7 NUMBER SYSTEM

CLASSIFICATION OF NUMBERS
(a) Natural numbers: Counting numbers are known as natural numbers.
𝐍 = {1,2,3,4, … }.
(b) Whole numbers: All natural numbers together with 0 form the collection of all
whole numbers. 𝐖 = {0,1,2,3,4, … }.
(c) Integers: All natural numbers 0 and negative of natural numbers form the
collection of all integers. 𝐈 or 𝐙 = {… , −3, −2, −1,0,1,2,3, … }.
𝑝
(d) Rational numbers: The numbers which can be expressed in the form of 𝑞, where 𝐩
2 37
and 𝐪 are integers and 𝑞 ≠ 0. For example : 3 , − 15.

 All natural numbers, whole numbers and integers are rational.

(e) Irrational numbers: All real number which are not rational are called irrational
numbers. These are nonrecurring as well as non-terminating type of decimal
3 4 7
numbers. i.e. √2, √4, 2 + √3, √2 + √3, √ √3 etc.
(f) Real numbers: Numbers which can represent actual physical quantities in a
meaningful way are known as real numbers. These can be represented on the
number line. Number line is a geometrical straight line with arbitrarily defined zero
(origin). Real numbers includes all rational and irrational numbers.
(g) Prime numbers: Prime numbers are natural numbers greater than 1 and each of
which is divisible by 1 and by itself only. For example : 2,3,5,7,11,13, 17,19,23, … etc.
(h) Composite numbers: All natural numbers greater than 1 and none of these is a
prime number.
 1 is neither prime nor composite number.
(i) Co-prime Numbers: If the H.C.F. of the given numbers (not necessarily prime) is 1
then they are known as co-prime numbers. For example : 4, 9 are co-prime as
H.C.F. of (4,9) = 1.
 Any two consecutive numbers will always be co-prime.
(j) Imaginary Numbers: All the numbers whose square is negative are called imaginary
numbers. e.g. 3𝑖, −4𝑖, 𝑖, … ; where 𝑖 = √−1.

MATHS BY RANVEER SINGH 7.1 +91-8939099550

CLASS IX NUMBER SYSTEM

RATIONAL NUMBER IN DECIMAL REPRESENTATION

(a) Terminating Decimal :
Let 𝐱 be a rational number whose decimal expansion terminates. Then, 𝑥 can be
𝑝
expressed in the form 𝑞, where 𝐩 and 𝐪 are co-prime, and prime factorizations of
𝑞 is of the form 2𝑚 × 5𝑛 , where 𝑚, 𝑛 are non-negative integers. In this a finite
1 11 3
number of digit occurs after decimal. For example : 2 = 0.5, 16 = 0.6875, 20 = 0.15
etc.
(b) Non-Terminating and Repeating (Recurring Decimal) :
𝑝
Let 𝑥 = 𝑞 be a rational number, such that the prime factorization of 𝐪 is not of the
form 2𝑚 × 5𝑛 , where 𝐦, 𝐧 are non - negative integers. Then, 𝐱 has a decimal
expansion which is non - terminating repeating. In this a set of digits or a digit is
2
repeated continuously. For example : = 0.6666 … . . . = 0. 6 and
3
5
0.454545 … … = 0. 45.
11

REPRESENTATION OF RATIONAL NUMBER ON A

REAL NUMBER LINE
3
Ex. 1 Represent on a real number Take a point 𝑂 on it and let it
7
represent O (zero).
line.
Taking the fixed length, called
Sol. Draw a line XY which extends
endlessly in both the directions. unit length, mark off 𝑂𝐴 = 1
Take a point 𝑂 on it and let it unit and 𝑂𝐵 = 2 unit.
represent O (zero). Divide 𝑂𝐴 and 𝐴𝐵 into 5 equal
Taking the fixed length, called parts. OP represents the
7
unit length, mark off 𝑂𝐴 = 1 rational number 5.
unit. Divide OA into 7 equal
3
parts. OP represents 7 of a unit.

13
Ex. 3. Represent − on a real
4
number line.
7
Ex. 2. Represent on a real number 13 1
5 Sol. − = −3 4
line. 4

7 2 Draw a line XY which extends

Sol. = 15 endlessly in both the directions.
5

Draw a line XY which extends Take a point 𝑂 on it and let it

endlessly in both the directions. represent O (zero).

MATHS BY RANVEER SINGH 7.2 +91-8939099550

CLASS IX NUMBER SYSTEM

Taking the fixed length, called Ex. 4. Represent 2.5 on a real number
unit length, mark off 𝑂𝐴 = 1 line.
unit and 𝑂𝐵 = 2 unit and 𝑂𝐶 =
Sol.
3 unit on the left side of O .
Divide OA , AB, BC and CD into
4 equal parts. OP represents the
13
rational number − 4 of a unit.

Ex. 5. Represent 2.65 on a real

number line by process of
magnification.

Decimal Number (Terminating) Sol.

:
The process of visualization of
number on the number line
through a magnifying glass in
known as successive
magnification.
Sometimes, we are unable to
check the numbers like 3.765
and 4. 26 on the number line,
we seek the help of magnifying
glass by dividing the part into
subparts and subparts into
again equal subparts to ensure Ex. 6. Visualize the representation of
the accuracy of the given 5.37 on the number line upto 5
number. decimal places.

Method to Find Such Numbers Sol.

on the Number Line
1. Choose the two consecutive
integral numbers in which
the given number lies.
2. Choose the two consecutive
decimal points in which the
given decimal part lies by
dividing the two given
decimal parts into required
equal parts.
3. Visualize the required
number through magnifying
glass.

