Question 6.
Define the following terms:
(a) Atomic number
(b) Mass number
(c) Nucleons
(d) Valence shell
Answer:
a) Atomic number: Atomic number
refers to the
number of protons present in an atom. It is
denoted by Z. Example: An atom of oxygen
contains 8 proton Therefore its atomic number is
8
(b) Mass number: Mass number refers to the
sum of the number of protons and neutrons
present in the nucleus of an atom and denoted by
A Mass number = Number of protons + Number
of neutrons.
neutrons
(c) Nucleons: The protons and
collectively are known as nucleons.
(d) Valence Shell: The outermost shell of an
atom is known as its valence shell.
Question 7.
Mention briefly the salient features of Dalton's
atomic theory (five points).
Answer:
Salient features of Dalton's atomic theory:
1. Matter consists of very small and
indivisible particles called atoms, which
can neither be created nor can be
destroyed.
2. The atoms of an element are alike in all
respects ie. size, mass, density, chemical
properties but they differ from the atoms
of other elements.
3. Atoms of an element combine in small
numbers to form molecules of the
element.
4. Atoms of one element combine with
atoms of another element in simple whole
number ratio to form molecules of
Compounds.
5. Atoms are the smallest units of matter
that can take part in achemical reaction
during which only rearrangement of atoms
takes place.
(a) What are the two main features of
Rutherford's atomic model?
(b) State its one drawback.
Answer:
(a) According to Rutherford's model an atom
consists of:
1. The centrally located nucleus: The
nucleus is a centrally located positively
charged mass. The entire mass of the
atom is concentrated in it. It is the densest
part of the atom. Its size is very small as
compare to the atom as a whole.
2. The outer circular orbits: Electrons revolve
in circular orbits (shell) in the space
available around the nucleus. An atom is
electrically neutral i.e., number of protons
and electrons present in an atom are
equal.
(b) Rutherford's atomic model could not explain
the stability of the atom as it is like a solar
system, the sun is at the centre and the planets
revolve
around it, in an atom the electrons revolve around
the centrally located nucleus containing protons.
Question 9.
experiment
What are the observations of the
determine the
done by Rutherford in order to
structure of an atom?
Answer:
Following were the observations made by
Rutherford:
1. Most of the alpha particle passed straight
through the foil without any deflection
from their path.
deflected
2. A small fraction of them were
from their original path by small angles.
3. Only a few particles bounced back.
Question 10.
State the mass number, the atomic number,
number of neutrons and electronic configuration
of the following atoms.Also, draw atomic
diagrams for them.
Answer:
Fluorine "F Neon Ne
10p
Aluminium AI Aluminium ci
Name of Atomic Atomic No. of No. of No. of Electronic
elements numberMass protonlelectrons neutrons configuration
6 12 6 6 2.4
"C
"o 16 2,6
"F 9 19 2.7
Ne 10 20 10 10 10 2,8
13 27 13 13 14 2, 8,3
17 35 17 17 2, 8.7
Carbon "C Oxygen "o
Question 11.
What is variable valency? Name two elements
having variable valency and state their valencies.
Answer:
Variable valency: Some elements exhibit more
than one valency. They are said to have variable
valency, e.g. Iron,copper, tin, lead.
Iron Fe Fe2t or Fe3t
Copper cu cut or cu2+
Question12.
The atomic number and the mass number of
sodium are 11 and 23 respectively. What
information is conveyed by this statement.
Answer:
Atomic number = 11; No of protons = 11
Mass number = 23 = Number of protons +
Number of neutrons.
No of neutrons = 23-11 = 12.
Question 13.
Draw the diagrams representing the atomic
structures of the following:
(a) Nitrogen (b) Neon
Answer:
(a) Nitrogen N
Electronic configuration
2, 5
(b) NeonNe
Electronic configuration
2.8
Question 14.
Explain the rule with example according to which
electrons are filled in various energy levels,
Explain the rule with example according to which
electrons are filled in various energy levels,
Answer:
The maximum number of electrons that can be
present in any shell or orbit of an atom is given
by the formula 2n, where n is the serial number
of the shell.
Therefore:
Kshell, n =1, no. of electrons =2 x 12 =2
Lshell, n =2, no. of electrons = 2 x 2=8
Mshell, n =3, no. of electrons =2 x32 =18
Nshell, n=4, no. of electrons = 2x42= 32
Electrons are not accommodated in a given shell,
unless the inner shells are filled.
That is, the shells are filled in a stepwise manner.
Example:
Elements Atomic number
Electronic Configuration
K M N
Helium 2 2
Boron 2 3
Oxygen 8 6
Neon 10 2
Question 15.
The atom of an element is made up of 4 protons,
5 neutrons and 4 electrons. What is its atomic
number and mass number?
Answer:
Protons = 4, neutrons = 5, electrons = 4
Atomic number = 4,
Mass number = 4+5=9
Question 16.
(a) What are the two main parts of which an
atom is made of?
(b) Where is the nucleus of an atom situated ?
(c) What are orbits or shells of an atom?
Answer:
(a)
1. The centrally located nucleus
2. The outer circular orbits.
(b) The nucleus is a centrally located positively
charged mass.
(c) The circular orbits (shell present) in the space
available around the nucleus on which electrons
revolve are called orbits or shells of an atom.
Question 17.
What are isotopes? How does the existence of
0sotopes contradict Dalton's atomic theory?
Answer:
Atoms of an element must have the same atomic
number, but their mass number can be different
due to the presence of different number of
neutrons. These atoms of an element having
different number of neutrons are called groups.
According to Dalton's theory, all atoms of an
element are similar to all respects, for example,
they have the same shape, size etc. and have
similar physical and chemical properties like
mass, density and reactivity. Whereas isotopes of
an element have atoms that are similar as they
have same number of protons and electrons but
differ in the number of neutrons. So, the isotopes
have atoms that are not similar in all aspects
Question 18.
Complete the table below by identifying A, B, C, D,
E andF.
Answer:
Element Symbol Number of Number of Number if
protons neutrOns electrons
Fluorine 9 A
Aluminium C D 14 13
Potassium 19
Ans.
Element Symbol Number of Number of Number if
protons neutrons electrons
Fluorine Fi 9 10 9
Ahminium 13 14 13
Potassium 19 20 19
