FOUNDATION COURSE

2021-2022

Maths
Number System
PEARL BATCH

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CH-1: NUMBER SYSTEM MATHEMATICS / CLASS-IX

NUMBER SYSTEM

1.1 INTRODUCTION :

In earlier classes, we have learnt about natural numbers, whole numbers and integers. As we have
learnt that the counting numbers 1,2,3, ............ etc. are called natural numbers and all the natural
numbers together with zero are called whole numbers. In this chapter, we shall introduce the system
of rational numbers and we shall also extend out study on real numbers, their decimal representation,
representation on the number line and operations on real numbers.

1.2 NUMBER SYSTEM :

Real Numbers

Rational numbers Irrational numbers

11 3 4 2 , 5 3 ,  6 , 2  5 ,...
 3, 0, 7, ,  , ,...
2 5 7

Integers Non-integer rational numbers

..., – 2, – 1, 0, 1, 2, ... 11 10 3
, ,  , ...
2 14 5

Negative integers Whole numbers

..., – 3, – 2, –1 0, 1, 2, 3,....

Zero Natural numbers

1, 2, 3,....
In Hindu Arabic system we use ten symbols 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9 called digits to represent any number.
A group of figures, denoting a number is called numeral.
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CH-1: NUMBER SYSTEM MATHEMATICS / CLASS-IX

Types of Numbers :
(1) Natural Numbers : Counting numbers are called natural numbers.
N = {1,2,3,4,........} is a set of all natural numbers.
(2) Whole Numbers : All counting numbers together with zero form a set of all whole numbers.
W = {0,1,2,3,4 .......} is a set of all whole numbers.
(3) Integers : All natural numbers, 0 and negative of natural numbers form integers.
I = { ........ -4, -3, -2, -1, 0 , 1, 2, 3 ........}
All integers can be represented on the number line.
 Number line :-
X Y

-6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

 Positive Integers :-
On the right hand side of 0, the points at distances of 1 unit, 2 units, 3 units etc. from 0 denote
respectively the integers 1,2,3 etc.
 Negative Integers :-
On the left side of 0, the points at distances of 1 units, 2 units, 3 units etc. from 0 denote
respectively the integers –1, – 2, – 3 ... etc.

(i) “0” is neither positive, nor negative.

Important (ii) Non-negative integers : 0, 1, 2, ........
(iii) Non-positive integers : ........ – 3, – 2, – 1, 0,
(iv) Positive integers : 1, 2, 3, .......
(v) Negative integers : ........ – 3, – 2, – 1.

1.3 RATIONAL NUMBERS :

A number which can be expressed in the form p/q where p,q are integers, and q  0 is called a
rational number.
Each integer is a rational number, An integer m can be written as m/1 to put in the form p/q where p,q
are integers and q  0 .
Equivalent Rational Numbers

Rational numbers do not have a unique representation. For instance, 2/3 can be :
represented by any of the following :

4 6 10  44
, , , ,......
6 9 15  66
All such numbers are called equivalent rational numbers.

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CH-1: NUMBER SYSTEM MATHEMATICS / CLASS-IX

Inserting Rational Number between Two Given Rational Numbers :

Between any two distinct rational numbers x and y, there exists infinitely many rational numbers.
1
(i) First Method : To insert two rational numbers between r and s, we first insert the number
2
(r+s) = t(say) and then repeat the procedure with r and t or with t and s.
t

r ½(r+s) s

r ½(r+t) ½(r+s)=t s

r ½(r+s)=t ½(s+t) s
We may repeat the process any number of times.
(ii) Second Method : If we wish to write n rational numbers between r and s. We write r and s
as fractions, whose denominators are one more than n, the number of rational numbers to be
inserted. That is, we write :
r´ s´
r= and s =
n 1 n 1
r´1 r ´ 2 r´ 3 r ´ n
Then the desired n rational numbers are : , , , .......
n 1 n  1 n 1 n 1

Illustration 1 : Find three rational numbers between – 2 and 5.

Sol. A rational number lying between – 2 and 5 is
3 3
(– 2 + 5)  2 = 3  2 = i.e., – 2 < < 5
2 2
3
Now, a rational number lying between – 2 and is
2
 3   2 2  3   43  1 1 1 1
 2    2 =   2=   2=   2=  =
 2  2   2   2  2 2 4
3
A rational number lying between and 5 is
2
3   3  5 2  13 1 13
  5  2 =    2=  =
2   2  2 2 4
 1 3 13
 –2<    5.
4 2 4
1 3 13
Hence, three rational numbers between – 2 and 5 are : , and . Ans.
4 2 4

Illustration 2 : Write 2 equivalent rational numbers of 2/7.