MATHS BY RANVEER SINGH 7.3 +91-8939099550

CLASS IX NUMBER SYSTEM

Finding Rational Numbers 𝑎+𝑏

⇒𝑎<
Between Two Integral Number : 2
Method-I Again, a < b
⇒ a + b < b + b.
Let a& b are two given rational [adding b both sides]
numbers such that a < b.
𝑎+𝑏
If n rational number is inserted ⇒ 𝑎 + 𝑏 < 2𝑏 ⇒ < 𝑏.
2
between a& b. Then, multiply a+b a+b
∴ a < 2 < b. i.e. 2
numerator and denominator of
n+1 𝑛+1 lies between a and b .
𝑎 and 𝑏 by n+1. 𝑎 = 𝑎 × 𝑛+1 &𝑏 =
𝑛+1
𝑏 × 𝑛+1. Hence 1st rational number
𝑎+𝑏
between 𝑎 and 𝑏 is 2 . For next
So, their will be n rational rational number.
n+1 𝑎+𝑏 2𝑎+𝑎+𝑏
number between a × n+1 and 𝑎+
2
= 2
n+1 2 2
b × n+1. ∴
3𝑎+𝑏
= 4
Ex. 7. Find 4 rational numbers
3𝑎+𝑏 𝑎+𝑏
between 2 and 3 . 𝑎< 4
< 2
< 𝑏.
Sol. Steps: Next
(a) Multiplying 2 and 3 in N𝑟 𝑎+𝑏
+𝑏 𝑎+𝑏+2𝑏
2
and Dr with (4+1). =
2 2×2
2×(4+1) 10 3×(4+1)
(b) 2 = (4+1) = 5 & (4+1) =
𝑎+3𝑏
15 = 4
5 3𝑎+𝑏 𝑎+𝑏 𝑎+3𝑏
(c) So, the four required 𝑎< < < <𝑏
4 2 4
11 12 13 14
numbers are 5 , 5 , 5 , 5 . and continues like this.
Method - II Ex. 8. Find 3 rational numbers
1 1
between 3 & 2..
Let a& b are two given rational
numbers such that a < b 1 1
+
2+3
5 1 5 1
then, a < b Sol. 3 2
= 6
= 12 ∴ 3 , 12 , 2
2 2
⇒𝑎+𝑎 <𝑏+𝑎 1 5 4+5
+
[adding a both sides] 3 12
= 12 9 1 9
= 24 ∴ 3 , 24 , 12 , 2
5 1
2 2
5 1 5 6
⇒ 2𝑎 < 𝑎 + 𝑏 + + 11 1 9 5 11 1
12 2
= 12 2 12 = 24 ∴ 3 , 24 , 12 , 24 , 2.
2

MATHS BY RANVEER SINGH 7.4 +91-8939099550

CLASS IX NUMBER SYSTEM

CONVERSION OF RECURRING DECIMAL INTO A

FRACTION
(a) Long Method :
Multiply both sides of eq.(i) by
Step 1: Take the mixed recurring 100.
100𝑥 = 47.474747 ….
decimal and put it equal to 𝐱.
Subtract eq.(i) from eq.(ii)
Step 2: Count the number of 100𝑥 = 47.474747 …
nonrecurring digits after the −𝑥 = −0.474747 …
decimal point. Let it be 𝐧. 99𝑥 = 47
47
Step 3: Multiply both sides of ⇒ x = 99.
equation by 10𝑛 so that only the 𝑝
Ex. 11. Express 0.123 to 𝑞 form.
repeating decimal is on the right
hand side of the decimal point.
Sol. Let 𝑥 = 0.123
Step 4: Multiply both sides of i.e. 𝑥 = 0.12333 ….
equation obtained in step 3 by 10𝑚
where 𝑚 is the number of Multiply both sides of eq.(i) by
100.
repeating digits in the decimal part.
100𝑥 = 12.333 …. (ii)
Step 5: Subtract the equation in step
Multiply both sides of eq.(ii) by
3 from equation obtained in step 4.
10
Step 6: Divide both sides of the 1000𝑥 = 123.333.....
resulting equation by the coefficient Subtract eq.(ii) from eq.(iii)
of 𝐱. 1000𝑥 = 123.333 …...
−100𝑥 = −12.333 ….
Step 7: Write the rational number 900𝑥 = 111.000
𝑃
thus obtained in the simplest 𝑞 111 3×37
⇒ 𝑥 = 900 ⇒ 𝑥 = 900 = 300
37

form.
p
(b) Direct Method :
Ex. 9. Express 0. 6 to q form.
Step 1: To obtain numerator
Sol. Let 𝑥 = 0. 6 subtract the number formed by non-
i.e. 𝑥 = 0.6666 …. repeating digits from the complete
number without decimal. (Consider
Multiply both sides of eq.(i) by repeated digits only once.)
10. 10𝑥 = 6.666.....
Step 2: To obtain denominator take
Subtract eq.(i) from eq.(ii) number of nines = Number of
10𝑥 = 6.666 … repeating digits & after that put
number of zeros = number of non-
−𝑥 = −0.666 ….
repeating digits.
9𝑥 = 6
6 𝑝
⇒𝑥=9 Ex. 12. Express the following to 𝑞 form
2
⇒ x = 3. :
(a) 0. 45 (b) 0.737
p
Ex. 10. Express 0. 47 to q form. (c) 0.46573
45−0 45 5
Sol. Let 𝑥 = 0. 47 Sol. (a) 0. 45 = 99 = 99 = 11.
i.e. 𝑥 = 0.474747.....

