Debre Berhan University

College of Computing
Department of Software Engineering
Principles of Programming
Chapter One
Python Basics
By Girmachew Gulint
girmachewabebe@gmail.com
Nov 2017 E.C
Contents

Turtle Graphics
Programming tokens
Programming

1.2 1.4

1.1 1.3 1.5

Why programming in Python? Conditionals and loops

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Learning outcomes

➢ Understand basic programming concepts

➢ Identify syntax and semantics of programming tokens
➢ Solve problems by writing program in python CLI and Turtle GUI
➢ Debugging simple python program
➢ Test simple programs of python

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1.1 Programming

➢ Computer has two main components; hardware and software

➢ Software is set of instructions used to interact to the computer. This set of
instruction is also called program.
➢ This set of instructions written by programmers to solve a problem. This
activity is called as programming. So, programming mean writing well
organized set of instruction to solve a problem.
➢ To write a program programming languages to be used. One of them is
python
➢ It is all about syntax and semantics

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Continued

keyWord, starting, spaces and ending of programming tokens must be appropriate to follow the syntax
unless syntax error will happen. here are some syntax and semantics rules

● Opened bracket must be closed by corresponding one

● Opened quotes must be closed with the same type
● For numeric data quotes are not necessary
● If, elif, else, function and class start with colon(:)
● Indentation keep when needed
● Initialization variables before trying to use
● Define function before trying to call
● Create an object before trying to use
● Type of operator used must appropriate for data

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1.1.2 Understanding a problem

● Using tools
● ERD
● Flow Chart Domain knowledge
understanding
● DFD
● UML
● PSEUDOCODE
● Algorithm

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1.2 Why python?

➢ It is high-level general purpose programming language

➢ It has so many powerful standard and third-party libraries
➢ It has simple and readable syntax
➢ It is cross platform and compatible
➢ It is beginner friendly
➢ It is can be integrate with other languages
➢ It has large community and support
➢ It is compatible with may database softwares
➢ It is versatile and flexible :
○ ML
○ DS
○ AI
○ Web development
○ NLP
○ Game Development
○ Desktop application

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1.2.1 How python interpreter interpret source code?

● Python interpreter is written by c programming language

● Here are the steps how python code runs
● Lexical analysis: tokens
● Parsing: Abstract Syntax Tree
● Compilation: bytecode
● Execution

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1.3 Programming tokens

➢ Symbols
➢ Keywords
➢ Variables
➢ Constant
➢ Data types
➢ Comment
➢ Input/output
➢ Operators
➢ Conditionals
➢ Loops
➢ Functions
➢ Class
➢ Module
➢ packages

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1.3.1 Symbols

+ - * / > < ,

() {} [] ** // >= =

=/ +/ : =* =- ! ==

<= := -> . @ # &

| ^ % _ ~ ““ ‘‘

>> << \t \r \n … :=

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1.3.2 Keywords/Reserved words

def import while and None

class if in or as

self elif not from raise

try else True return match

except for False pass case

break continue lamda yield global

nonlocal with finally assert

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1.3.3 Variables/ Identifiers

➢ Storage
➢ Mutable/Override
➢ Case sensitive
➢ Naming Convention
➢ Initialization
➢ scope

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Variable initialization/literals

X = 90 # no semicolon is needed at the end of the statement

name = ”Samuael” # string variables must be in quote either in single quote or double quote
age = 25 # integer variables must initialize without quote
weight = 65.5 # float variables must initialize without quote
height = 1.72
X = 70 # change the value of X to 70 since variable is mutable
Apple = 90
apple = 80 They are different because variables are case sensitive

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Multiple variables initialization in a line

a, b, c = 3, 4, 6 # different values initialization in a line

a = 3, b = 4, c = 6 # invalid syntax
z=x=y = 10 # the same value initialization in a line
z, x, y =10 # invalid syntax
user1, user2 = “Admin”,”Student”

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Sequence variables initialization

list1 = [10, 20, 30] # A list containing integers

list2 = ['10', 20, 30] # A list containing a string and integers

tuple1 = (20, 30, 60) # A tuple containing integers

set1 = {5, 6, 7} # A set containing unique integers

dict1 = {"name": "Samuel", "age": 25} # A dictionary with key-value pairs

numbers = range(5) # A range object from 0 to 4

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Sequence variables initialization with constructors and empty

list1 = [] # An empty list

list2 = list() # An empty list using the list() constructor
tuple1 = () # An empty tuple
set1 = set() # An empty set (using the set() constructor)
dict1 = {} # An empty dictionary (using curly braces)
numbers = range(0) # An empty range (from 0 to 0)

