‬v = Vu / b x d
= 20.48 x 103 / 1000 x 130
= 0.293 N / mm2 ' ‫ﺡ‬v = 0.15344 N / mm2
100 x As / b x d = 100 x 392 / 1000 x 130
= 0.185 Pt = 0.22571
from table 7-1 β = 12.5661 β = 10.2885
'‫ﺡ‬c = 0.31519 N / mm 2
'‫ﺡ‬c = 0.34378

IS 456-2000 clause 40.2.1.1 k= 1.300 150 mm slab depth

k = 1.24 for 180 mm slab depth 0.44691 N / mm2
Design shear strength = 1.3 x 0.373 O.K.
= 0.391 N / mm2 O.K.
At point of contraflexure ( 0.15 ℓ from B )
Vu = 46.91 - ( 0.15 x 3.68 x 23.5 )
= 33.83 KN.
Shear stress ‫ﺡ‬v = Vu / b x d
= 33.94 x 103 / 1000 x 159
= 0.211 N / mm2
100 x As / b x d = 100 x 706 / 1000 x 159
= 0.427
from table 7-1 β = 5.44037
'‫ﺡ‬c = 0.44898 N / mm2
IS 456-2000 clause 40.2.1.1
k = 1.24 for 180 mm slab depth
Design shear strength = 1.24 x 0.435
= 0.557 N / mm2 O.K.
Check for development length : -
At A , Pt = 0.427
Pt = 50 1-√1-(4.6 / fck) x (Mu / b x d2)
fy / fck
0.444= 50 1-√1-(4.6 / 15) x (Mu / b x d2 )
415 / 15

( Mu / b x d2 ) = 1.404
Mu1 = 1.405 x 1000 x 159 x 159 x 10 -6
 = 35.9406 KNm.
Vu = 40.45 KN.
1.3 x ( Mu1 / Vu ) + L0 ≥ Ld
1.3 x ( 35.52 x 106 / 40.33 x 103 ) + 8 O ≥ 47 O
1154.997 8≥ 47.0117
39.01172 ≤ 1155.00
which gives dia. ≤ 29.61 mm O.K.
At point of contraflexure ( 0.15 ℓ from B )
Mu1 = 35.9406 KNm.
Vu = 33.83 KN.
1.3 x ( Mu1 / Vu ) + L0 ≥ Ld
1.3 x ( 35.52 x 106 / 33.94 x 103 ) + 8 O ≥ 56.4 O
1381.081 8≥ 47.0117
39.01172 ≤ 1381.08
which gives dia. ≤ 35.40 mm O.K.
Development length for negative moment reinforcement
47 x 10 = 376.0938 mm …………………………………..( 1 )
Anchorage beyond point of contraflexure = 12 diameter
i.e. 0.15 x 3680 + 12 x 10 mm from B
= 648 mm. …………………………………..( 2 )
From ( 1 ) and ( 2 ) anchorage required = 648 mm
As a thumb rule provide anchorage of 1000 mm i.e. equal to the cantilever. Provide anchorage
The negative moment reinforcement is placed in the form of alternate chipiya as shown in fig.
Distribution steel
According to IS 456-2000 clause 26.5.2.1 Minimum steel 0.15 % for Fe250 and 0.12 %
for Fe415
In AB portion Use 415 Grade steel
Minimum steel = ( 0.12 / 100 ) x 1000 x 180 0.12
= 216 mm 2

Use 8 mm dia Area of one bar = 50.3

spacing of bar = Area of one bar x 1000 / required area in m 2 /m
= 50.2 x 1000 /216
= 233 mm
provide 8 mm dia @ 230 mm c/c 218.546 mm2
In BC portion
Minimum steel = ( 0.12 / 100 ) x 1000 x 150
= 180 mm2
Use 8 mm dia Area of one bar = 50.3
spacing of bar = Area of one bar x 1000 / required area in m 2 /m
= 50.2 x 1000 /180
= 279 mm 8
provide 8 mm dia @ 275 mm c/c 182.784 mm 2
1000
Sketch :
16
 1000 16
15
14
13
8
12
230 Beam at slab level
11
10 8 mm dia @
200 9
8
10 mm dia @ 115
7 180 mm thick waist slab
6
5
4
3
2
Plinth level
1

Beam with minimum reinforcements

Wall from foundation

Note : At plinth level a small beam over the masonry is usually provided with minimum
reinforcement and with minimum 230 mm x 230 mm size to give proper seating to the stair case.
mm thick masonry parapet 0.75 m high
mm thick landing
15 mm

