MATHEMATICS NOTES

FORM 4 SIMPLIFIED TUTORIAL

QUICK REVISION NOTES

An Updated Well-Organized Detailed Revision Notes for the
Current Form 4 Syllabus.

SERIES 1

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MATRIX AND TRANSFORMATION

Specific Objectives
By the end of the topic the learner should be able to:
(a) Relate image and object under a given transformation on the Cartesian
Plane;
(b) Determine the matrix of a transformation;
(c) Perform successive transformations;
(d) Determine and identify a single matrix for successive transformation;
(e) Relate identity matrix and transformation;
(f) Determine the inverse of a transformation;
(g) Establish and use the relationship between area scale factor and determinant of a matrix;
(h) Determine shear and stretch transformations;
(i) Define and distinguish isometric and non-isometric transformation;
(j) Apply transformation to real life situations.
Content
(a) Transformation on the Cartesian plane
(b) Identification of transformation matrix
(c) Successive transformations
(d) Single matrix of transformation for successive transformations
(e) Identity matrix and transformation
(f) Inverse of a transformations
(g) Area scale factor and determinant of a matrix
(h) Shear and stretch (include their matrices)
(i) Isometric and non-isometric transformations
(j) Application of transformation to real life situations.

Matrices of transformation
A transformation change the shape, position or size of an object as discussed in book two.
Pre –multiplication of any 2 x 1 column vector by a 2 x 2 matrix results in a 2 x 1 column vector
Example
3 4 7 17
[ ][ ] = [ ]
−1 2 −1 −9
7
If the vector[ ] is thought of as apposition vector that is to mean that it is representing the points
−1
with coordinates (7, -1) to the point (17, -9).
Note;
The transformation matrix has an effect on each point of the plan. Let’s make T a transformation
7
matrix T[ ] Then T maps points (x, y) onto image points 𝑥 1 , 𝑦1
−1
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𝑥 𝑥1
T [𝑦 ] → [ ]
𝑦1

𝑥 3 4 𝑥1
[𝑦 ] [ ] = [ 1]
−1 2 𝑦
3𝑥 + 4𝑦
=[ ]
−1𝑥 + 2𝑦
Finding the Matrix of transformation
The objective is to find the matrix of given transformation.
Examples
Find the matrix of transformation of triangle PQR with vertices P (1, 3) Q (3, 3) and R (2, 5).The
vertices of the image of the triangle sis𝑃1 (1, −3) , 𝑄1 (3, −3) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑅1 (2, −5).
Solution
𝑎 𝑏
Let the matrix of the transformation be ( )
𝑐 𝑑
𝑃 𝑄 𝑅 𝑃1 𝑄 1 𝑅1
𝑎 𝑏
( ) ( 1 3 2 )=( 1 3 2)
𝑐 𝑑
3 3 5 −3 −3 −5
𝑎 + 3𝑏 3𝑎 + 3𝑏 2𝑎 + 5𝑏 1 3 2
( )=( )
𝑐 + 3𝑑 3𝑐 + 3𝑑 2𝑐 + 5𝑑 −3 −3 −5
Equating the corresponding elements and solving simultaneously
𝑎 + 3𝑏 = 1
3𝑎 + 3𝑏 = 3
2a= 2
𝑎 = 1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏 = 0
𝑐 + 3𝑑 = −3
3𝑐 + 3𝑑 = −3
2c= 0
𝑐 = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑑 = −1
1 0
Therefore the transformation matrix is ( )
0 −1
Example
A trapezium with vertices A (1 ,4) B(3,1) C (5,1) and D(7,4) is mapped onto a trapezium whose
vertices are 𝐴1 (−4,1) , 𝐵1(−1 ,3) , 𝐶 1 (−1,5) , 𝐷1 (−4 ,7).Describe the transformation and find its
matrix
Solution
𝑎 𝑏
Let the matrix of the transformation be ( )
𝑐 𝑑
𝐴 𝐵 𝐶𝐷 𝐴1 𝐵1 𝐶 1 𝐷1
𝑎 𝑏
( ) ( 1 3 5 7 ) = (−4 −1 −1−4)
𝑐 𝑑
4 1 14 1 3 5 7
Equating the corresponding elements we get;
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𝑎 + 4𝑏 = −4 𝑐 + 4𝑑 = 1
3𝑎 + 𝑏 = −1 3𝑐 + 𝑑 = 3

Solve the equations simulteneously

3𝑎 + 12𝑏 = −12
3𝑎 + 𝑏 = −1

11b = -11 hence b =-1 or a = 0

3𝑐 + 12𝑑 = 3
3c + d =3
11𝑑 = 0
𝑑=0 𝑐=1
0 −1
The matrix of the transformation is therefore ( )
1 0
The transformation is positive quarter turn about the origin
Note;
Under any transformation represented by a 2 x 2 matrix, the origin is invariant, meaning it does not
change its position.Therefore if the transformtion is a rotation it must be about the origin or if the
transformation is reflection it must be on a mirror line which passses through the origin.