2 22 4 2 2 4 8
Sol. = =  = =
7 7  2 14 7 74 28

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CH-1: NUMBER SYSTEM MATHEMATICS / CLASS-IX

Decimal Representation of Rational Numbers :

Real Numbers in decimal form

Rational numbers Irrational numbers

All terminating or non-terminating All non-terminating and
repeating decimals non-repeating decimals

Terminating decimals Non-terminating decimals

p p
x , q can be expressed in the form x , q can not be expressed in the form
q q
m n m n
2 5 , where m, n are non-negative integers 2 5 , where m, n are non-negative integers

(i) Finite or Terminating Decimal : Every fraction p/q can be expressed as a decimal, if the
decimal expression of p/q terminates, i.e. comes to an end, then the decimal so obtained is
called a terminating decimal.
3 13
e.g,. 1/4 = 0.25 , 5/8 = 0.625 , 2 = = 2.6
5 5
1 5 3
Thus, each of the numbers , and 2 can be expressed in the form of a terminating
4 8 5
decimal.
Important: A fraction p/q is a terminating decimal only, when prime factors of q are
2 and 5 only.
1 3 7 13
e.g. Each one of the fractions , , , is a terminating decimal, since the
2 4 20 25
denominator of each has no prime factor other than 2 and 5.

(ii) Repeating (or Recurring) Decimals: A decimal in which a digit or a set of digits repeats
periodically, is called a repeating or a recurring decimal.
In a recurring decimal, we place a bar over the first block of the repeating part and omit the
other repeating blocks.
2
e.g. (i) = 0.666 ..................... = 0 . 6
3
15
(ii) = 2.142857142857 .................... = 2.142857
7

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CH-1: NUMBER SYSTEM MATHEMATICS / CLASS-IX

Special Characteriastics of Rational Numbers :

(i) Every rational number is expressible either as a terminating decimal or as a repeating decimal.
(ii) Every terminating decimal is a rational number.
(iii) Every repeating decimal is a rational number.

Fractions :
(a) Common fraction : Fractions whose denominator is not 10.
(b) Decimal fraction : Fractions whose denominator is 10 or any power of 10.
2
(c) Proper fraction : Numerator < Denominator i.e.
7
7
(d) Improper fraction : Numerator > Denominator i.e.
2
2
(e) Mixed fraction : Consists of integral as well as fractional part i.e. 5
9
(f) Compound fraction : Fraction whose numerator and denominator themselves are
45
fractions. i.e. .
37
(g) Continued fraction : Fraction consists of the fractional denominators.
1
i.e., 1
3
2
4
5
7

2
Illustration 3 : Simplify : 3
1
1
2
4
3

2 2 2 2 10
Sol. 3 = 3 1 = 3 =3+ = 3 + 2
1  3  13  13
1 1 1    
4 2  10   10   10 
    
1 3  3

20 39  20 59
n = 3 = = .
13 13 13

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CH-1: NUMBER SYSTEM MATHEMATICS / CLASS-IX

 Prime numbers : All natural numbers that have one and itself only as their factors are called
prime numbers i.e. prime numbers are exactly divisible by 1 and themselves. e.g.
2,3,5,7,11,13,17,19,23....etc.
 Composite numbers : All natural numbers, which are not prime are composite numbers. If C
is the set of composite numbers then C = {4,6,8,9,10,12,.....}. " 1 is neither prime nor composite
number.
 Twin Prime : The term twin primes is used for a pair of odd prime numbers that differ by two.
e.g. 3 and 5 are twin primes.
 Co-prime numbers : If the H.C.F. of the given numbers (not necessarily prime) is 1 then they
are known as co-prime numbers. e.g. 5, 6, are co-prime as H.C.F. of (5, 6) = 1.

(i) 1 is neither prime nor composite number.

(ii) 2 is the only prime number which is even.
(iii) Any two consecutive numbers will always be co-prime.

 Imaginary Numbers: All the numbers whose square is negative are called imaginary numbers.
e.g. 2i, – 7i, i, ..... where i =  1 (i2 = – 1) .
 Complex Numbers : The combined form of real and imaginary numbers is known as complex
numbers. It is denoted by Z = a + ib where a is real part and b is imaginary part of Z and
a, b  R.
The set of complex numbers is the super set of all the sets of numbers.
 Perfect Numbers : If the sum of all factors of a number is twice the number then this number
is called perfect number.
If 2k – 1 = Prime number, then (2k – 1) (2k – 1) is a perfect number.
e.g., 6, 28, etc.

2157
Illustration 4 : Express in the decimal form.
625
Sol. We have,
625 2157.0000 3.4512
1875
2820
2500
3200
3125
750
625
1250
1250
0
2157
 = 3.4512 Ans.
625
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CH-1: NUMBER SYSTEM MATHEMATICS / CLASS-IX

 16
Illustration 5 : Find the decimal representation of .
45
Sol. By long division, we have
45 160 0.3555
135
250
225
250
225
250
225
25
16
 = 0.355 ... = 0.35
45
 16
Hence, = – 0.35 . Ans.
45

Conversion of Decimal Numbers into Rational Numbers of the form p/q :

(i) Procedure for terminating decimal :
Step. 1 : Count the number of numerals to the right of the decimal point. Let it be m.
Step. 2: Drop the decimal point and in the denominator write 1 followed by m zeros.
Step. 3: Simplify the fraction.