MATHS BY RANVEER SINGH 7.5 +91-8939099550

CLASS IX NUMBER SYSTEM
737−7 730 73
(b) 0.737 = = 990 = 99. Take 𝑂𝐴 = 1 unit and draw
990
46573−46 46527 𝐴𝐵 ⊥ 𝑂𝐴 such that 𝐴𝐵 = 1
(c) 0.46573 = = . unit.
99900 99900
Join OB. Then,
INSERTION OF 𝑂𝐵 = √𝑂𝐴2 + 𝐴𝐵 2 = √12 + 12
IRRATIONAL NUMBERS = √2 units.
BETWEEN TWO REAL With 𝑂 as centre and 𝑂𝐵 as
NUMBERS radius, draw an arc, meeting
𝑂𝑌 at 𝑃.
Let a and b are two given real numbers,
Then, OP = OB = √2 units.
then irrational number between 𝑎 and
Thus the point 𝑃 represents √2
𝑏 is √𝑎 × 𝑏. on the real line.
Ex. 17. Insert an irrational number Now draw 𝐵𝐶 ⊥ 𝑂𝐵 such that
between 2 and 3 . 𝐵𝐶 = 1 unit.
Join OC. Then,
Sol. √2 × 3 = √6
OC = √OB2 + BC2
Ex. 18. Find two irrational number
between 2 and 2.5. = √(√2)2 + 12

Sol. 𝟏𝐬𝐭 Method : = √3 units.

With 𝑂 as centre and 𝑂𝐶 as
√2 × 2.5 = √5. radius, draw an arc, meeting
Since, there is no rational
OY at Q.
number whose square is 5 .
Then, 𝑂𝑄 = 𝑂𝐶 = √3 units.
So, √5 is an irrational number.
Also, √2 × √5 is an irrational Thus the point 𝑄 represents √3
number. on the real line.

𝟐𝐧𝐝 Method: Now draw 𝐶𝐷 ⊥ 𝑂𝐶 such that

𝐶𝐷 = 1 unit. Join OD. Then,
2.101001000100001 is 𝑂𝐷 = √𝑂𝐶 2 + 𝐶𝐷2 =
between 2 and 5 and it is non-
recurring as well as non- √(√3)2 + 12 = √4 = 2 units.
terminating.
Now draw 𝐷𝐸 ⊥ 𝑂𝐷 such that
Also, 2.201001000100001
𝐷𝐸 = 1 unit. Join OE. Then,
and so on.
𝑂𝐸 = √𝑂𝐷2 + 𝐷𝐸 2 =
Irrational Number on a √(2)2 + 12 = √5 units.
Number Line :
With 𝑂 as centre and OE as
Ex. 19. Plot √2, √3, √5 on a number radius, draw an arc, meeting
line. 𝑂𝑌 at 𝑅.
Sol. Let X'OX be a horizontal line, Then, 𝑂𝑅 = 𝑂𝐸 = √5 units.
taken as the 𝑥 - axis and let 𝑂
be the origin. Let 𝑂 represents
𝑜.

MATHS BY RANVEER SINGH 7.6 +91-8939099550

CLASS IX NUMBER SYSTEM

Properties of Irrational Number :

(a) Negative of an irrational number is
Another Method for : 4
an irrational number. e.g. −√3, − √5
are irrational.
(a) Plot √2, √3
(b) Sum and difference of a rational and
Draw a number line and mark a an irrational number is always an
point O , representing zero, on it. irrational number.
Suppose a point 𝐴 represents 1. (c) Sum and difference of two irrational
numbers is either rational or
Then 𝑂𝐴 = 1. Now draw a right irrational number.
triangle 𝑂𝐴𝐵 such that 𝐴𝐵 = 𝑂𝐴 = (d) Product of a rational number with
1. an irrational number is either
By pythagoras theorem, rational or irrational.
(e) Product of an irrational with an
𝑂𝐵 = √𝑂𝐴 + 𝐴𝐵 = √1 + 12 = √2
2 2 2
irrational is not always irrational.
units.
Now, draw an arc with centre O and GEOMETRICAL
radius OB . It cuts the number line
at C .
REPRESENTATION OF
REAL NUMBERS
Then, 𝑂𝐶 = 𝑂𝐵 = √2 units.
To represent any real number √𝒙 on
Thus the point 𝐶 represents √2 on
the real line. number line we follow the following
steps :
Now, draw a right triangle OEC such
that 𝐶𝐸 = 𝐴𝐵 =1 unit. Step 1: Obtain the positive real number
Again by pythagoras theorem, 𝐱 (say).
𝑂𝐸 = √𝑂𝐶 2 + 𝐶𝐸 2 = Step 2: Draw a line and mark a point 𝐴
√(√2)2 + 12 = √3 units. on it.
Step 3: Mark a point 𝐵 on the line such
Now, draw an arc with centre O and that 𝐴𝐵 = 𝑥 units.
radius OE. It cuts the number line at
D. Step 4 : From point B mark a distance of
1 unit and mark the new point as 𝐶.
Then, 𝑂𝐷 = 𝑂𝐸 = √3 units.
Step 5: Find the mid-point of AC by
drawing the perpendicular bisector of
line segment AC and mark the point as
O.
Step 6 : Draw a semi circle with centre
O and radius OC.