The unit square

The unit square ABCD with vertices A (0,0) , 𝐵(1,0) , 𝐶 (1,1) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐷 (0,1) helps us to get the
transformation of a given matrix and also to identify what trasformation a given matrix represent.
Example
Find the images of I and J under the trasformation whose matrix is;
2 3
a) ( )
5 4

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−1 6
b) ( )
4 5

Solution
𝐼 𝐽 𝐼1 𝐽1
2 3
a) ( ) (1 0) = ( 2 3)
5 4
0 1 5 4

𝐼 𝐽 𝐼 1 𝐽1
−1 6
b) ( ) (1 0) = (−1 6 )
4 5
0 1 4 5

NOTE;
𝑎 𝑏
The images of I and J under transformation represented by any 2 x 2 matrix i.e., ( ) are
𝑐 𝑑
𝐼1 (𝑎 , 𝑐 ) 𝑎𝑛𝑑𝐽1 (𝑏 , 𝑑 )

Example
Find the matrix of reflection in the line y = 0 or x axis.
Solution
Using a unit square the image of B is ( 1, 0) and D is (0 , -1 ) .Therefore , the matrix of the
1 0
transformation is ( )
0 −1

Example
Show on a diagram the unit square and it image under the transformation represented by the
1 4
matrix( )
0 1
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Solution
Using a unit square, the image of I is ( 1 ,0 ), the image of J is ( 4 , 1),the image of O is ( 0,0) and
𝑘 𝐾1
1 4
that of K is ( ) (1 ) = ( 5 )
0 1
1 1
𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒 , 𝐾1 , 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝐾 𝑖𝑠 ( 5 ,1)

Successive transformations
The process of performing two or more transformations in order is called successive transformation
eg performing transformation H followed by transformation Y is written as follows YH or if A , b
and C are transformations ; then ABC means perform C first ,then B and finally A , in that order.
The matrices listed below all perform different rotations/reflections:
This transformation matrix is the identity matrix. When multiplying by this matrix, the point matrix
is unaffected and the new matrix is exactly the same as the point matrix.
1 0
[ ]
0 1
1 0 4 (4 𝑥 1) + (3 𝑥0) 4
[ ][ ] = [ ]=[ ]
0 1 3 ( 4 𝑥 0) + (3 𝑥1) 3
This transformation matrix creates a reflection in the x-axis. When multiplying by this matrix, the x
co-ordinate remains unchanged, but the y co-ordinate changes sign.
1 0
[ ]
0 −1
1 0 4 (4 𝑥 1) + (3 𝑥0) 4
[ ][ ] = [ ]=[ ]
0 −1 3 (4 𝑥 0) + (3 𝑥 − 1) −3
This transformation matrix creates a reflection in the y-axis. When multiplying by this matrix, the y
co-ordinate remains unchanged, but the x co-ordinate changes sign.

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−1 0
[ ]
0 1
−1 0 4 (4 𝑥 − 1) + (3 𝑥0) −4
[ ][ ] = [ ]=[ ]
0 1 3 (4 𝑥 0) + (3 𝑥1) 3
This transformation matrix creates a rotation of 180 degrees. When multiplying by this matrix, the
point matrix is rotated 180 degrees around (0, 0). This changes the sign of both the x and y co-
ordinates.
−1 0
[ ]
0 −1
−1 0 4 (4 𝑥 − 1) + (3 𝑥0) −4
[ ][ ] = [ ]=[ ]
0 −1 3 (4 𝑥 0) + (3 𝑥1) −3
This transformation matrix creates a reflection in the line y=x. When multiplying by this matrix, the
x co-ordinate becomes the y co-ordinate and the y-ordinate becomes the x co-ordinate.

