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Structure of Atom Notes

Atoms are composed of three fundamental particles: electrons, protons, and neutrons, with various atomic models proposed to explain their structure. Thomson's model depicted atoms as a sphere of positive charge with embedded electrons, while Rutherford's model introduced a nucleus with electrons in circular orbits, though it had drawbacks regarding atomic stability. Bohr's model improved upon this by suggesting electrons occupy specific energy levels without losing energy, and concepts like valency, atomic number, and isotopes are also discussed.

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17 views3 pages

Structure of Atom Notes

Atoms are composed of three fundamental particles: electrons, protons, and neutrons, with various atomic models proposed to explain their structure. Thomson's model depicted atoms as a sphere of positive charge with embedded electrons, while Rutherford's model introduced a nucleus with electrons in circular orbits, though it had drawbacks regarding atomic stability. Bohr's model improved upon this by suggesting electrons occupy specific energy levels without losing energy, and concepts like valency, atomic number, and isotopes are also discussed.

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amit3653536
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Structure of the Atom

 Atoms are not indivisible and are composed of three fundamental particles. These particles
are electrons, protons, and neutrons.

 Charged particles in Matter

o Electrons are negatively-charged particles. They were discovered by J. J. Thomson, by


cathode ray experiment.

o Canal rays are positively charged radiation consisting of protons. Protons are positively-
charged particles and were discovered by E. Goldstein.

o The third fundamental particles present in an atom are neutrons. They are electrically-
neutral and were discovered by J. Chadwick.

o Various models were given to explain the structure of atom.

 Thomson's atomic model:


o Thomson thought that an atom is a sphere of positive charge in which electrons are
embedded.

o An atom as a whole is electrically neutral because the negative and positive charges are
equal in magnitude.

 Rutherford's atomic model:

o On the basis of his experiments with alpha rays and gold foil, Rutherford concluded that
Thomson’s atomic model was incorrect.

o He proposed an atomic model based on the results of his experiments.

o In this model, all the positive charges (i.e., protons) were present at the centre of the atom,
inside the nucleus, and the electrons were present in circular orbits around the nucleus.

o He said that the electrons are not at rest and keep moving continuously in these circular
orbits.
o He also said that the size of the nucleus is very small as compared to that of the atom.

 Drawbacks of Rutherford’s Model

o It cannot explain the stability of an atom on the basis of classical mechanics and
electromagnetic theory.

o If the electrons were stationary, then the strong electrostatic force of attraction between
the dense nucleus and the electrons would pull the electrons towards the nucleus. Thus, it
cannot explain the stability of an atom.

o Rutherford’s model does not give any idea about the distribution of electrons around the
nucleus (i.e., the electronic structure of the atom), and about their energy.

o It cannot explain the atomic spectra.

 Bohr's atomic model:

o Neils Bohr proposed that the electrons present around the nucleus revolve in specific
orbits called energy levels.

o He also stated that the electrons do not release energy while revolving. Thus, the resulting
atom is a stable one.

o The shells in which the electrons are present are known as K, L, M, N, and so on (or 1, 2, 3,
4, and so on), as proposed by Bohr and Bury.

o Each shell contains a specific number of electrons, which can be calculated using the
formula 2n2.

Atomic Models

Dalton’s atomic model Thomson’s atomic model

Rutherford’s atomic model Bohr’s atomic model


o Valency is defined as the combining capacity of the atom of an element. Valency of an
element depends upon the number of electrons present in the outermost shell of its atom.

 Atomic number of an element is equal to the number of protons present in the atom and
atomic mass is equal to the sum of the number of protons and neutrons present in it.

 Isotopes are atoms having the same atomic number and different atomic masses.

 Isobars are atoms having the same atomic mass and different atomic numbers.

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