MATHS BY RANVEER SINGH 7.7 +91-8939099550

CLASS IX NUMBER SYSTEM

Step 7: Draw a line perpendicular to AC SURDS

passing through 𝐵 and intersecting the
semi circle at 𝐷. Length 𝐵𝐷 is equal to An irrational number of the form √𝑎 is
𝑛

√𝑥. given a special name Surd, where ' 𝑎 ' is

Step 8: Taking B as centre and BD as called radicand and it should always be
𝑛
radius, draw an arc cutting OC a rational number. Also the symbol √
produced at E. Distance BE represents is called the radical sign and the index
𝑛
√𝑥. 𝐧 is called order of the surd. √𝑎 is read
as ' 𝑛th root of a' and can also be written
1
as 𝑎𝑛 .

LAWS OF SURDS
𝑛 𝑛
(a) ( √𝑎)𝑛 = √𝑎𝑛 = 𝑎
𝑛 𝑛 𝑛
(b) √𝑎 × √𝑏 = √𝑎𝑏 [Here order should
be same]
𝑛 𝑛 𝑛 𝑎
(c) √𝑎 ÷ √𝑏 = √𝑏

𝑛 𝑚
√a = √ √a e.g. = √√√2 =
𝑚 𝑛𝑚 𝑛
(d) √ √a =
EXPLANATION 8
√2
𝑛×𝑝
𝑛
(e) √𝑎 = √𝑎 𝑝
We have,
𝐴𝐵 = 𝑥 units and 𝐵𝐶 = 1 unit. [Important for changing order of
𝑛×𝑝
∴ 𝐴𝐶 = (𝑥 + 1) units 𝑛
surds] or, √𝑎𝑚 = √𝑎𝑚×𝑝
x+1
⇒ OA = OC = 2 units
𝑥+1
⇒ 𝑂𝐷 = 2 units [∵ 𝑂𝐴 = 𝑂𝐶 = 𝑂𝐷] OPERATION OF SURDS
Now, OB = AB − OA
𝑥+1 (a) Addition and Subtraction of Surds :
=𝑥− 2
𝑥−1 Ex. 20. Addition and subtraction of
= 2 surds are possible only
Using Pythagoras Theorem in △ OBD, Sol.
3
5√250 + 7 √16 − 14 √54
3 3

we have 3 3
= 5 √125 × 2 + 7√8 × 2 −
3
OD2 = OB2 + BD2 14 √27 × 2
⇒ BD2 = OD2 − OB2 3 3
= 5 × 5√2 + 7 × 2√2 − 14 × 3
𝑥+1 2 𝑥−1 2 3
⇒ BD2 = ( ) −( ) × √2
2 2 3
= (25 + 14 − 42) √2
(𝑥 2 +2𝑥+1)−(𝑥 2 −2𝑥+1)
⇒ BD = √ 3
= −3 √2.
4

⇒ BD = √ 4
4𝑥 (b) Multiplication and Division of
Surds :
⇒ BD = √𝑥
3 4
Ex. 21: Simplify : √2 × √3.
This shows that √x exists for all real
3 4
numbers x > 0. Sol. √2 × √3
12 12
= √24 × √33

MATHS BY RANVEER SINGH 7.8 +91-8939099550

CLASS IX NUMBER SYSTEM
12 3 4
= √24 × 33 Ex. 25. Arrange √2, √3 and √5 in
12 12
= √16 × 27 = √432. ascending order.
3 4
Ex. 22. Simplify : √8a5 b × √4a2 b 2 .
3
Sol. √2, √3 and √5
L.C.M. of 2, 3, 4 is 12.
3
Sol. √8𝑎5 𝑏 × √4𝑎2 𝑏 2 2×6
∴ √2 = √26 = √64
12
6 6
= √83 𝑎15 𝑏 3 × √42 𝑎4 𝑏 4 3 3×4
√3 = √34 = √81
12
6
= √213 𝑎19 𝑏 7 4 4×3
√5 = √53 = √125
12
6
= 22 𝑎3 𝑏 √2𝑎𝑏 As, 64 < 81 < 125.
6 12
= 4𝑎3 𝑏 √2𝑎𝑏. 12 12
∴ √64 < √81 < √125
3 4
3 ⇒ √2 < √3 < √5.
Ex. 23. Divide : √24 ÷ √200.
Sol. √24 ÷ √200
3
RATIONALIZATION OF
= 3
√24
= 6
6
√(24)3 6
= √625.
216 SURDS
√200 √(200)2

(c) Comparison of Surds : Rationalizing factor: Product of two

surds is a rational number then each of
It is clear that if x > y > 0 and n > 1 them is called the rationalizing factor
𝑛
is a positive integer then √𝑥 > 𝑛√𝑦. (R.F.) of the other. The process of
converting a surd to a rational number
Ex. 24. Which is greater : by using an appropriate multiplier is
known as rationalization.
3 5
(a) √6 and √8 When the denominator of an
1 3 1 expression contains a term with a
(b) √2 and √3 square root ( or a number with radical
sign), the process of converting it to an
Sol.
3
(a) √6 and √8
5 equivalent expression whose
L.C.M. of 3 and 5 is 15. denominator is a rational number is
3 3×5 15 called rationalizing the denominator.
√6 = √65 = √7776
5 3×5
√8 = √83 = √512
15 Ex. 26. Rationalize the denominator
1
15 15
∴ √7776 > √512 .
√162
3 5
⇒ √6 > √8 1
Sol.
√162
1 3 1 1
(b) √2 and √3 =
√81×2
1 √2 √2
L.C.M. of 2 and 3 is 6. = × = .
9√2 √2 18

6 3 6 2 Ex. 27. Rationalize the denominator

√(1) and √(1) 1
2 3 .
7+5√3
6 1 6 1
√ and √ 1
8 9 Sol. 7+5√3
6 1 6 1 1 7−5√3
So, √8 > √9 = 7+5√3 × 7−5√3
1 3 1 7−5√3 7−5√3
⇒ √2 > √3 = =
49−75 −26

Ex. 28. Rationalize the denominator of

𝑎2
√𝑎2 +𝑏2 +𝑏
.