0 1
[ ]
1 0
0 1 4 (4 𝑥 0) + (3 𝑥1) 3
[ ][ ] = [ ]=[ ]
1 0 3 (4 𝑥 1) + (3 𝑥0) 4
This transformation matrix rotates the point matrix 90 degrees clockwise. When multiplying by this
matrix, the point matrix is rotated 90 degrees clockwise around (0, 0).
0 1
[ ]
−1 0
0 1 4 (4 𝑥 0) + (3 𝑥1) 3
[ ][ ] = [ ]=[ ]
−1 0 3 (4 𝑥 − 1) + (3 𝑥0) −4
This transformation matrix rotates the point matrix 90 degrees anti-clockwise. When multiplying by
this matrix, the point matrix is rotated 90 degrees anti-clockwise around (0, 0).
0 −1
[ ]
1 0
0 −1 4 (4 𝑥 0) + (3 𝑥1) −3
[ ][ ] = [ ]=[ ]
1 0 3 (4 𝑥 − 1) + (3 𝑥0) 4
This transformation matrix creates a reflection in the line y=-x. When multiplying by this matrix, the
point matrix is reflected in the line y=-x changing the signs of both co-ordinates and swapping their
values.
0 −1
[ ]
−1 0
0 −1 4 (4 𝑥 0) + (3 𝑥 − 1) −3
[ ][ ] = [ ]=[ ]
−1 0 3 (4 𝑥 − 1) + (3 𝑥0) 4
Inverse matrix transformation
A transformation matrix that maps an image back to the object is called an inverse of matrix.
Note;
If A is a transformation which maps an object T onto an image 𝑇 1 ,then a transformation that can
map 𝑇 1 back to T is called the inverse of the transformation A , written as image 𝐴−1.

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0 −1
If R is a positive quarter turn about the origin the matrix for R is ( ) and the matrix for 𝑅−1 is
1 0
0 1
( ) hence 𝑅 −1 𝑅 = 𝑅−1 𝑅 = 1
−1 0

Example
T is a triangle with vertices A (2, 4), B (1, 2) and C (4, 2).S is a transformation represented by the
1 1
matrix (0 1 )
2
a) Draw T and its image 𝑇 1 under the transformation S
b) Find the matrix of the inverse of the transformation S
Solution
1 1
a) Using transformation matrix S = (0 1)
2
1 1 𝐴 𝐵 𝐶 𝐴1 𝐵1 𝐶1
( 1) ( 2 1 4) = ( 6 3 6)
0
2 4 2 2 2 1 1

𝑎 𝑏
Let the inverse of the transformation matrix be( ). This can be done in the following ways
𝑐 𝑑
I. 𝑆 −1 𝑆 = 1
𝑎 𝑏 1 11 1 0
Therefore ( ) (0 )=( )
𝑐 𝑑 2
0 1
Equating corresponding elements and solving simultaneously;

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𝑎 = 1 , 𝑏 = −2 , 𝑐 = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑑 = 2
𝑎 𝑏 1 −2
Therefore ( )=( )
𝑐 𝑑 0 2
1 −2
𝑆 −1 = ( )
0 2
𝐴1 𝐵1 𝐶1 𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
𝑎 𝑏
II. ( )( 6 3 6 ) = (2 1 4)
𝑐 𝑑
2 1 1 4 2 2

𝑎 = 1 , 𝑏 = −2 , 𝑐 = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑑 = 2

1 −2
𝑆 −1 = ( )
0 2
Area Scale Factor and Determinant of Matrix
The ratio of area of image to area object is the area scale factor (A.S.F)
𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑔𝑒
Are scale factor =
𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑏𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡
Area scale factor is numerically equal to the determinant. If the determinant is negative you simply
ignore the negative sign.
Example
Area of the object is 4 cm and that of image is 36 cm find the area scale factor.
Solution
36
=9
4
−3 0
If it has a matrix of ( ) 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑖𝑠 9 − 0 = 9 ℎ𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑜 𝐴. 𝑆. 𝐹
0 −3

Shear and stretch

Shear
The transformation that maps an object (in orange) to its image (in blue) is called a shear

The object has same base and equal heights. Therefore, their areas are equal. Under any shear, area
is always invariant ( fixed)
A shear is fully described by giving;
a.) The invariant line
b.) A point not on the invariant line, and its image.

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Example
A shear X axis invariant

Example
A shear Y axis invariant

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Note;
1 𝑘
Shear with x axis invariant is represented by a matrix of the form ( ) under this trasnsformation,
0 1
J (0, 1) is mapped onto 𝐽1 (𝑘, 1).
1 0
Likewise a shear with y – axis invariant is represented by a matrix of the form ( ). Under this
𝑘 1
transformation, I (0,1) is mapped onto 𝐼1 (1, 𝑘).
Stretch
A stretch is a transformation which enlarges all distance in a particular direction by a constant factor.
A stretch is described fully by giving;
 The scale factor
 The invariant line
Note;
i.)If K is greater than 1, then this really is a stretch.
ii.) If k is less than one 1, it is a squish but we still call it a stretch
iii.)If k = 1, then this transformation is really the identity i.e. it has no effect.
Example
Using a unit square, find the matrix of the stretch with y axis invariant ad scale factor 3
Solution

