Application of Soft Computing

Unit 3
 Crisp Set or Conventional Set or
Classical Sets
• Definition of set
• Cardinality of Set
• Subset
• Superset
• Power of a set
• Operations on Crisp Sets
• Properties of Crisp Set
 Operations on Crisp Set

• Complement

• Union

• Intersection
 Properties of CRISP SETS
Involution AA
Commutativity AB=BA, AB=BA
ABC=(AB)C=A(BC),
Associativity
ABC=(AB)C=A(BC)
A(BC)=(AB)(AC),
Distributivity
A(BC)=(AB)(AC)
Idempotence AA=A, AA=A
Absorption A(AB)=A, A(AB)=A
A  A  B  A  B
Absorption of complement A  A  B  A  B
Abs. by X and  AX=X, A=
Identity A=A, AX=A
Law of contradiction AA 
Law of excl. middle AA  X
DeMorgan’s laws A B  A B A B  A B
 Example (Discrete Universe)
U  {1, 2,3, 4,5, 6, 7,8} # courses a student may
take in a semester.

 (1,0.1) (2, 0.3) (3, 0.8) (4,1)  appropriate

 A ( x)
0.5

0
2 4 6 8
x : # courses
Alternative Representation:
A  0.1/ 1  0.3 / 2  0.8 / 3  1.0 / 4  0.9 / 5  0.5 / 6  0.2 / 7  0.1/ 8
Example (Continuous Universe)
U : the set of positive real numbers possible ages

B  ( x,  B ( x)) x  U 
1 about 50 years old
 B ( x)  4
 x  50 
1  
1.2

 5  1

0.8

Alternative B ( x) 0.6

Representation: 0.4

0.2

B 1
x 0

R  1  x550 
4 0 20 40 60 80 100

x : age
 Alternative Notation
A  ( x,  A ( x)) x  U 

U : discrete universe A 
xi U
A ( xi ) / xi

U : continuous universe A    A ( x) / x
U

Note that  and integral signs stand for the union of membership grades;
“ / ” stands for a marker and does not imply division.
 Fuzzy Set-Theory Operations
• Subset
A  B   A ( x )   B ( x ),  x  U

• Complement
A  U  A   A ( x)  1   A ( x)

• Union
C  A  B   C ( x )  max(  A ( x ),  B ( x ))   A ( x )   B ( x )

• Intersection
C  A  B   C ( x )  m in(  A ( x ),  B ( x ))   A ( x )   B ( x )
 Fuzzy Logic Operations
• NOT:
– If Fuzzy Statement A is m true, then the statement “Not A” is (1.0 – m)
true (where m is a number between 0.0 and 1.0 inclusive).
– Equivalent Set Theory operation: If an object A has m membership in
Fuzzy Set S, then it must have membership (1.0 – m) in Fuzzy Set Not-
S.
• AND:
– If Fuzzy Statement A is m true, and Fuzzy Statement B is n true, then
the Fuzzy Statement “A and B” is k true, where k = min(m,n). (Here, m,
n and k are numbers between 0.0 and 1.0 inclusive.)
• OR:
– If Fuzzy Statement A is m true, and Fuzzy Statement B is n true, then
the Fuzzy Statement “A or B” is k true, where k = max(m,n). (Here, m, n
and k are numbers between 0.0 and 1.0 inclusive.)
Set-Theoretic Operations

A B A

A B

A B
 Properties
Involution A A De Morgan’s laws
A B  B A A B  A B
Commutativity
A B  B A
A B  A B
 A  B  C  A   B  C 
Associativity
 A  B  C  A   B  C 
A   B  C    A  B   A  C 
Distributivity A   B  C    A  B   A  C 
A A  A
Idempotence A A  A
A   A  B  A
Absorption A   A  B  A
 Properties
• The following properties are invalid for
fuzzy sets:
– The laws of contradiction

A A  
– The laws of exclude middle

A A U
 Fuzzy Set Math Operations
• kA = {kA(x), xX}
Let k =0.5, and
A = {0.5/a, 0.3/b, 0.2/c, 1/d}
then
kA = {0.25/a, 0.15/b, 0.1/c, 0.5/d}

• Am = {A(x)m, xX}
Let m =2, and
A = {0.5/a, 0.3/b, 0.2/c, 1/d}
then
Am = {0.25/a, 0.09/b, 0.04/c, 1/d}

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 MF Terminology

cross points
1
MF
0.5

0 x
core
width

-cut

support
 Exercises
For
A = {0.2/a, 0.4/b, 1/c, 0.8/d, 0/e}
B = {0/a, 0.9/b, 0.3/c, 0.2/d, 0.1/e}

calculate the following:

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 Solutions
A = {0.2/a, 0.4/b, 1/c, 0.8/d, 0/e}
B = {0/a, 0.9/b, 0.3/c, 0.2/d, 0.1/e}
Support
Supp(A) = {a, b, c, d}
Supp(B) = {b, c, d, e}
Core
Core(A) = {c}
Core(B) = {}
Cardinality
Card(A) = 0.2 + 0.4 + 1 + 0.8 + 0 = 2.4
Card(B) = 0 + 0.9 + 0.3 + 0.2 + 0.1 = 1.5
Complement
Comp(A) = {0.8/a, 0.6/b, 0/c, 0.2/d, 1/e}
Comp(B) = {1/a, 0.1/b, 0.7/c, 0.8/d, 0.9/e}

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 Solutions
A = {0.2/a, 0.4/b, 1/c, 0.8/d, 0/e}
B = {0/a, 0.9/b, 0.3/c, 0.2/d, 0.1/e}

Union
AB = {0.2/a, 0.9/b, 1/c, 0.8/d, 0.1/e}

Intersection
AB = {0/a, 0.4/b, 0.3/c, 0.2/d, 0/e}

C=A2
C = {0.04/a, 0.16/b, 1/c, 0.64/d, 0/e}

D = 0.5B
D = {0/a, 0.45/b, 0.15/c, 0.1/d, 0.05/e}

E = A0.5
E = {c, d}

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Crisp and Fuzzy Relations