Operator
Operator
vOperator: An operator is a symbol that tells the compiler to
perform certain mathematical, logical or relational manipulation.
Operators
Unary Operator Binary Operator Ternary Operator
-, ++, -- ?:
Assignment Arithmetic Logical Relational
Operator Operator Operator Operator
= +, -, *, /, % &, |, !, <<, >> <, >, <>, !=, ==
&&, ||, >=, <=
Unary Operator
v Unary Operator: A unary operator acts upon a single operand to
produce a new value.
Key unary operators are – (negation), ++ (increment), -- (decrement)
– (negation): examples -5, -3, -a, etc.
++ (increment): ++a or a++ is equivalent to a = a + 1, i.e., the value of a will be
incremented by 1. However, there is a difference between ++a and a++ when
associated with other operators. For example,
++a * b : ++a will be implemented before * operation.
a++ * b : * operation will be implemented before ++a operation.
-- (decrement): --a or a-- is equivalent to a = a - 1, i.e., the value of a will be
decremented by 1. However, there is a difference between --a and a-- when
associated with other operators. For example,
--a * b : --a will be implemented before * operation.
a-- * b : * operation will be implemented before --a operation.
Binary Operator
vBinary Operator: A binary operator acts upon two
operands to produce a new value.
Binary Operator
Assignment Arithmetic Logical Relational
Operator Operator Operator Operator
= +, -, *, /, % &, |, !, <<, >> <, >, <>, !=, ==
&&, ||, >=, <=
Assignment Operator
= is called the assignment operator. This is not the equal
operator. Only one variable can be placed left side of =, but in
the right side, an expression or condition may be placed.
Expression: Some examples of expression are:
a, 2, a+2, (a+b)/2*c
Condition = exp Rop exp
exp = expression Rop = Relational Operator
Some examples of condition,
a == 2, a < b, a+2 && (a+b)/2*c
The output of condition is always either 1 (True) or 0 (False).
Equation: variable = expression or condition
a=2 a=(a+b)/2*c e = a + 2 && (a+b)/2*c
Arithmetic Operator
Binary arithmetic operators are + (addition), -(minus), *
(multiplication), / (division) and % (modulus or mod in brief).
% operator: this operator produces the remainder of division as the new
value. For example, 7 % 2 = 1, 34 % 10 = 4, 7 % 10 = 7
Type Auto Conversion: During binary operation, if the types of two
operands are different, then auto type conversion takes place in the following
way: char -> int int -> float char -> float
Example: float S, A;
int B; S = A + B;
In this example, A is float and B is int. For performing + operation, the types of
two operands shall be the same. As float type cannot be converted to int, int
type will be converted to float. So, the value stored in B will be converted to float
and then the result will be float type.
Arithmetic Operator
Type Casting: Consider the example,
int S, A;
float B; S = A + B;
ü For performing addition operator, the value of A will be converted to float
type and the result will be float type.
ü As float type value cannot be stored in integer location, an error will be
occurred with the execution of the statement, S = A + B;
The solution of this problem is type casting. The correct statement is given
below:
S = (int) ( A + B); or
S = A + (int) B;
Both of the above statements are correct and none of them will not generate
any error.
Arithmetic Operator
Exercise: int i, j; long ix;
short s; float x;
double dx; char c;
Determine the type of following expressions: (a) i + c (b) x + c (c) dx + x
(d) ((int) dx) + ix (e) i + x (f) s+j (g) ix + j (h) s + c (i) ix + c
Solution:
(a) i + c (b) x + c (c) dx + x (d) ((int) dx) + ix
= int + char = float + char = double + float = ((int) double) + long
= int = float = double = int + long = long
(e) i + x (f) s+j (g) ix + j (h) s + c (i) ix + c
= int + float = short + int = long + int = short + char = long + char
= float = int = long = short = long
Logical Operator
ü Logical operator is also known as bitwise operator.