MATHS BY RANVEER SINGH 7.9 +91-8939099550

CLASS IX NUMBER SYSTEM
1
Now, 𝑥 + 𝑥 = 3 − √8 + 3
𝑎2 √𝑎2 +𝑏2 −𝑏
Sol. √𝑎2 +𝑏2 +𝑏
× √𝑎2 +√8 = 6
+𝑏2 −𝑏
𝑎 2
(√𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 − 𝑏) 1 1 3
⇒ 𝑥 3 + 𝑥 3 = (𝑥 + 𝑥)
= 2
(√𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 ) − (𝑏)2 1 1
−3𝑥 (𝑥 + )
𝑎2 (√𝑎2 +𝑏2 −𝑏) 𝑥 𝑥
= 1
𝑎2 +𝑏2 −𝑏2
⇒ x 3 + 3 = (6)3 − 3(6)
= (√𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 − 𝑏) x
1
3+2√2 ⇒ 𝑥 3 + 3 = 216 − 18
Ex. 29. If = 𝑎 + 𝑏√2, where 𝑎 𝑥
3−√2 1
and 𝑏 are rationals then, find ⇒ 𝑥 3 + 𝑥 3 = 198.
the values of 𝑎 and 𝑏.
Ex. 32. If √5 = 2.236 and √2 = 1.414,
3+2√2 (3+2√2)(3+√2)
Sol. LHS = then evaluate :
3−√2 (3−√2)(3+√2) 3 4
9+3√2+6√2+4 +
= √5+√2 √5−√2
9−2
13+9√2 3 4
= Sol. +
7 √5+√2 √5−√2
13 9
= + 7 √2
7 3(√5−√2)+4(√5+√2)
13 9 =
= + 7 √2 = 𝑎 + 𝑏√2 (√5−√2)(√5+√2)
7
3√5−3√2+4√5+4√2
Equating the rational and = 5−2
irrational parts We get =
7√5+√2
13 9 5−2
a = 7 , b = 7. 7√5+√2
= 3
1 7×2.236+1.414
Ex. 30. If 𝑥 = 2+√3, find the value of = 3
3 2 15.652+1.414
𝑥 − 𝑥 − 11𝑥 + 3. =
3
17.066
Sol. As, 𝑥 = 2+√3 = 2 − √3
1 = = 5.689 (approx: )
3

⇒ 𝑥 − 2 = −√3
⇒ (𝑥 − 2)2 EXPONENTS OF REAL
= (−√3)2 NUMBER
[ By squaring both sides] (a) Positive Integral Power :
⇒ 𝑥 2 + 4 − 4𝑥 = 3
⇒ 𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 1 = 0 For any real number a and a positive
integer ' 𝑛 ' we define 𝐚n as :
Now, 𝑥 3 − 𝑥 2 − 11𝑥 + 3
𝑎𝑛 = 𝑎 × 𝑎 × 𝑎 × × a(n times )
= 𝑥(𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 1) + 3 𝒏 th
(𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 1) 𝐚 is called the 𝐧 power of 𝐚. The
= 𝑥(0) + 3(0) real number ' 𝐚 ' is called the base
=0+0=0 and ' 𝑛 ' is called the exponent of the
𝑛th power of 𝐚.
Ex. 31. If 𝑥 = 3 − √8, find the value of 3
e.g. 2 = 2 × 2 × 2 = 8
1
𝑥 3 + 𝑥3.
NOTE:
Sol. 𝑥 = 3 − √8
1 1 1
∴ 𝑥 = 3−√8 ⇒ = 3 + √8
𝑥

MATHS BY RANVEER SINGH 7.10 +91-8939099550

CLASS IX NUMBER SYSTEM

For any non -zero real number ' 𝑎 ' (c) (𝑎𝑚 )𝑛 = 𝑎𝑚𝑛
1
we define 𝑎0 = 1. e.g. Thus, 3∘ = (d) 𝑎−𝑛 = 𝑎𝑛
3 0 𝑚
1, 5∘ , (4) = 1 and so on. (e) 𝑎𝑚/𝑛 = (𝑎𝑚 )1/𝑛 = (𝑎1/𝑛 ) i.e.
𝑛 𝑛
𝑎𝑚/𝑛 = √𝑎𝑚 = ( √𝑎)𝑚
(b) Negative Integral Power :
(f) (𝑎𝑏)𝑚 = 𝑎𝑚 𝑏 𝑚
For any non-zero real number 'a' 𝑎 𝑚 𝑎𝑚
(g) (𝑏) = 𝑏𝑚
and a positive integer ' 𝑛 ' we define
1 (h) 𝑎𝑏𝑛 = 𝑎𝑏+𝑏+𝑏…𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑠
𝑎−𝑛 = 𝑎𝑛.
where 𝑎, 𝑏 are positive real numbers
Thus we have defined 𝐚𝑛 for all and 𝑚, 𝑛 are rational numbers.
integral values of 𝐧, positive, zero or
Ex. 33. Evaluate each of the following
negative. 𝐚𝐧 is called the 𝐧th power :
of 𝐚.
(a) 58 ÷ 53
RATIONAL EXPONENTS (b) (4)
3 −3