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1.3.4 Constant

In python constant values also mutable, however by convention it is written in

capital letters

PI = 3.14

GRAVITY = 9.8

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1.3.5 Data Types

➢ Numeric: int, float, complex

Objects
➢ String - Properties
➢ Boolean: bool - Methods
➢ Binary: bytes, bytearray, memoryview
➢ Sequence : list, tuple, range
➢ Set:set, frozenset
➢ Dictionary / map
➢ None Annotation

➢ Class
➢ Date 📅

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Know type of variables type()
# Different data types and using type() to check their types

print(type([1, 2, 3])) # <class 'list'>

print(type((1, 2, 3))) # <class 'tuple'>

print(type({1, 2, 3})) # <class 'set'>

print(type({"name": "Samuael"})) # <class 'dict'>

print(type("Hello")) # <class 'str'>

print(type(42)) # <class 'int'>

print(type(3.14)) # <class 'float'>

print(type(range(5))) # <class 'range'>

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1.3.6 Comment

➢ #
➢ ‘’ “
➢ ‘’
➢ ‘’’ ‘’’
➢ “”” “””

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1.3.7 Input/Output

➢ input()
➢ print()

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Print output

print(“Hello World”) # print is polymorphism function

print(23) # to print numeric data or
greeting =”Good morning”
print(greeting)# variable value no need to use quotation mark

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Conti…

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Formatting Output

➢ f-string
➢ placeholder

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Input

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Multiple inputs

➢ split() function with input()

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Casting input

➢ int()
➢ float()
➢ complex()
➢ bool()
➢ set()
➢ list()
➢ tuple()
➢ frozenset()
➢ datetime.strptime()
➢ enumerate()

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Cont… input number

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Cont…

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1.3.8 Operators/symbols

1. Assignment: [ =, +=,-=,/=,*=]
2. Arithmetic: [+,-,/,*,//,%,**]
3. Relational or Comparison: [<,>,<=,>=,==,!=]
4. Logical: [and, or, not]
5. Bitwise: [&,|,~,^,>>,<<]
6. Membership: [in, not in]
7. Identity: [is, is not]
8. Ternary
9. Lamda
10. Warlus
11. Null-Coalescing: result = value if value is not None else "Default Value"

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1.3.8.1 Assignment operators
x = 10

x += 5 # x = x + 5 (Add)

x -= 3 # x = x - 3 (Subtract)

x *= 2 # x = x * 2 (Multiply)

x /= 4 # x = x / 4 (Divide)

x %= 3 # x = x % 3 (Modulo)

x //= 2 # x = x // 2 (Floor division)

x **= 3 # x = x ** 3 (Exponentiation)

print(x) # Result after all operations

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1.3.8.2 Arithmetic operators

➢ Samuael’s principle of programming course

assessments results are 9, 19, 30 and 38
quiz, individual project, group project and
final exam respectively.
➢ How much is his total score out of 100?

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1.3.8.3 Relational/ Comparison operators

➢ Mr X is 25 years old and Mr Y is 30 years old.

➢ Write a python code snippet to check Mr X is younger than Mr Y

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1.3.8.4 Logical operators

➢ Write python code snippet to determine whether they set on final

exam or not based on the attendance. If attendance is less than
85% he/she is not allowed to set else can set on final exam.
➢ Write python code snippet to check username and password is
match or not.
➢ Write python code to check a passenger identification is
passport or kebele ID.

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1.3.8.5 Bitwise operators

➢ And (&)
➢ or(|)
➢ XOR(^)
➢ Not(~)
➢ Shift to the left (<<)
➢ Shift to the right (>>)

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1.3.8.6 Membership operators

➢ in: This operator checks if a value exists in a sequence.

➢ not in: This operator checks if a value does not exist

in a sequence.

➢ Syntax:
➢ value in sequence
➢ value not in sequence
➢ in: Returns True if the value is found in the sequence,

otherwise it returns False.