3 0
The image of I is 𝐼1 ( 1, 0) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝐽 𝑖𝑠 (0,1) therefore the matrix of the stretch is ( )
0 1
Note;
𝑘 0
The matrix of the stretch with the y-axis invariant and scale factor k is ( ) and the matrix of a
0 1
𝑘 0
stretch with x – axis invariant and scale factor k is ( )
0 1

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Isometric and Non- Isometric Transformation
Isometric transformations are those in which the object and the image have the same shape and size
(congruent) e.g. rotation, reflection and translation
Non- isometric transformations are those in which the object and the image are not congruent e.g.,
shear stretch and enlargement

Past KCSE Questions on the topic.

1. Matrix p is given by 1 2
4 3
(a) Find P-1
(b) Two institutions, Elimu and Somo, purchase beans at Kshs. B per bag and
maize at Kshs m per bag. Elimu purchased 8 bags of beans and 14 bags of maize for Kshs 47,600.
Somo purchased 10 bags of beans and 16 of maize for Kshs. 57,400
(c) The price of beans later went up by 5% and that of maize remained constant. Elimu bought
the same quantity of beans but spent the same total amount of money as before on the two items.
State the new ratio of beans to maize.
2. A triangle is formed by the coordinates A (2, 1) B (4, 1) and C (1, 6). It is rotated
clockwise through 900 about the origin. Find the coordinates of this image.
3. On the grid provided on the opposite page A (1, 2) B (7, 2) C (4, 4) D (3, 4) is a trapezium

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(a)
ABCD is mapped onto A’B’C’D’ by a positive quarter turn. Draw the image A’B’C’D on the
grid
(b) A transformation -2 -1 maps A’B’C’D onto A”B” C”D” Find the coordinates
0 1 of A”B”C”D”
4. A triangle T whose vertices are A (2, 3) B (5, 3) and C (4, 1) is mapped onto triangle T1 whose
vertices are A1 (-4, 3) B1 (-1, 3) and C1 (x, y) by a
Transformation M = a b
c d
a) Find the: (i) Matrix M of the transformation
(ii) Coordinates of C1
b) Triangle T is the image of triangle T1 under a reflection in the line y = x.
2

Find a single matrix that maps T and T2

5. Triangles ABC is such that A is (2, 0), B (2, 4), C (4, 4) and A”B”C” is such that A” is (0, 2),
B” (-4 – 10) and C “is (-4, -12) are drawn on the Cartesian plane
Triangle ABC is mapped onto A”B”C” by two successive transformations
R= a b
c d Followed by P = 0 -1
-1 0
(a) Find R
(b) Using the same scale and axes, draw triangles A’B’C’, the image of triangle ABC under
transformation R
Describe fully, the transformation represented by matrix R
6. Triangle ABC is shown on the coordinate’s plane below

(a) Given that A (-6, 5) is mapped onto A (6,-4) by a shear with y- axis invariant
(i) Draw triangle A’B’C’, the image of triangle ABC under the shear
(ii) Determine the matrix representing this shear

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(b)
Triangle A B C is mapped on to A” B” C” by a transformation defined by the matrix -1
0
1½ -1
(i) Draw triangle A” B” C”
(ii) Describe fully a single transformation that maps ABC onto A”B” C”
7. Determine the inverse T-1 of the matrix 1 2
1 -1
Hence find the coordinates to the point at which the two lines
x + 2y = 7 and x - y =1
8. Given that A = 0 -1 and B = -1 0
3 2 2 -4
Find the value of x if
(i) A- 2x = 2B
(ii) 3x – 2A = 3B
(iii) 2A - 3B = 2x
9. The transformation R given by the matrix

A=a b maps 17 to 15 and 0 to -8

c d 0 8 17 15
(a) Determine the matrix A giving a, b, c and d as fractions
(b) Given that A represents a rotation through the origin determine the angle of rotation.
(c) S is a rotation through 180 about the point (2, 3). Determine the image of (1, 0) under S
followed by R.

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CHAPTER FIFTY SEVEN

STATISTICS II
Specific Objectives
By the end of the topic the learner should be able to:
(a) State the measures of central t e n d e n c y;
(b) Calculate the mean using the assumed mean method;
(c) Make cumulative frequency table,
(d) Estimate the median and the quartiles b y
- Calculation and
- Using ogive;
(e) Define and calculate the measures of dispersion: range, quartiles,interquartile range, quartile
deviation, variance and standard deviation
(f) Interpret measures of dispersion
Content
(a) Mean from assumed mean:
(b) Cumulative frequency table
(c) Ogive
(d) Median
(e) Quartiles
(f) Range
(g) Interquartile range
(h) Quartile deviation
(i) Variance
(j) Standard deviation
These statistical measures are called measures of central tendency and they are mean, mode and
median.

