ENGINEERING DRAWING

(MEG 211)

LECTURE 1
INTRODUCTION TO
ENGINEERING DRAWING
&
DRAWING INSTRUMENTS
 TOPICS/SCHEDULE
Introduction

Introduction to drawing instruments and their proper use

Use of scales, line work, lettering

Dimensioning

Loci: paths of points of simple mechanism

Loci: Cam profile, ellipse, hyperbola, parabola, involute,

cycloids
Orthographic projection in 1st and 3rd Angle

Isometric projection and oblique projection

Isometric projections from orthographic projection

Engineering and Engineers
 Engineering is the profession in which knowledge
of mathematical and natural sciences, gained by
study, experience, and practice is applied with
judgment to develop and utilize economically the
materials and forces of nature for the benefit of
humanity.

 The modern and informal definition of engineering

is “the art of making things work.”

 The term, engineer, comes from the Latin word

“ingenerare” which means to create.

 As an engineer it is expected of you to have

Classwork 1
In not more than 200 words, describe the item shown
below.
What is Engineering Drawing?
 Engineering drawing is the language of
manufacturing.

 Engineering drawing is a document that

communicate a precise description of a part.

 This description is in most cases consists of

pictures, words, number and symbols.

 A designer communicates his intention using

drawings.

 An engineering drawing contains all necessary

information required to get produ c t s m a de ,
Why Engineering Drawing?
Due to the advent of computers and CAD soft-wares, Engineering
Drawing, in most cases, is referred to as Engineering Graphics.

Engineering drawing has played three roles through its history:

 Communication: It has been used to convey concepts and ideas

quickly and accurately from one person to another without the
use of words.

 Record keeping: As designs became more complex, it became

necessary to record the ideas or features that worked well in a
design so they could be repeated in future applications.

 Analysis: It has served as a tool for analysis to determine critical

shapes and sizes, as well as other variables needed in an
engineered system.

 Provide a background to several other courses such as Computer

Types of Drawing
 Artistic drawing: This type of drawing are used
to express the feeling, belief, philosophies, or abstract
ideas of the artist. This is why a lay person finds its
difficult to understand what is being communicated by
a work of art.
Types of Drawing
 Engineering Drawing: T his type of drawing is not
abstract. It requires an understanding of technical
drawing. It is also a means of clearly and concisely
communicating all of the information necessary to
transform an idea or concept into reality. This type of
drawing contains dimension, notes and specification.
The Design Process
 In order to appreciate the need for engineering
drawings, one must understand the design
process.

 The design process is an organised, step-by

step procedure in which mathematical and
scientific principles, coupled with experience,
are brought to bear in order to solve a problem
or meet a need.

 Any product that is to be manufactured,

fabricated, assembled, constructed, built, or
subjected to any other type of conversion
Design Process
Problem Identification

Initial Ideas

Proposed Solution

Testing Models or Prototypes Or

Testing 3D computer Models

Working Drawing
Application of Engineering Drawings
Engineering drawings are needed in any setting
that involves design and subsequent form of
conversion process. It is found in these following
fields:

Manufacturing

Engineering (Civil/Electrical/Mechanical/etc.)

Architecture

Construction
Regulation of Engineering Drawing
Regulation of engineering drawing ensures that people
communicating using the graphic language are speaking the
same language.

Standards are sets of rules that govern how technical drawings

are represented.

The most widely used standards of practice for engineering

drawing and drafting are:

 U.S Department of Defence (DOD)

 U.S military (MIL)
 The American National Standard Institute (ANSI)
 American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME)
 Japanese Standard (JIS)
 International Standards Organization (ISO)
 British Standard (BS)
Engineering drawing and Quality
/Competitiveness
Design and Engineering drawing can promote quality
competitiveness by ensuring that quality is designed
from the outset and ensuring that all drawings
accurately communicate the design.

The following examples illustrate this connection:

 An incorrect dimension on a technical drawing can

cause the part to be at the wrong size.

 An improperly drawn view can cause a part to be

manufactured in the wrong configuration.
Principle of Projection
Engineering drawing is based on fundamental principle
of projection.