Building inside 230 mm thick wall

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 1415 16

150 mm thick masonry Beam at Landing at

parapet 0.75 m high slab level slab level

230 3450 230 1000

3.38 0
 19 4.5 KN/m
10.5 4.5 KN/m

A B C

3.68 m 1.115 m

x ) = 23.5 x ( x ) )
+ 0 ) = 23.5 x ( x ) )
n shear is zero )

mm2
Table 6-3
Limiting Moment of resistance factor Q lim, N / mm2
For singly reinforced rectangular sections

fck N fy, N / mm2

/ mm2
250 415 500 550 415
15 2.22 2.07 2.00 1.94 2.07
20 2.96 2.76 2.66 2.58 2.76
25 3.70 3.45 3.33 3.23 3.45
30 4.44 4.14 3.99 3.87 4.14
20 2.76

check for deflection

Basic values of span to effective depth ratios for spans upto 10 m :
cantilever 7
simply supported 20
 continuous 26
For spans above 10 m, the values in (a) may be multiplied by
10 / span in metres , except for cantilever in which case
deflection calculations should be made.
modification factor =1/(0.225+(0.00322*fs)+(0.625*LOG(Pt)))
fs =service stress =0.58 * fy * Area required / Area provided
mm2 Pt = 100 Ast / b d

check for shear

IS 456-2000 , Table 19
Table 7-1
Design shear strength of concrete , ‫ ﺡ‬, N / mm2
C

Pt = 100 x As Concrete grade

bxd
M15 M20 M25 M30 M35 M40
≤ 0.15 0.28 0.28 0.29 0.29 0.29 0.30
0.25 0.35 0.36 0.36 0.37 0.37 0.38
0.50 0.46 0.48 0.49 0.50 0.50 0.51
 0.75 0.54 0.56 0.57 0.59 0.59 0.60
1.00 0.60 0.62 0.64 0.66 0.67 0.68
1.25 0.64 0.67 0.70 0.71 0.73 0.74
1.50 0.68 0.72 0.74 0.76 0.78 0.79
1.75 0.71 0.75 0.78 0.80 0.82 0.84
2.00 0.71 0.79 0.82 0.84 0.86 0.88
2.25 0.71 0.81 0.85 0.88 0.90 0.92
2.50 0.71 0.82 0.88 0.91 0.93 0.95
2.75 0.71 0.82 0.90 0.94 0.96 0.98
3.00 0.71 0.82 0.92 0.96 0.99 1.01

IS 456-2000 Clause 40.2.1.1

Overall depth of slab 300 or
mm slab depth , mm more 275 250 225 200 175
k 1.00 1.05 1.10 1.15 1.20 1.25

k = 1.6-0.002*slab depth

check for development length

IS 456-2000 clause 26.2.1
Development length of bars Ld = O σs / 4 x ‫ﺡ‬bd
IS 456-200 clause 26.2.1.1
Table 7-5
Design bond stress (‫ﺡ‬bd ) for plain bars in tension
Concrete
grade 15 20 25 30 35
( ‫ﺡ‬bd N / mm21.0 1.2 1.4 1.5 1.7
 Note-1 : ‫ﺡ‬bd shall be increased by 25 % for bars in compression
Note-2 : In case of deformed bars confirming to IS : 1786-1985 ,
the value of ‫ﺡ‬bd shall be increased by 60 %.
or mild steel Fe250 σs = 0.87 x fy
For Fe415 σs = 0.67 x fy
IS 456-2000 clause 26.2.3.3
Ld ≤ M1 / V + L0
L0 = effective depth of the members or 12 O , whichever is greater
if ends of the reinforcement are confined by a compressive
reaction M1 / V increased by 30 % ( 1.3 M1 / V )
( ‫ﺡ‬bd N / mm2 1.6 1.92 2.24 2.4 2.72
Table 7-6
Development length for single mild steel bars
fy N / Tension bars
mm2 15 20 25 30 35
250 54.375 45.3125 38.8393 36.25 31.9853
415 56.4141 47.0117 40.2958 37.6094 33.1847
500 67.9688 56.6406 48.5491 45.3125 39.9816
415 47.0117

Provide anchorage 1000 mm

as shown in fig.

mm dia @ 170 mm c/c( Alternate Chipiya )

 150
8 mm dia @ 275 mm c/c
mm dia @ 340 mm c/c ( Chipiya )
Beam at slab level
230 mm c/c

mm c/c

ded with minimum

ng to the stair case.
upto 10 m :
Area provided
 β = (0.8*fck/(6.89*Pt))<=1,1
' ‫ﺡ‬c = (0.85*SQRT(0.8*fck)*(SQRT(1+5*β)-1))/(6*β)