OF A REAL NUMBER
Sol. Using the laws of indices, we
have :
Principal of 𝑛th Root of a Positive Real
Numbers : 58
(a) 58 ÷ 53 = 53 = 58−3 = 55 =
If ' 𝑎 ' is a positive real number and ' 𝑛 ' 3125. [∵ 𝑎𝑚 ÷ 𝑎𝑛 = 𝑎𝑚−𝑛 ]
is a positive integer, then the principal 3 −3 1 1 1
(b) (4) = 3 3
= 33
= 27 =
𝐧th root of 𝐚 is the unique positive real ( )
4 43 64
number 𝐱 such that 𝐱 n = 𝐚. 64 1
[∵ 𝑎−𝑛 = 𝑎𝑛]
27
The principal 𝑛th root of a positive real
𝑛 Ex. 34. Evaluate each of the following
number a is denoted by 𝐚1/𝑛 or √𝑎.
:
1 5 −2 4 3 −1
REMARK: (a) (2) × ( 3 ) × (5)
2 3 2 −3 3 2
(b) (3) × (5) × (5)
If ' 𝑎 ' is negative real number and ' 𝑛 '
is an even positive integer, then the Sol. (a) We have,
principal 𝐧th root of 𝐚 is not defined, 1 5 −2 4 3 −1
(2) × ( 3 ) × (5)
because an even power of a real number
is always positive. Therefore (−9)1/2 is 1 5 −2 4 1
= (2) × ( 3 ) × ( 3 )
a meaningless quantity, if we confine 5
ourselves to the set of real number, 15 (−2)4 5
= 25 × ×3
only. 34
1×16×5 5 5
= 32×81×3 = 2×81×3 = 486.
LAWS OF RATIONAL
(b) We have,
EXPONENTS
2 3 2 −3 3 2 23
(3) × (5) × (5) = 33
The following laws hold the rational
1 32
exponents × (2/5)3 × 52
23 ×53 ×32 5
(a) 𝑎𝑚 × 𝑎𝑛 = 𝑎𝑚+𝑛 = 33 ×23 ×52 = 3.
(b) 𝑎𝑚 ÷ 𝑎𝑛 = 𝑎𝑚−𝑛

MATHS BY RANVEER SINGH 7.11 +91-8939099550

CLASS IX NUMBER SYSTEM

Ex. 35. Simplify : 𝑥 −1

Ex. 37. Prove that: 𝑥 −1 +𝑦−1 + 𝑥 −1 −𝑦−1
𝑥 −1

(25)3/2 ×(243)3/5 2𝑦 2
(a) = 𝑦 2 −𝑥 2.
(16)5/4 ×(8)4/3
16×2𝑛+1 −4×2𝑛
(b) 16×2𝑛+2 −2×2𝑛+2 𝑥 −1 𝑥 −1
Sol. + 𝑥 −1 −𝑦−1
𝑥 −1 +𝑦−1
Sol. We have, 1 1 1 1
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
= 1 1 + 1 1 = 𝑦+𝑥 + 𝑦−𝑥
(25)3/2 ×(243)3/5 + −
(a) 𝑥 𝑦
𝑥𝑦
𝑥 𝑦
𝑥𝑦
𝑥𝑦 𝑥𝑦
(16)5/4 ×(8)4/3 = 𝑥(𝑦+𝑥) + 𝑥(𝑦−𝑥)
3 3
(52 )2 ×(35 )5 𝑥𝑦(𝑦−𝑥)+𝑥𝑦(𝑦+𝑥)
= 5 4 =
(24 )4 ×(23 )3 𝑥(𝑦 2 −𝑥 2 )
𝑦(𝑦−𝑥)+𝑦(𝑦+𝑥)
52×3/2 ×35×3/5 =
= 24×5/4 ×23×4/3 𝑦 2 −𝑥2
𝑦 2 −𝑥𝑦+𝑦 2 +𝑥𝑦
53 × 33 =
= 5 𝑦 2 −𝑥 2
2 × 24 2𝑦 2
125×27 3375 = 𝑦 2 −𝑥 2
= 32×16 = 512 .

16×2𝑛+1 −4×2𝑛
(b) 16×2𝑛+2 −2×2𝑛+2
24 ×2𝑛+1 −22 ×2𝑛
= 24 ×2𝑛+2 −2×2𝑛+2
Ex. 38. Find the value of
2𝑛+5 −2𝑛+2
= 2𝑛+6 −2𝑛+3 3 𝑥 5 2𝑥 125
𝑥: (5) (3) = .
2𝑛+5 −2𝑛+2 27
= 2.2𝑛+5 −2.2𝑛+2
2𝑛+5 −2𝑛+2 1 3 𝑥 5 2𝑥 125
= 2(2𝑛+5 −2𝑛+2 ) = 2. Sol. (5) (3) = 27
−𝑥 2𝑥
81 −3/4 5 5 125
Ex. 36. Simplify (16) × ( ) ( ) =
3 3 27
25 −3/2 5 −3
[( 9 ) ÷ (2) ] 5 2𝑥−𝑥 125
( ) =
3 27
𝑥 3
Sol. We have, 5 5
( ) =( )
3 3
81 −3/4 25 −3/2 5 −3
(16) × [( 9 ) ÷ (2) ] Because the base is same, so
34
−3/4
52
−3/2
5 −3 comparing the powers. 𝑥 = 3.
= (24 ) × [(32 ) ÷ (2) ] Ex. 39 If 25𝑥−1 = 52𝑥−1 − 100,
3 4
−3/4
5 2
−3/2
5 −3 find the value of 𝑥.
= [(2) ] × [(3) ] ÷ [(2) ] Sol. We have,
3 4×−3/4 5 2×−3/2 5 −3
= (2) × [(3) ÷ (2) ] ⇒ 25𝑥−1 = 52𝑥−1 − 100
⇒ (52 )𝑥−1 = 52𝑥−1 − 100
3 −3 5 −3 5 −3
= (2) × [(3) ÷ (2) ] ⇒ 52𝑥−2 − 52𝑥−1 = −100
⇒ 52𝑥−2 − 52𝑥−2 ⋅ 51 = −100
2 3 3 3 2 3
= ( ) × [( ) ÷ ( ) ] ⇒ 52𝑥−2 (1 − 5) = −100
3 5 5 ⇒ 52𝑥−2 (−4) = −100
23 33 23
= 33 × [53 ÷ 53 ] ⇒ 52𝑥−2 = 25
23 33 53 ⇒ 52𝑥−2 = 52
= 3 × [ 3 × 3] = 1 ⇒ 2𝑥 − 2 = 2
3 5 2 ⇒ 2𝑥 = 4
⇒ 𝑥 = 2.