A projection is a drawing or representation of an

entity on an imaginary plane or planes.

A projection involves four components which are:

 The actual object that the drawing or projection
represent
 The eye of the viewer looking at the object.
 The imaginary projection plane (the viewer’s
drawing paper)
 The imaginary lines of sight called projectors.
Types of Projection
The two broad types of projection are:
 Parallel Projection
 Orthographic projection: Are drawn as multi-view
drawing that shows flat representations of principal
views of the subject.
 Oblique projection: Its shows the full size of one view
and are of three varieties: cabinet (half - scale), cavalier
(Full - scale) and general (between half and full-scale).
 Axonometric projections: These are three dimensional
drawings and are of different varieties: isometric,
diametric and trimetric.

 Perspective Projection
 These are drawings that attempts to replicate what the
human eye actually sees when it views an object.
There are three types of perspectives projections: one
- point, two - point, and three - point projection.
Engineering Drawing Instruments
A Design is only as good as instruments used!!!
A Few Rules
Engineering Drawing is a drawing guided
by rules. A couple of rules include:

 No line is made freehand.

o Each and every line is drawn using
some kind of drawing tools.

 Use the correct instruments to draw.

o Rulers can never perform the function
of a Tee-square
o A table can’t perform the function of a
drawing board
Drawing Surface
 The drawing board is available
in a variety of styles and sizes.
They may be adjustable and
tilt to almost any angle.

 The drawing surface must be

clean, flat, smooth and large
enough to accommodate the
drawing and some drafting
equipment.

 At least one edge of the board

must be absolutely
true/straight to accommodate
the Tee square.
Tee Square
 It provides a parallel straight
edge for the beginning
drawing drafter.

 The Tee Square is

composed of two parts: The
head and the blade.

 Rule:
o While drawing with the
Tee square, the head
must always lay on the
true/straight edge of the
drawing board –
preferably the left side.
This is to guarantee
parallel lines.
 Rule:
o All horizontal lines must be drawn with the aid of a Tee
square.
Tee Square
 Used to draw horizontal lines
on the drawing sheet.

 Used to draw vertical and

slanted lines with the aid of
additional equipment –
basically 45° and 60°
triangles/set squares.

 Use only the upper edge of the

blade for drawing lines.

 Rule:
o Before drawing, the
drawing paper must be
aligned to the drawing
board using the Tee square.
Parallel Straightedge
 The parallel straightedge is always parallel, regardless
of where it is placed upon the drawing surface.
 Parallel control is accomplished by a system of cords
and pulleys.
 This instrument, replaces the T-square in industry.
Compass
There are two main types of compasses: the friction-
joint type and the spring-bow type.

 The friction-joint type is used for lightly laying out

pencil drawing that will be inked. The disadvantage
of this type of compass is that the setting may slip
when strong pressure is applied to the lead.

 The spring bow type of compass is best for pencil

drawing and tracing because it retains its setting
even when strong pressure is applied to obtain dark
lines.

 The compass is an instrument used to make circles

and arcs.

 Extension bars are utilized with large bow

compasses to draw large diameter circles.
 Divider
 A divider is similar to a compass except that it
has a metal point on each leg.

 Pivot-joint divider are used for measurement of

approximately 20mm or more while for
measurement less than 20mm, the bow divider is
used.

 One type of divider is the proportional divider

which is used to enlarge or reduce an object in
scale.

 The tool has a sliding, adjustable pivot that varies

the scale.

 It is used to lay off distances and to transfer

French Curves
 French curves are thin, plastic tools that comes in
assortment of curved surfaces.

 French curves and flexible curves are used to produce

curved lines that cannot be made with a compass. Such
lines are referred to as irregular curves.

 French curves are actually segments of such geometric

curves as ellipse, parabolas, hyperbolas, and the like.
Protractor
 A protractor is used to measure and lay out angles. It
can be used in place of drafting machine or an
adjustable triangle.

 To use the protractor, place the center point on the

corner point of the angle . Align the base of the
protractor along one side of the angle. The degree are
read along the semi circular edge.
Triangles/Set Squares
 There are two standard triangles
used in drawing, they are
usually written as 30-60 degree
triangle and the other is a 45
degree triangle.