Mean using working (Assumed) Mean

Assumed mean is a method of calculating the arithmetic men and standard deviation of a data set. It
simplifies calculation.
Example
The masses to the nearest kilogram of 40 students in the form 3 class were measured and recorded in
the table below. Calculate the mean mass
Mass kg 47 48 49 50 51 52 53

Number of 2 0 1 2 3 2 5
employees

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54 55 56 57 58 59 60

6 7 5 3 2 1 1

Solution
We are using assumed mean of 53

Mass x kg t= x - 53 f ft

47 -6 2 -12
48 -5 0 0
49 -4 1 -4
50 -3 2 -6
51 -2 3 -6
52 -1 2 -2
53 0 5 0
54 1 6 6

55 2 7 14

56 3 5 15
57 4 3 12
58 5 2 10
60 7 1 6
1 7
Σf = 40 Σft = 40

∑𝑓 𝑡 40
Mean of t = = =1
∑𝑓 40
Mean of x = 53 + mean of t
= 53 + 1
= 54

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Mean of grouped data

The masses to the nearest gram of 100 eggs were as follows
Marks 100- 103 104- 107 108- 111 112-115 116-119 120-123
Frequency 1 15 42 31 8 3
Find the mean mass

Solution
Let use a working mean of 109.5.
class Mid-point x t= x - 109.5 f ft

100-103 101.5 -8 1 –8
104-107 105.5 -4 15 – 60
108-111 109.5 0 42 0
112-115 113.5 4 31 124
116- 119 117.5 8 8 64
120 -123 121.5 12 3 36
Σf= 100 Σft = 156
156
Mean of t = = 1.56
100
Therefore,mean of x = 109.5 + mean of t
= 109.5 + 1.56
= 111.06 g
To get the mean of a grouped data easily, we divide each figure by the class width after substracting
the assumed mean.Inorder to obtain the mean of the original data from the mean of the new set of
data, we will have to reverse the steps in the following order;
 Multiply the mean by the class width and then add the working mean.
Example
The example above to be used to demonstrate the steps

class Mid-point x 𝒙−𝟏𝟎𝟗.𝟓 f

t=
𝟒 ft

100-103 101.5 -2 1 –2

104-107 105.5 -1 15 – 15

108-111 109.5 0 42 0

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112-115 113.5 1 31 31

116- 119 117.5 2 8 16

120 -123 121.5 3 3 9
Σf= 100 Σft = 39

∑𝑓𝑡 39
𝑡̅ = =
∑𝑓 100
= 0.39
Therefore 𝑥̅ = 0.39 x 4 + 109.5
= 1.56 + 109.5
= 111.06 g

Quartiles, Deciles and Percentiles

A median divides a set of data into two equal part with equal number of items.
Quartiles divides a set of data into four equal parts.The lower quartile is the median of the bottom
half.The upper quartile is the median of the top half and the middle coincides with the median of
the whole set od data
Deciles divides a set of data into ten equal parts.Percentiles divides a set of data into hundred equal
parts.
Note;
For percentiles deciles and quartiles the data is arranged in order of size.
Example
Height in 145- 149 150-154 155-159 160- 165-169 170-174 175-179
cm 164
frquency 2 5 16 9 5 2 1
Calculate the ;
a.) Median height
b.) I.)Lower quartile
ii) Upper quartile
c.) 80th percentile
Solution
I. There are 40 students. Therefore, the median height is the average of the heights of the 20 th and 21st
students.

class frequency Cumulative frequency

145-149 2 2
150 - 154 5 7

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155 - 159 16 23
160 - 164 9 32
165 - 169 5 37
170 - 174 2 39
175 - 179 1 40

Both the 20th and 21st students falls in the 155 -159 class. This class is called the median class. Using
𝑛
( −𝐶)𝑖
2
the formula m = L +
𝑓
Where L is the lower class limit of the median class
N is the total frequency
C is the cumulative frequency above the median class
I is the class interval
F is the frequency of the median class
Therefor;
13
Height of the 20th student = 154.5 + 𝑥5
16
= 154.5 + 4.0625
=158.5625

