#5 Arithmetic Circuits
AU Jibia
1 Department of Mechatronics, Bayero University Kano
Half-Adder
A half-adder is an arithmetic circuit block that can be used to add two bits.
2 Department of Mechatronics, Bayero University Kano
Half-Adder
Half-adder implementation using NAND gates
3 Department of Mechatronics, Bayero University Kano
Full Adder
A full adder circuit is an arithmetic circuit block that can be used to add three bits
to produce a SUM and a CARRY output.
4 Department of Mechatronics, Bayero University Kano
Full Adder
The next step is to simplify the two expressions. We use Karnaugh maps.
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Full Adder
The expressions for SUM and CARRY outputs can be rewritten as follows:
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Full Adder
The whole idea of writing the Boolean expressions in this modified form was to
demonstrate the use of a half-adder circuit in building a full adder.
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Full Adder
A single full adder circuit can be used to add one-bit binary numbers only.
A cascade arrangement of these adders can be used to construct adders capable of
adding binary numbers with a larger number of bits.
8 Department of Mechatronics, Bayero University Kano
Half-Subtractor
Subtraction of two given binary numbers can be carried out by adding 2’s
complement of the subtrahend to the minuend.
This allows us to do a subtraction operation with adder circuits.
A half-subtractor is a combinational circuit that can be used to subtract one binary
digit from another to produce a difference output and a borrow output.
The borrow output here specifies whether a ‘1’ has been borrowed to perform the
subtraction.
9 Department of Mechatronics, Bayero University Kano
Half-Subtractor
The truth table of a half-subtractor
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Full Subtractor
A full subtractor performs subtraction operation on two bits, a minuend and a
subtrahend, and also takes into consideration whether a ‘1’ has already been
borrowed by the previous adjacent lower minuend bit or not.
Tells whether a ‘1’ has already
been borrowed by the Tells whether the minuend bit
previous adjacent lower needs to borrow a ‘1’ from the
minuend bit or not. next possible higher minuend
bit.
11 Department of Mechatronics, Bayero University Kano
Full Subtractor
12 Department of Mechatronics, Bayero University Kano
Full Subtractor
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Full Subtractor
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A Multi-bit subtractor
More than one full subtractor can be connected in cascade to perform subtraction
on two larger binary numbers.
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Controlled Inverter
A controlled inverter is needed when an adder is to be used as a subtractor.
A one-bit controlled inverter is nothing but a two-input EX-OR gate with one of
its inputs treated as a control input.
When the control input is low, the input bit is passed as such to the output.
When the control input is high, the input bit gets complemented at the output.
16 Department of Mechatronics, Bayero University Kano
Controlled Inverter
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Adder–Subtractor
When the SUB input is in logic ‘1’ state, four bits of one of the numbers, (B3 B2 B1 B0 in the present case,
get complemented.
If the same ‘1’ is also fed to the CARRY-IN of the LSB full adder, what we finally achieve is the addition of
2’s complement and not 1’s complement.
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Adder–Subtractor
Four-bit adder-subtractor circuit
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BCD Adder
Used to perform the addition of BCD numbers.
Single-digit BCD
Adder
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BCD Adder
Used to perform the addition of BCD numbers.
3-digit BCD
Adder
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Examples
Example I
For the half-adder circuit shown
opposite, the inputs applied at A and
B are as shown
Plot the corresponding SUM and
CARRY outputs on the same scale. Solution
22 Department of Mechatronics, Bayero University Kano
Examples
Example II Boolean expressions for the half-
Given the relevant Boolean adder and half-subtractor are
expressions for half-adder and half- respectively given as follows:
subtractor circuits, design a half-
adder–subtractor circuit that can be
used to perform either addition or
subtraction on two one-bit numbers.
The desired arithmetic operation
should be selectable from a control
input.
23 Department of Mechatronics, Bayero University Kano