➢ not in: Returns True if the value is not found in the sequence,

otherwise it returns False.

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1.3.8.7 Identity operators

➢ The identity operators are is and is not.

➢ They are used to compare the memory locations of two objects, not their
values.

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 1.3.8.8 Ternary operator

➢ The ternary operator in Python is a one-liner shorthand for

an if-else statement.
➢ It allows you to assign a value based on a condition in a
concise way
➢ syntax
<variable> = <true_value> if <condition> else <false_value>

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1.3.8.9 lambda

➢ function is a small anonymous function defined with the lambda keyword. It

can have any number of arguments but only one expression.
➢ The expression is evaluated and returned.
➢ Syntax

variable = lambda argument/s : expression

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1.3.8.10 Walrus

➢ Kind of assignment expression

➢ walrus operator in Python, which is represented by :=

➢ This operator allows you to assign a value to a variable as part of an
expression.
➢ Used to write short code for repeated tasks

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1.3.8.11 Null-Coalescing

➢ In Python, the concept of null-coalescing is not directly available as a built-in

operator like in some other languages (e.g., ?? in C#).
➢ However, it can achieve similar functionality using the or operator or the
if-else expression.
➢ The null-coalescing operator is used to provide a default value if the original
value is None or evaluates to False.

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Examples

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1.3.9 Operators Precedence

1. Parentheses ()
2. Exponentiation **
3. Unary plus and minus, Bitwise NOT +x, -x, ~x
4. Multiplication, Division, Floor division, Modulo *, /, //, %
5. Addition, Subtraction +, -
6. Bitwise shifts <<, >>
7. Bitwise AND &
8. Bitwise XOR ^
9. Bitwise OR |
10. Comparison operators <, >, <=, >=, ==, !=
11. Logical NOT not
12. Logical AND and
13. Logical OR or

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1.3.10 string manipulation

➢ string in python is a character or sequence of characters in quotation mark

➢ Single, double or triple quote is allowed to create string
➢ Output by concatenation, placeholder and format

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String data manipulation

➢ Concatenate by *
➢ Access by index
➢ Immutability
➢ Check by in keyword
➢ Loop through it

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Cont …

➢ Comparison

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String built-in methods

➢ .upper()
➢ .lower()
➢ .capitalize() and other built-in methods
➢ They are important in string manipulation

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Escape characters

➢ To insert illegal character

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Cont…

➢ \’ remove the error

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Cont…
Escape character description

\\ backslash(\)

\’ Single quote(‘)

\” Double quote(“)

\n New line

\t tab

\b backspace

\r Carriage return

\ooo Character with octal value with ‘ooo’

\xhh Character with hexal value ‘hh’

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Cont…

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1.4.1 Conditionals start

➢ Branching and dynamic decision making techniques

➢ Based on the condition/state operate different functions
➢ if
➢ if else
➢ if elif elif elif elif elif else Cond
○ elif can be as many as you want
false ition
➢ Indentation and colon(:) true
○ make branching syntax to be correct
➢ With Logical operators can make complex condition
➢ Match
End
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 if condition 1:

Syntax
# true block

elif condition 2:

# true block

elif condition 3:
if condition: if condition:
# true block
# true block # true block elif condition n:

else: # true block

else:
# false block
# false block

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example

if x > 0: if x > 0:

print(x, “ is positive number”) print(x, “ is positive number”)

else:

print(x, “is negative number)

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Example 2

if …elif…elif…else

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Nested if syntax
Example 1
if condition 1:

If condition 2:

# true block

else:#optional

# false block

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Example 2

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Multiple if

if condition:

# body These if statements have no dependency

if condition:

# body

if condition:

# body

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match
Match command:

case “expression 1”:

#body

case “expression 2”:

#body

case “expression n”:

#body

case _:

#body

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1.4.2 Loops/Iterations

➢ Used to perform repeated tasks with a short code size

➢ For and while are two kind of loops in python
➢ They are important to manipulate sequences like list, set, range and
dictionary
➢

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Conti…

Flow chart
False

True

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For loop syntax

for expression in sequence:

# operation/s

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While loop

➢ It execute code until condition get false

➢ syntax

while condition:

# operation/s

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exercises

1. Write python code to calculate electric billing

2. Write python code to identify a letter as vowel or consonant
3. Write python code to calculate net salary

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