14
Height of the 21st = 154.5 + 𝑥5
16
= 154.5 + 4.375
=158.875
158.5625+158.875
Therefore median height =
2
= 158.7 cm
𝑛
( −𝐶)𝑖
4
b.) (I ) lower quartile 𝑄1= L +
𝑓
The 10th student fall in the in 155 – 159 class
40
( −7)5
4
𝑄1= 154.5 +
16
= 154.5 + 0.9375
= 155.4375
3
( 𝑛 −𝐶)𝑖
4
(ii) Upper quartile 𝑄3 = L +
𝑓
The 10th student fall in the in 155 – 159 class
3
( 𝑥 40 −23)5
4
𝑄3 = 159.5 +
9
= 159.5 + 3.888
= 163.3889

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Note;
The median corresponds to the middle quartile 𝑄2 or the 50th percentile
80
c.) 𝑥 40 = 32 the 32nd student falls in the
100
160 -164 class
80
( 𝑛 −𝐶)𝑖
100
𝑇ℎ𝑒 80𝑡ℎ 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑙𝑒= L +
𝑓
(32 −23)5
= 159.5 +
9
= 159.5 + 5
= 164.5
Example
Determine the upper quartile and the lower quartile for the following set of numbers
5, 10 ,6 ,5 ,8, 7 ,3 ,2 ,7 , 8 ,9
Solution
Arranging in ascending order
2, 3, 5,5,6, 7,7,8,8,9,10
The median is 7
The lower quartile is the median of the first half, which is 5.
The upper quartile is the median of the second half, which is 8.

Median from cumulative frequency curve

Graph for cumulative frequency is called an ogive. We plot a graph of cumulative frequency against
the upper class limit.
Example
Given the class interval of the measurement and the frequency, we first find the cumulative frequency
as shown below.
Then draw the graph of cumulative frequency against upper class limit

Arm Span (cm) Frequency (f) Cumulative Frequency

140 ≤ x ‹ 145 3 3
145 ≤ x ‹ 150 1 4
150 ≤ x ‹ 155 4 8
155 ≤ x ‹ 160 8 16
160 ≤ x ‹ 165 7 23
165 ≤ x ‹ 170 5 28
170 ≤ x ‹ 175 2 30
Total: 30

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Solution

Example
The table below shows marks of 100 candidates in an examination

Marks

1-10 11-20 21-30 31-40 41-50 51-60 61-70 71-80 81-90 91-100

4 9 16 24 18 12 8 5 3 1

FRCY

a.) Determine the median and the quartiles

b.) If 55 marks is the pass mark, estimate how many students passed
c.) Find the pass mark if 70% of the students are to pass
d.) Determine the range of marks obtained by
(I) The middle 50 % of the students
(ii) The middle 80% of the students

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Solution

1-10 11-20 21-30 31-40 41-50 51-60 61-70 71-80 81-90 91-100

4 9 16 24 18 12 8 5 3 1

Marks
Frqcy
Cumulative 4 13 29 53 71 83 91 96 99 100
Frequency
Solution
a.) Reading from the graph
The median = 39.5
The Lower quartile 𝑄1 = 28.5
The upper quartile 𝑄2 = 53.5
b.) 23 candidates scored 55 and over
c.) Pass mark is 31 if 70% of pupils are to pass
d.) (I) The middle 50% include the marks between the lower and the upper quartiles i.e. between
28.5 and 53.5 marks.
(II) The middle 80% include the marks between the first decile and the 9th decile i.e between 18 and
69 marks

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Measure of Dispersion
Range
The difference between the highest value and the lowest value
Disadvantage
It depends only on the two extreme values
Interquartile range
The difference between the lower and upper quartiles. It includes the middle 50% of the values
Semi quartile range
The difference between the lower quartile and upper quartile divided by 2.It is also called the quartile
deviation.
Mean Absolute Deviation
If we find the difference of each number from the mean and find their mean , we get the mean
Absolute deviation

Variance
The mean of the square of the square of the deviations from the mean is called is called variance or
mean deviation.

Deviation from +1 -1 +6 -4 -2 -11 +1 10

mean(d)
fi
1 1 36 16 4 121 1 100

Example
Sum 𝑑 2 = 1 + 1 + 36 + 16 + 4 + 121 + 1 + 100 = 280
∑𝑑 2 280
Variance = = = 35
𝑁 8
The square root of the variance is called the standard deviation.It is also called root mean square
deviation. For the above example its standard deviation =√35 = 5.9

Example
The following table shows the number of children per family in a housing estate
Number of 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
childred
Number of 1 5 11 27 10 4 2
families