ü For logical operation, data must be represented into bits.
A B & A B |
0 0 0 0 0 0 A !
0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1
1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0
1 1 1 1 1 1
Example: if A = 13 and B = 18, find (a) A & B; (b) A | B
A = 0000 0000 0000 1101 A = 0000 0000 0000 1101
B = 0000 0000 0001 0010 B = 0000 0000 0001 0010
A & B = 0000 0000 0000 0000 A | B = 0000 0000 0001 1111
=0 = 31
<< is the left shift operation. For example, A << 2 will produce the output
0000 0000 0011 0100. Value is multiplied by 22= 4.
>> is the right shift operation. For example, A >> 2 will produce the output
0000 0000 0000 0011. Value is divided by 22= 4 (integer division).
Relational Operator
q Relational operator always acts like a question. For example,
a<b whether a is less than b or not?
Answer is always either 1 (True) or 0 (False).
q Relational operator always makes a condition.
Exercise: int i = 8, j = 5;
float x = 0.005, y = -0.01;
Determine the value of following expressions: (a) ! ( i <= j)
(b) (x > y) && ( i > 0) || (j < 5)
Solution: (b) (x > y) && ( i > 0) || (j < 5)
a) ! ( i <= j) = (0.005 > -0.01) && (8 > 0) || (5 < 5)
= ! ( 8 <= 5) = 1 && 1 || 0
= ! (0) = 1 || 0
= 1 =1
Ternary Operator
q Example of ternary operation is, if (a < b)
x = a < b ? a: b; x = a;
equivalent to
else
x = b;
Ternary operator is also known as conditional operator.
Exercise: What is the value assigned to x if b is 7?
x = b > 8 ? b << 3 : b > 4 ? b >> 1 : b;
Solution:
(b) x = b > 8 ? b << 3: b > 4 ? b >> 1 : b;
= b > 4 ? b >> 1: b [ since, b > 8 is false]
= b >> 1 [ since b > 4 is true]
= 7 / 21
=7/2
=3
Expression Evaluation
v Precedence Rule: Which operation will be done first?
v Associativity Rule: Whether the operation will be executed from
left to right or right to left?
Operator Category Operators Associativity
Unary operators -, ++, --, !, sizeof R->L
Arithmetic multiplication and division *, /, % L -> R
Arithmetic add and subtract +, - L -> R
Relational Operators <, >, <>, <=, >=, &&, ||, == L -> R
Conditional Operators ?: R -> L
Assignment Operators =, +=, -=, *=, /=, %= R -> L
Expression Evaluation
Exercise: int i = 8, j = 5;
float x = 0.005, y = -0.01;
char c = ‘c’, d = ‘d’;
Determine the value of following expressions:
(a) ( i – 3 * j) % ( c + 2 * d) / ( x – y)
(b) ( 3 * i – 2 * j ) % ( 2 * d – c ) + ( j != 6)
Solution:
(a) ( i – 3 * j ) % ( c + 2 * d) / (x – y) (a) ( 3*i – 2*j ) % (2*d-c)+ (j != 6)
= (8–3*5) % (99+2 *100)/(0.005 –(-0.01)) = (3*8 – 2*5)%(2*100-99)+(5 !=6)
= (8 – 15) % (99 + 200)/(0.005 +0.01) = (24-10) %(200-99)+ 1
= -7 % 299/0.015 = 14 % 101 + 1
= -7/0.015 = 14 + 1
= -466.67 = 15
For Your Practice
Exercise: int i = 8, j = 5;
float x = 0.005, y = -0.01;
char c = ‘c’, d = ‘d’;
1. Determine the type and the value of following expressions:
(a) 2 * ( ( i / 5 ) + ( j – 3 ) % ( i + j – 2 )
(b) ( x > y ) && ( i > 0 ) && ( j < 5 )
2. What is the value of i?
(c) i -= ( j > 0 ) ? j : 0;
(d) i %= j;