MATHS BY RANVEER SINGH 7.12 +91-8939099550

CLASS IX NUMBER SYSTEM

Ex. 40. Assuming that 𝑥 is a positive

real number and 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 are
rational numbers, show that :
𝑎
𝑥𝑏 𝑥𝑐 𝑏 𝑥𝑎 𝑐
(a) (𝑥 𝑐 ) (𝑥 𝑎 ) (𝑥 𝑏 ) = 1
2 2 𝑏2 +𝑏𝑐+𝑐 2
𝑥 𝑎 𝑎 +𝑎𝑏+𝑏 𝑥𝑏
(b) (𝑥 𝑏 ) ( 𝑥𝑐 )
2 2 EXERCISE OBJECTIVE
𝑥 𝑐 𝑐 +𝑐𝑎+𝑎
(𝑥 𝑎) =1 DPP
𝑎
𝑥𝑏 𝑥𝑐 𝑏 𝑥𝑎 𝑐 27
Sol. (a) (𝑥 𝑐 ) ⋅ (𝑥 𝑎) ⋅ (𝑥 𝑏 ) 1. The decimal representation of 400 is
= (𝑥 𝑏−𝑐 )𝑎 ⋅ (𝑥 𝑐−𝑎 )𝑏 ⋅ (𝑥 𝑎−𝑏 )𝑐 :
= 𝑥 𝑎𝑏−𝑎𝑐 ⋅ 𝑥 𝑏𝑐−𝑏𝑎 ⋅ 𝑥 𝑎𝑐−𝑏𝑐 (A) Terminating
= 𝑥 𝑎𝑏−𝑎𝑐+𝑏𝑐−𝑏𝑎+𝑎𝑐−𝑏𝑐 = 𝑥 0 (B) Non terminating recurring
= 1. (C) Non terminating non recurring
(D) None of these

2. 2.234 is :
2 2 𝑏2 +𝑏𝑐+𝑐 2 (a) Non-terminating only
𝑥 𝑎 𝑎 +𝑎𝑏+𝑏 𝑥𝑏
(b)(𝑥 𝑏 ) ( 𝑥𝑐 ) (b) Non-repeating only
2 2 (c) Non-terminating and repeating
𝑥 𝑐 𝑐 +𝑐𝑎+𝑎
(𝑥 𝑎 ) =1 (d) Non-terminating and non-
𝑎2 +𝑎𝑏+𝑏 2 𝑏 2 +𝑏𝑐+𝑐 2 repeating
𝑥𝑎 𝑥𝑏
(𝑥 𝑏 ) (𝑥𝑐 )
3. How many rational numbers exist
𝑐 2 +𝑐𝑎+𝑎2
𝑥𝑐 between any two distinct rational
(𝑥 𝑎 )
2 2
numbers?
= (𝑥 𝑎−𝑏 )𝑎 +𝑎𝑏+𝑏
2 2 2 2 (a) 2 (b) 3
(𝑥 𝑏−𝑐 )𝑏 +𝑏𝑐+𝑐 (𝑥 𝑐−𝑎 )𝑐 +𝑐𝑎+𝑎
3 3 3 3 3 3 (c) 11 (d) Infinite
= (𝑥 𝑎 −𝑏 )(𝑥 𝑏 −𝑐 )(𝑥 𝑐 −𝑎 )
3 3 3 3 3 3 0 3−√3
= 𝑥 𝑎 −𝑏 +𝑏 −𝑐 +𝑐 −𝑎 =𝑥 =1 4. The number 3+√3 is :

(a) rational (b) irrational

(c) both (d) can't say

5. The exponential form of √√2√3 is :

(a) 61/2 (b) 61/3
(c) 61/4 (d) 6

6. The rational form of 2.7435 is :

27161 27
(a) (b) 99
9999
27161 27161
(c) (d)
9900 9000

7. If 𝑥 = 3 + √8 and 𝑦 = 3 − √8 then
1 1
+ 𝑦2 =
𝑥2

(a) -34 (b) 34

MATHS BY RANVEER SINGH 7.13 +91-8939099550

CLASS IX NUMBER SYSTEM

(c) 12√8 (d) −12√8 (A) Irrational number

(B) Rational number
3+√7 (C) Whole number
8. If 3−√7 = 𝑎 + 𝑏√7 then (𝑎, 𝑏) = (D) Natural number
(a) (8, −3) (b) (−8, −3) 18. If √3 = 1.732 and √2 = 1.414, the
(c) (−8,3) (d) (8,3) 1
value of is :
√3−√2
9. Which one is greatest in the
following : (a) 0.318
3 (b) 3.146
(a) √2 (b) √3 1
3 3 (c) 3.146
(c) √4 (d) √2
5
(d) √1.732 − √1.414
10. The value of √(32)−3 is :
1
19. If 𝑥 = 2 + √3, then (𝑥 + 𝑥) equals
(a) 1/8 (b) 1/16
(c) 1/32 (d) None of these to :