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Calculate
a.) The mean number of children per family
b.) The standard deviation
Solution
Number of Number of fx Deviations 𝒅𝟐
children f𝒅𝟐
(x) Families (f) d= x -m
o 1 0 –3 9 9
1 5 5 –2 4 20
2 11 22 -1 1 11
3 27 81 0 0 0
4 10 40 1 1 10
5 4 20 2 4 16
6 2 12 3 9 18
Σf = 60 ∑𝑓𝑥 = 180 Σf𝑑 2= – 40

180
a.) Mean = = 3 𝑐ℎ𝑖𝑙𝑑𝑒𝑛
60
∑𝑓𝑑2
b.) Variance =
∑𝑓
84
=
60

= 1.4
𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑑 𝑑𝑒𝑣𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = √1.4 = 1.183

Example
The table below shows the distribution of marks of 40 candidates in a test

Marks 1-10 11-20 21-30 31-40 41-50 51-60 61-70 71-80 81-90 91-100

frequency 2 2 3 9 12 5 2 3 1 1

Calculate the mean and standard deviation.

Marks Midpoint ( x) Frequency (f) fx d= x - m 𝒅𝟐 f𝒅𝟐
1-10 5.5 2 11.0 - 39.5 1560.25 3120.5
11-20 15.5 2 31.0 -29.5 870.25 1740.5
21-30 25.5 3 76.5 -19.5 380.25 1140.75
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31 -40 35.5 9 319.5 -9.5 90.25 812.25

41 -50 45.5 12 546.0 0.5 0.25 3.00
51-60 55.5 5 277.5 10.5 110.25 551.25
61- 70 65.5 2 131.0 20.5 420.25 840.5
71-80 75.5 3 226.5 30.5 930.25 2790.75
81 -90 85.5 1 85.5 40.5 1640.25 1640.25
91 -100 95.5 1 95.5 50.5 2550.25 2550.25
Σf= 40 Σf x=1800 Σf𝒅𝟐 =
15190

∑𝑓𝑥 1800
Mean 𝑥̅ = = = 45 𝑚𝑎𝑟𝑘𝑠
∑𝑓 40
∑𝑓𝑑 2 15190
Variance = = = 379.75
∑𝑓 40
= 379.8
Standard deviation = √379.8
= 19.49
Note;
Adding or subtracting a constant to or from each number in a set of data does not alter the value of
the variance or standard deviation.
More formulas
The formula for getting the variance 𝑠 2 𝑜𝑓 𝑎 𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑥 𝑖𝑠
2
∑(𝑥 − 𝑥̅ )2 𝑓
𝑑 =
∑𝑓
∑𝑓𝑥 2 ∑𝑓𝑥 2
= −( )
∑𝑓 ∑𝑓

Example
The table below shows the length in centimeter of 80 plants of a particular species of tomato
length 152-156 157-161 162-166 167-171 172- 176 177-181
frequency 12 14 24 15 8 7

Calculate the mean and the standard deviation

Solution
Let A = 169
𝑥−169
Length Mid-point x x-169 t= f ft 𝑓𝑡 2
5

152 -156 154 -15 -3 12 -36 108

157 -161 159 -10 -2 14 -28 56
162 -166 164 -5 -1 24 -24 24

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167 -171 169 0 0 15 0 0
172-176 174 5 1 8 8 8
177-181 179 10 2 7 14 28
∑𝑓 = 80 ∑𝑓𝑡 = −66 ∑𝑓𝑡 2 = 224

−66
𝑡̅ = = −0.825
80
Therefore 𝑥̅ = −0.825 𝑥 5 + 169
= -4.125 + 169
= 164.875 ( to 4 s.f)
∑𝑓𝑡 2
Variance of t = − 𝑡2
∑𝑓
224
= − ( −0.825)2
80
= 2.8 – 0.6806
= 2.119
Therefore , variance of x = 2.119 x 52
= 52.975
= 52.98 ( 4 s.f)
Standard deviation of x = √52.98
= 7.279
= 7.28 (to 2 d.p)

Past KCSE Questions on the topic

1. Every week the number of absentees in a school was recorded. This was done for 39 weeks
these observations were tabulated as shown below
Number of absentees 0.3 4 -7 8 -11 12 - 15 16 - 19 20 - 23
(Number of weeks) 6 9 8 11 3 2

