How many unique addresses are available for assignment to hosts in the network of 10.100.16.

0
with subnet mask 255.255.252.0?

To determine how many unique addresses are available for assignment to hosts in the 10.100.16.0
network with the subnet mask 255.255.252.0, let's follow these steps:

1. Identify the subnet mask and the number of host bits:

The subnet mask 255.255.252.0 corresponds to a /22 network, which means the first 22 bits are
used for the network portion, and the remaining 10 bits are for the host portion.

Subnet mask in binary: 11111111.11111111.11111100.00000000

The first 22 bits are 1 (network portion), and the remaining 10 bits are 0 (host portion).

2. Determine the number of total IP addresses in the subnet:

The number of total IP addresses in the subnet is calculated as

2 number of host bits

2^{\text{number of host bits}}
Since there are 10 host bits:

2^{10} = 1024 total IP addresses

3. Calculate usable host addresses:

Out of these 1024 total IP addresses:

• 1 address is reserved for the network address (the first address in the range).
• 1 address is reserved for the broadcast address (the last address in the range).
So, the usable IP addresses for assignment to hosts are:

1024−2=1022 usable host addresses

Conclusion:

There are 1022 unique addresses available for assignment to hosts in the 10.100.16.0 network
with the subnet mask 255.255.252.0. The two addresses (network address and broadcast address)
cannot be assigned to hosts.
Which is a valid default gateway address for a host configured with IP address 10.25.1.110 and a
subnet mask of 255.255.255.192?

To find a valid default gateway address for a host with IP address 10.25.1.110 and a subnet
mask of 255.255.255.192, let's go through the steps:

Step 1: Determine the network address

The subnet mask 255.255.255.192 corresponds to a /26 network prefix. This means the first 26 bits
are used for the network portion, and the remaining 6 bits are for the host portion.

Subnet mask in binary: 11111111.11111111.11111111.11000000

To calculate the network address, we apply a bitwise AND between the host's IP address and the
subnet mask:

IP address (10.25.1.110):00001010.00011001.00000001.01101110

Subnet mask (255.255.255.192):11111111.11111111.11111111.11000000

Performing a bitwise AND:

• Network address:00001010.00011001.00000001.01000000 = 10.25.1.64

Thus, the network address for this subnet is 10.25.1.64/26.

Step 2: Identify the range of usable IP addresses

A /26 subnet provides 64 total IP addresses since

2^{6} = 64

Of these:

• The first IP address (10.25.1.64) is the network address.

• The last IP address (10.25.1.127) is the broadcast address.
The usable IP address range is between:

• 10.25.1.65 (first usable IP address)

• 10.25.1.126 (last usable IP address)
Step 3: Determine a valid default gateway

The default gateway for a host is usually the first or the last usable IP address within the network's
range. Typically, the first usable IP address is chosen as the default gateway.

• The first usable IP address in the 10.25.1.64/26 network is 10.25.1.65.

Conclusion:
A valid default gateway address for the host with IP address 10.25.1.110 and a subnet mask of
255.255.255.192 is 10.25.1.65 because it is within the usable range of the 10.25.1.64/26 network
and typically serves as the default gateway.

A network engineer subnets the network 192.168.100.0 /24 into 16 subnets. How many usable
host addresses will be available on each of the subnets and why?

To subnet the network 192.168.100.0/24 into 16 subnets, the network engineer needs to borrow
bits from the host portion of the address to create the subnets.
Step-by-step explanation:

1 Original network: The given network is 192.168.100.0/24, meaning that the network portion of the
address is 24 bits long, and the remaining 8 bits are for the host portion (since IPv4
addresses are 32 bits in total).

2 Subnetting: The engineer needs to create 16 subnets, so we need to determine how many bits
are required to create these 16 subnets:

◦ 16 subnets require 4 bits (because 2^4 = 16).

◦ The original /24 subnet mask (255.255.255.0) will be extended by 4 bits, so the new
subnet mask becomes /28 (24 bits for the network + 4 bits for the subnet).
3 Subnet mask: A /28 subnet mask means the first 28 bits are for the network and subnet portion,
leaving 4 bits for hosts. The subnet mask in dotted decimal notation for a /28 is
255.255.255.240.

4 Host addresses per subnet: With 4 bits available for host addresses, we calculate the number of
host addresses per subnet:

◦ The total number of IP addresses in a /28 subnet is 2^4 = 16.

◦ However, 2 addresses in each subnet are reserved:
▪ One for the network address (first address in the subnet).
▪ One for the broadcast address (last address in the subnet).
▪
5 Therefore, the number of usable host addresses per subnet is:

16 total addresses−2 reserved addresses=14 usable addresses.

Answer:

Each of the 16 subnets will have 14 usable host addresses.

Which two hosts exist on the same subnet? (Choose two.)
host 172.16.101.199/23
host 172.16.98.250/23
host 172.16.100.4/23
host 172.16.97.78/23
host 172.16.102.237/23

To determine which two hosts are on the same subnet, we need to look at the network portion of
the IP address based on the /23 subnet mask. A /23 subnet mask means the first 23 bits of the IP
address are used for the network, and the remaining 9 bits are used for hosts.

Subnet Mask for /23:

/23 subnet mask in binary: 11111111.11111111.11111110.00000000

In decimal: 255.255.254.0
Step-by-Step Analysis:

We will now calculate the network address for each of the provided hosts by performing a bitwise
AND between the IP address and the subnet mask.

1. Host 1: 172.16.101.199/23

IP Address: 172.16.101.199

Binary: 10101100.00010000.01100101.11000111

Subnet Mask: 255.255.254.0 (11111111.11111111.11111110.00000000)

Perform bitwise AND between the IP address and subnet mask:

Network Address: 172.16.100.0 (Network address is the same for 172.16.101.x and 172.16.100.x
range due to the /23 mask)

2. Host 2: 172.16.98.250/23

IP Address: 172.16.98.250

Binary: 10101100.00010000.01100010.11111010

Subnet Mask: 255.255.254.0 (11111111.11111111.11111110.00000000)

Network Address: 172.16.98.0 (The network address is within the range 172.16.98.x and
172.16.99.x due to the /23 mask)

3. Host 3: 172.16.100.4/23

IP Address: 172.16.100.4

Binary: 10101100.00010000.01100100.00000100
Subnet Mask: 255.255.254.0 (11111111.11111111.11111110.00000000)

Network Address: 172.16.100.0 (Network address is the same as Host 1 due to the /23 mask)

4. Host 4: 172.16.97.78/23

IP Address: 172.16.97.78

Binary: 10101100.00010000.01100001.01001110

Subnet Mask: 255.255.254.0 (11111111.11111111.11111110.00000000)

Network Address: 172.16.96.0 (The network address is in the range 172.16.96.x and 172.16.97.x
due to the /23 mask)

5. Host 5: 172.16.102.237/23

IP Address: 172.16.102.237

Binary: 10101100.00010000.01100110.11101101

Subnet Mask: 255.255.254.0 (11111111.11111111.11111110.00000000)

Network Address: 172.16.102.0 (The network address is in the range 172.16.102.x and
172.16.103.x due to the /23 mask)

Hosts on the Same Subnet:

• 172.16.101.199/23 and 172.16.100.4/23 are on the same subnet because their network
addresses are both 172.16.100.0/23.
• 172.16.102.237/23 is also part of the 172.16.102.0/23 subnet, which is a separate subnet from
the others.

Conclusion:

172.16.101.199/23 and 172.16.100.4/23 are on the same subnet because their network addresses
match (172.16.100.0/23).