√3−√2 √3+√2 (a) −2√3 (b) 2

11. If 𝑥 = and 𝑦 = the value
√3+√2 √3−√2 (c) 4 (d) 4 − 2√3
of 𝑥 2 + 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 is :
20. A rational number lying between
(a) 99 (b) 100 √2 and √3 is :
(c) 1 (d) 0
√2+√3
2 1 3 (a) 2 (b) √6
12. Simplify : + − .
√5+√3 √3+√2 √5+√2 (c) 1.6 (d) 1.9
(a) 1 (b) 0 21. Every point on a number line
(c) 10 (d) 100 represents:
13. Which of the following is smallest: (a) A natural number
4
(a) √5 (b) √4
5 (b) A real number
(c) A rational number
(c) √4 (d) √3
(d) A irrational number
3
14. The product of √3 and √5 is : 3 54
6 6
22. √250 equals :
(a) √375 (b) √675
6 6
(c) √575 (d) √475 9
(a) 25 (b) 5
3

15. The value of 𝑥, if 5𝑥−3 ⋅ 32𝑥−8 = 27

3
√2
(c) 125 (d)
225, is : 5

(a) 1 (b) 2 23. The decimal expansion of √2 is :

(c) 3 (d) 5 (a) Finite decimal
16. The value of √20 × √5 is : (b) 1.4121
(c) Non-terminating recurring
(a) 10 (b) 2√5 (d) Non - terminating non
(c) 20√5 (d) 4√5 recurring

17. The product of a non -zero rational 24. The simplest rationalisation factor
number with an irrational number of √50 is :
is :
(a) 5√2 (b) √2

MATHS BY RANVEER SINGH 7.14 +91-8939099550

CLASS IX NUMBER SYSTEM

(c) 50 (d) √50 13. Represent √4, √5, √10 on the real
25. Which of the following number is number line.
irrational? 14. Represent √8.3 on the number line.
(a) √16 − 4 15. Express the following in the form of
(b) (3 − √3)(3 + √3) 𝑝/𝑞.
(c) √5 + 3
(a) 0. 37 (b) 43. 54
(d) −√25
(c) 5.3245 (d) 4.621
SUBJECTIVE DPP 16. Multiply √27𝑎3 𝑏 2 𝑐 4 ×
VERY SHORT ANSWER
3 6
√128𝑎7 𝑏 9 𝑐 2 × √729𝑎𝑏12 𝑐 2 .
TYPE 17. Find the value of 𝑥: 5𝑥−2 × 32𝑥−3 =
2 135.
1. Express 11 in decimal form.
18. Arrange the following surds in
2. Write three irrational number ascending order of magnitude :
between √3 and √5 3 6 9
√2, √3, √4.
3. Multiply 3√28 by 2√7
LONG ANSWER TYPE
4. Give one example where the
product of two different irrational 3−3 ×62 ×√98
19. Evaluate : .
number is rational. 3
52 × √1/25×(15)−4/3 ×31/3

5. Find the value of 2√5 + 3√5. 20. Simplify :

6. What is the square root of the (a)

3√2
−
4√3
+
2√3

number 0.04 in fraction form? √6−√3

7√3−5√2
√6−√2 √6+2

3
(b)
√48+√18
7. Simplify the expression .
√48−√75
21. Find the value of 𝑎 and 𝑏 :
8. Give three rational numbers
√11−√7
between -2 and -1 . (a) = 𝑎 − 𝑏√77
√11+√7
9. Find five rational numbers (b)
3+√6
= 𝑎 + 𝑏√3
3 4 √3+√2
between 5 and 5.
√3+1
22. If 𝑥 = 2 , find the value of 4𝑥 3 +
10. Find three different irrational
5 9
numbers between 7 and 11. 2𝑥 2 − 8𝑥 + 7.

6
23. Simplify
11. Find the value of , it being 1 1 1
: 1+𝑥 𝑏−𝑎+𝑥 𝑐−𝑎 + 1+𝑥 𝑎−𝑏+𝑥 𝑐−𝑏 + 1+𝑥 𝑎−𝑐+𝑥 𝑏−𝑐
√5−√3
given that √3 = 1.732 and √5 =
2.236. 24. Prove that:
1 1 1 1
− + − +
3−√8 √8−√7 √7−√6 √6−√5
SHORT ANSWER TYPE 1
= 5.
√5−2
−2
12. Prove that 7 + √3 is an irrational 9𝑛 ×32 ×[3−𝑛/2 ] −(27)𝑛 1
25. If = 27, then
number. 33𝑚 ×23
prove that 𝑚 − 𝑛 = 1.

MATHS BY RANVEER SINGH 7.15 +91-8939099550

CLASS IX NUMBER SYSTEM

26. If 𝑥 = 2 + √3, find the value of 𝑥 3 +

1
.
𝑥3
27. If 𝑎 𝑥 = 𝑏 𝑦 = 𝑐 𝑧 and 𝑏 2 = 𝑎𝑐, then
1 1 2
prove that 𝑥 + 𝑧 = 𝑦.

VALUE BASED
QUESTIONS

MATHS BY RANVEER SINGH 7.16 +91-8939099550