Estimate the median absentee rate per week in the school

2. The table below shows high altitude wind speeds recorded at a weather station in a period of
100 days.
Wind speed (0 - 19 20 - 39 40 - 59 60-79 80- 99 100- 119 120-139 140-159 160-179
knots)
Frequency (days) 9 19 22 18 13 11 5 2 1
(a) On the grid provided draw a cumulative frequency graph for the data
(b) Use the graph to estimate
(i) The interquartile range
(ii) The number of days when the wind speed exceeded 125 knots
3. Five pupils A, B, C, D and E obtained the marks 53, 41, 60, 80 and 56 respectively. The table
below shows part of the work to find the standard deviation.
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Pupil Mark x x-a ( x-a)2
A 53 -5
B 41 -17
C 60 2
D 80 22
E 56 -2

(a) Complete the table

(b) Find the standard deviation
4. In an agricultural research centre, the length of a sample of 50 maize cobs were measured
and recorded as shown in the frequency distribution table below.
Length in cm Number of cobs
8 – 10 4
11 – 13 7
14 – 16 11
17 – 19 15
20 – 22 8
23 - 25 5

Calculate
(a) The mean
(b) (i) The variance
(ii) The standard deviation
5. The table below shows the frequency distribution of masses of 50 new- born calves in a ranch
Mass (kg)Frequency
15 – 18 2
19- 22 3
23 – 26 10
27 – 30 14
31 – 34 13
35 – 38 6
39 – 42 2
(a) On the grid provided draw a cumulative frequency graph for the data
(b) Use the graph to estimate
(i) The median mass
(ii) The probability that a calf picked at random has a mass lying between 25 kg and 28 kg.
4. The table below shows the weight and price of three commodities in a given period
Commodity Weight Price Relatives
X 3 125
Y 4 164
Z 2 140
Calculate the retail index for the group of commodities.

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7.
The number of people who attended an agricultural show in one day was 510 men, 1080
women and some children. When the information was represented on a pie chart, the combined angle
for the men and women was 2160. Find the angle representing the children.
8. The mass of 40 babies in a certain clinic were recorded as follows:
Mass in Kg No. of babies.
1.0 – 1.9 6
2.0 – 2.9 14
3.0 -3.9 10
4.0 – 4.9 7
5.0 – 5.9 2
6.0 – 6.9 1
Calculate
(a) The inter – quartile range of the data.
(b) The standard deviation of the data using 3.45 as the assumed mean.
9. The data below shows the masses in grams of 50 potatoes
Mass (g) 25- 34 35-44 45 - 54 55- 64 65 - 74 75-84 85-94
No of 3 6 16 12 8 4 1
potatoes
(a) On the grid provide, draw a cumulative frequency curve for the data
(b) Use the graph in (a) above to determine
(i) The 60th percentile mass
(ii) The percentage of potatoes whose masses lie in the range 53g to 68g
10. The histogram below represents the distribution of marks obtained in a test.
The bar marked A has a height of 3.2 units and a width of 5 units. The bar marked B has a height of
1.2 units and a width of 10 units

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If the frequency of the class represented by bar B is 6, determine the frequency of the class represented
by bar A.
11. A frequency distribution of marks obtained by 120 candidates is to be represented in a
histogram. The table below shows the grouped marks. Frequencies for all the groups and also the
area and height of the rectangle for the group 30 – 60 marks.
Marks 0-10 10-30 30-60 60-70 70-100
Frequency 12 40 36 8 24
Area of rectangle 180
Height of rectangle 6
(a) (i) Complete the table
(ii) On the grid provided below, draw the histogram
(b) (i) State the group in which the median mark lies
(ii) A vertical line drawn through the median mark divides the total area of the histogram into
two equal parts
Using this information or otherwise, estimate the median mark
11. In an agriculture research centre, the lengths of a sample of 50 maize cobs were measured and
recorded as shown in the frequency distribution table below

Length in cm Number of cobs

8 – 10 4
11- 13 7
14 – 16 11
17- 19 15
20 – 22 8
23- 25 5
Calculate
(a) The mean
(b) (i) The variance
(ii) The standard deviation
12. The table below shows the frequency distribution of masses of 50 newborn calves in a ranch.
Mass (kg) Frequency
15 – 18 2
19- 22 3
23 – 26 10
27 – 30 14
31- 34 13
35 – 38 6
39 - 42 2
(a) On the grid provided draw a cumulative frequency graph for the data
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(b)
Use the graph to estimate
(i) The median mass
(ii) The probability that a calf picked at random has a mass lying
between 25 kg and 28 kg
14. The table shows the number of bags of sugar per week and their moving averages
Number of bags per week 340 330 x 343 350 345
Moving averages 331 332 y 346
(a) Find the order of the moving average
(b) Find the value of X and Y axis

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CHAPTER FIFTY EIGHT

THREE DIMENSIONAL GEOMETRY

NOTE!
This is a Sample of the Well Organized Detailed Simplified Notes
Available.

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