150 or
less
1.30

rs in tension

40
1.9
s in compression
o IS : 1786-1985 ,

whichever is greater
compressive
)
3.04

steel bars

40 20
28.6184 45.3125
29.6916 47.0117
35.773 56.6406
v
DESIGN OF OPENWELL STAIRCASEReference from S.S. Bhavikatti.
TREAD 280 mm t
RISER 150 mm
D
Live Load 3 KN/m2
CONCRETE M 20
STEEL Fe 415
Solution
Effective Span D
Flight AB and CD l = 4.5 m 4.5 27 26 25
Flight BC l = 4.5 m
Thickness of waist slab between 180 to 225
t= 200 mm
D = 332.222 mm
Loads 332.221996
Consider 1 m wide stair
Load on going
Weight of waist slab = 9.422 KN/m
Weight of steps = 1.875 KN/m
D.L. = 11.297 KN/m 1 2 3
A
Say with finishing D.L. = 11.5 KN/m
L.L. = 3 KN/m
Total Factored Load = 21.75 KN/m
Load on Landing 1400 300
Weight of landing slab = 8.30555 KN/m
L.L. = 3 KN/m
Weight of finishing = 1 KN/m 21.75
Total Factored Load = 18.45833 KN/m
Design of Flight AB
RA x 4.5 194.0916 22.1730629
RA = 48.06 KN RA 2.95
Shear force is zero at x = 2.21 m from A 4.5
Maximum moment at x = 53.10 KN-m
Reinforcement
Mu =0.87 fy Ast d ( 1 - Ast fy / b d fck )
53095374.715 72210 Ast (1-Ast 0.00010375 )
53095374.715 72210 Ast - 7.4917875 Ast2
Ast2 -9638.55 Ast + 7087143.72 = 0
2
Ast = 8836.53 OR 802.0 mm
2
Ast = 802.0 mm
Use 12 mm Dia Bars
Spacing Required is = 141.0 mm
Provide 12 mm bars at 141 mm c/c
Distribution Steel
Ast = 240 mm2
Use 8 mm Dia Bars
Spacing Required is = 209.0 21.75
Provide 8 mm bars at 209 mm c/c 18.45833
Design of Flight BC
RB x 4.5 106.57 68.5125 22.17
RB = RC = 43.84 KN RB 1.55 1.4
Maximum moment at mid span Mu = 98.63 -42.20 -5.32875 = 51.10 KN-m
Mu =0.87 fy Ast d ( 1 - Ast fy / b d fck )
51100562.906 72210 Ast (1-Ast 0.00010375 )
51100562.906 72210 Ast - 7.4917875 Ast2
Ast2 -9638.55 Ast + 6820877.25 = 0
Ast = 8869.53 OR 769.0 mm2
Ast = 769.0 mm2
Use 12 mm Dia Bars
Spacing Required is = 147.0 mm
Provide 12 mm bars at 147 mm c/c
Distribution Steel
Ast = 240 mm2 Provide 8 mm bars at 209 mm
Use 8 mm Dia Bars
Spacing Required is = 209.0 200 mm
Provide 8 mm bars at 209 mm c/c

Provide 12 mm bars at 147 mm

Provide 8 mm bars at 209 mm c/c

 300
0.491809
C 28.17859
26 25 24 2322 21 2019 18 17 1400
9 99

16 t
15
14 1400
13
12

3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 1400
9 9 99 B

300
2800 1400 300

18.45833

1.55 RB

18.45833

1.55 RC
 Provide 12 mm bars at 141 mm c/c

Provide 8 mm bars at 209 mm c/c

FLIGHT AB

Provide 12 mm bars at 147 mm c/c

mm bars at 209 mm c/c

 280 61.82141
90 28.17859

132.222 150
317.6476

1.078987
D 61.82141
15 250 6
20 415 8
25 500 10
30 550 12
14
16
18
20
22
25
Welcome to my Programe "Nikhil STAIR CASE Design".
You have to enter data in yellow cell.First of all you have to enter Rise a
Step 1 milimeter.Concrete Grade 15 or 20 or 25 or 30 and Steel Grade 250 or 4
need.
Step 2 Assume thickness of waist slab 150 mm in yellow cell.
Step 3 Assume live load as 3 KN/m2 in landing in yellow cell.
For Design of Landing, Assume dia of bar used as 8 mm in yellow cell. A
Step 4 reinforcement for landing.you have to see that check for spacing,shear,d
deflection must be O.K. if it should Not O.K. than change grade of concr
must be O.K.
Now for Design of Flight, Assume live load as 3 KN/m2 and dia of bar us
Step 5 should get spacing of reinforcement for main steel and distribution steel
spacing,shear,development length and deflection must be O.K. if it shou
of concrete or thickness such that it must be O.K.
Step 6 In drawing you can see the arrangement of reinforcement.
e to enter Rise and Tread of step in
el Grade 250 or 415 or 500 or 550 according to

m in yellow cell. And you will get spacing of

r spacing,shear,development length and
e grade of concrete or thickness such that it

and dia of bar used as 10 mm in yellow cell.you

distribution steel.you have to see that check for
be O.K. if it should Not O.K. than change grade

nt.