Data Structures and Algorithms (DSA) Roadmap using C++

Week 1: Introduction to C++ and Basic Programming Concepts

Lecture 1: Introduction to C++

- Overview of C++ programming

- Setup IDE (Visual Studio, Code::Blocks, or CLion)

- Writing your first C++ program

Lecture 2: Variables and Data Types

- Fundamental data types (int, float, double, char, bool)

- Variable declaration, initialization, and type casting

Lecture 3: Control Structures

- If, else-if, switch statements

- Looping structures: for, while, do-while

- Break and continue statements

Lecture 4: Functions

- Defining and calling functions

- Function arguments and return types

- Function overloading

Lecture 5: Arrays and Strings

- Arrays (1D, 2D, dynamic arrays)

- Basic string operations (length, append, substr, compare)

- Classes and objects

- Constructors and destructors

- Encapsulation, inheritance, and polymorphism

Week 2: Basic Data Structures

Lecture 7: Arrays

- Static and dynamic arrays

- Array operations (insert, delete, search)

- Array-based problems

Lecture 8: Linked Lists

- Singly linked lists (insertion, deletion, traversal)

- Doubly linked lists and circular linked lists

- Operations and use cases for linked lists

Lecture 9: Stacks

- Stack operations (push, pop, top)

- Stack applications (parenthesis matching, reversing a string)

- Implementing stacks using arrays and linked lists

Lecture 10: Queues

- Queue operations (enqueue, dequeue, front, rear)

- Circular queues

- Queue applications (job scheduling, circular buffers)

Week 3: Advanced Data Structures

- Introduction to trees and tree terminology

- Binary Trees and Binary Search Trees (BST)

- Tree traversal techniques (in-order, pre-order, post-order)

Lecture 12: Binary Search Trees (BST)

- Operations in BST (insert, delete, search)

- BST balancing and its importance

Lecture 13: Heaps

- Min-Heap and Max-Heap

- Heap operations (insert, delete, heapify)

- Priority Queue implementation

Lecture 14: AVL Trees

- Rotations in AVL Trees

- Balancing an AVL tree

- Insertion and deletion in AVL trees

Lecture 15: Red-Black Trees

- Properties of Red-Black trees

- Balancing and insertion/deletion operations

Week 4: Searching and Sorting Algorithms

Lecture 16: Sorting Algorithms

- Bubble Sort, Selection Sort, Insertion Sort

- Time complexity analysis for each

Lecture 17: Advanced Sorting Algorithms

- Merge Sort (Divide and Conquer)

- Quick Sort (Partition-based)

- Heap Sort

Lecture 18: Searching Algorithms

- Linear Search

- Binary Search (for sorted arrays)

- Binary Search Tree searching

Lecture 19: Comparison of Sorting Algorithms

- Analyzing best, worst, and average case scenarios

- Sorting stability and use cases

Week 5: Hashing and Graphs

Lecture 20: Hashing

- Hash functions and handling collisions

- Hash tables and hash maps

- Implementing your own hash table

Lecture 21: Introduction to Graphs

- Graph representations: adjacency matrix and adjacency list

- Types of graphs: directed, undirected, weighted, unweighted

- Basic graph terminology

- Breadth-First Search (BFS)

- Depth-First Search (DFS)

Lecture 23: Shortest Path Algorithms

- Dijkstra's Algorithm

- Bellman-Ford Algorithm

- Floyd-Warshall Algorithm

Lecture 24: Minimum Spanning Tree

- Prim's Algorithm

- Kruskal's Algorithm

Week 6: Dynamic Programming (DP) and Greedy Algorithms

Lecture 25: Introduction to Dynamic Programming (DP)

- Memoization and Tabulation

- Recursive solutions vs. DP solutions

- Classic DP problems (Fibonacci, Coin Change)

Lecture 26: Classic DP Problems

- 0/1 Knapsack Problem

- Longest Common Subsequence

- Matrix Chain Multiplication

Lecture 27: Greedy Algorithms

- Activity Selection Problem

- Huffman Coding
- Greedy vs. Dynamic Programming approach

Lecture 28: DP Optimization Techniques

- Space optimization in DP

- Bit masking techniques

- Matrix exponentiation

Week 7: Backtracking, Divide & Conquer

Lecture 29: Introduction to Backtracking

- N-Queens problem

- Sudoku Solver

- Generating permutations and combinations

Lecture 30: Divide and Conquer

- Merge Sort and Quick Sort

- Closest Pair of Points problem

- Strassen's Matrix Multiplication

Lecture 31: Advanced Backtracking Problems

- Subset Sum Problem

- Rat in a Maze

- Graph coloring

Week 8: Advanced Topics in Graphs and Algorithms

Lecture 32: Topological Sorting

- Topological Sort in Directed Acyclic Graphs (DAGs)

- Kahn's Algorithm and DFS-based approach

- Tarjan's Algorithm

- Kosaraju's Algorithm

Lecture 34: Network Flow Algorithms

- Ford-Fulkerson Algorithm

- Edmonds-Karp Algorithm (Implementation of Ford-Fulkerson)

Lecture 35: Advanced Data Structures

- Trie (Prefix Tree)

- Segment Tree

- Fenwick Tree (Binary Indexed Tree)

Lecture 36: Disjoint Set (Union-Find)

- Union by Rank and Path Compression

- Applications in Kruskal's Algorithm

Week 9: Additional Topics and Practice

Lecture 37: Advanced Dynamic Programming Techniques

- Longest Increasing Subsequence (LIS)

- Longest Palindromic Subsequence

Lecture 38: Bit Manipulation

- Bitwise operators

- Common bit manipulation tricks (counting set bits, finding powers of 2)

- Convex Hull (Graham's Scan, Jarvis's Algorithm)

- Line segment intersection

Lecture 40: Advanced String Algorithms

- KMP Algorithm (Knuth-Morris-Pratt)

- Rabin-Karp Algorithm

- Z Algorithm and Suffix Arrays

Sunday Extra Sessions (for each week):

- Practice problems based on topics covered in that week

- Doubt clearing through examples and Q&A

- Mock tests on topics to assess understanding