 Triangles are made of plastics

and come in a variety of sizes.

 It is an instrument used to make

common lines at common
angles.

 The adjustable triangle may be

used in the stead of either the
30-60 degree or 45 degree
Pencils
 This is an engineering instrument used to draw directly
on the desired sized vellum sheet.

 For drafting purposes, the scale of hardness is as

follows; 3H or 4H is recommended for layout work, and
2H, H or HB leads are recommended for all other lines.
Eraser and Erasing Shield

 Various kinds of eraser are

available to a drafter. One of the
most commonly used is a soft,
white block-type eraser.

 An erasing shield restricts the

erasing area so that the correctly
drawn lines will not be disturbed
during the erasing procedure. It is
made from a thin, flat piece of
metal with variously sized cut-outs.
The shield is used by placing it
over the line to be erased and
erasing through the cut-out.
Ruler
 The ruler is the easiest of all measuring tools to use. It
is use in measuring the distance between two points.
The metric system using the meter (m) as its basic
dimension.
Templates
 Templates are thin, flat pieces of
plastic containing various cut-out
shapes. They are designed to
speed the work of the drafter and to
make the finished drawing more
accurate.

 Templates are available for drawing

circles, ellipse, plumbing fixtures,
blots and nuts, screw threads,
electronic symbols, springs, gears
and structural metals.

 Templates come in many sizes to fit

the scale being used on the drawing.
It is used wherever possible to
Mechanical Lettering Sets
 Lettering sets are in various sizes and templates. All
sets contains a scriber, various pen sizes and
templates. Some of the available templates are;

 Scriber Templates: consists of laminated strips with

engraved grooves that are used to form letters.
Scribers may be adjusted to form vertical or slanted
letters of several sizes from a single guide by simply
unlocking the screw underneath the scriber and
extending the arms.

 Standard Templates: Learning to form mechanical

letters requires a great deal of practice. This
template have three sets of uppercase and
lowercase letters.
Drawing Media
 Drawings may be made on paper, vellum, or polyester
film.

 When selecting drawing sheets, consider the size of

objects drawn, drawing scale, amount of additional
content (border, title block, items list, notes, etc.) and
drafting standards.

Size sheets Vertical

 Sizes of drawing are (mm) Horizontal
designation (mm)
A0 841 1189
A1 594 841
A2 420 594
A3 297 420
A4 210 297
Linework
 Line work is the generic term given to all the various
techniques used in creating the graphics data on
technical drawing.

 For pencil drawing, the thick lines should be

approximately twice as wide as thin lines.

 Standard line thicknesses are 0.6 mm minimum for

thick lines and 0.3 mm minimum for thin lines.

 Rule: All lines of the same type should have uniform

thickness throughout the drawing.
Line Types
 Construction Line
 Not usually listed as a type of line. It
is very light and sets out the main
shape of the object.

 Thick Continuous Line

 Used for visible outlines and edges.

 Thin Continuous Line

 Used for dimension, extension and
projection lines; hatching lines for
cross sections; leader and reference
lines; outlines of revolved sections;
imaginary lines of intersection; short
centre lines; diagonals indicating flat
surfaces; bending lines; repetitive
features.
Line Types
 Thin Short Dashed Line
 Used for hidden outlines and edges.

 Thin Continuous Irregular Line

 Used for limits of partial views or
sections provided the line is not an axis.

 Thin Chain Line (Long and Short Dashed

Line)
 Used for centre lines; lines of
symmetry; pitch circle for gears; pitch
circle for holes.

 Thin Chain Line, with Thick Ends and

Change in Direction
Line Types
 Thick Chain Line
 Used for surfaces which have to
meet special requirements.

 Thin Phanthom Line (Long and double

short dashed Line)
 Used for alternate or extreme
positions of moving parts;
preformed outlines; adjacent parts;
initial outlines prior to forming;
projected tolerance zones.

 Thin Continuous Straight Line with Zig

Zags
 Used for limits of partial or
Line Types
Line Types
Assignment
Reproduce the
shapes shown.

The square grids

have area of 100 ��2 .
END OF LECTURE
1