Illustration 6 : Convert 6.225 to the form p/q.

Sol. 1. Number of numerals to the right of decimal is 3 i.e. m = 3.
6225
2. Write 6.225 =
1000
249
3. Simplify (divide the numerator and denominator by 25) = 6.225 =
40

(ii) Conversion of Pure Recurring Decimal to the form p/q.

Step.1 : Obtain the repeating decimal and put it equal to x.
Step 2 : Write the number in decimal form by removing bar from the top of repeating digits and
listing repeating digits at least twice :
e.g. write x = 0.8 as x = 0.888 .........
Step 3 : Determine the no. of digits having bar on their heads.
Step 4 : If the repeating decimal has 1 place repetition, multiply by 10, a two place repetition,
multiply by 100, a three place repetition, multiply by 1000 and so on.
Step 5 : Subtract the number in step II from the numbers obtained in step IV.
Step 6 : Divide both sides of the equation by the coefficient of x.
Step 7 : Write the rational number in its simplest form.

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CH-1: NUMBER SYSTEM MATHEMATICS / CLASS-IX

Illustration 7 : Express 0.585 in the form p/q.

Sol. Let x = 0.585

x = 0.585585585 ................. ..... (i)

Here, we have 3 repeating digits after the decimal point. So, we multiply
both sides of (i) by 103=1000 to get
1000 x = 585.585585 .............. .....(ii)
Subtracting (i) from (ii), we get
1000 x – x = (585.585585 ..........) – (0.585585...)
999 x = 585

585
x=
999

(iii) Conversion of a Mixed Recurring Decimal to the form p/q.

Step 1 : Obtain the mixed recurring decimal and write it equal to x.
Step 2 : Determine the number of digits after the decimal point which do not have bar on them.
Let there be n digits without bar just after the decimal point.
Step 3 : Multiply both sides of x by 10n, so that only the repeating decimal is on the right side of
the decimal point.
Step 4 : Use the method of converting pure recurring decimal to the form p/q and obtain the value of x.

Illustration 8 : Express 0.225 in the form p/q.

Sol. Let x = 0.225 .......(i)

The no of digits after the decimal point which do not have bar on them is 2.
 Multiply both sides of x by 102.
100 x = 22.5 .......(ii)
Here, we have 1 repeating digit after the decimal point.
So, multiply both sides of (ii) by 10 to get.
1000 x = 225.55 ............. .......(iii)
Subtracting (ii) from (iii)
1000 x – 100 x = (225.55......) – (22.55......)
203
900 x = 203  x = .
900

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CH-1: NUMBER SYSTEM MATHEMATICS / CLASS-IX

Properties of Addition of Rational Numbers :

(I) Closure Property :
The sum of two rational numbers is always a rational number.
Thus if a and b are any two rational numbers then (a+b) is also a rational number.
(II) Commutative Property :
Two rational numbers can be added in any order.
Thus if a and b are any two rational numbers then a + b = b + a.
(III) Associative Property :
While adding three (or) more rational numbers they can be grouped in any order.
Thus if a, b and c are any three rational numbers then
a + (b + c) = (a + b) + c
(IV) Identity property :
The sum of any rational number and zero is the rational number itself.
Thus if a is a rational number then
a+0=0+a=a
Note : "0 is called the identity element for addition of rational numbers".
(V) Inverse Property :
If a and b be two rational numbers such that a + b = b + a = 0 then a and b are called additive
inverse of each other.
Here 0 is the additive identity.

Properties of Multiplication of Rational Numbers :

product of numerators
Product of two rational numbers = product of denominators
(I) Closure Property :
The product of two rational numbers is always a rational number.
Thus if a, b are two rational numbers, then ab is also a rational number.
(II) Commutative Property :
Two rational numbers can be multiplied in any order.
Thus if a and b are two rational numbers, then ab = ba.
(III) Associative Property :
While multiplying three (or) more rational numbers, they can be grouped in any order.
Thus if a, b and c be any three rational numbers, then a (bc) = (ab) c.
(IV) Identity property :
The product of any rational number with 1 is the rational number itself.
Thus if a is any rational number, then
a×1=1×a=a
Note : "1 is called the multiplicative identity for rational numbers".
(V) Distributive Property :
If a, b and c are any three rational numbers then
a × (b + c) = (a × b) + (a × c)
This is called distributive property of multiplication over addition.

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CH-1: NUMBER SYSTEM MATHEMATICS / CLASS-IX

1. A rational number a is called the reciprocal or multiplicative inverse of a rational number b if

a×b=b×a=1
1 1
i.e., b = (or) a =
a b
2. Zero has no reciprocal.
3. 1 and –1 are the only rational numbers having their own reciprocals.
a
4. The reciprocal or the multiplicative inverse of a non zero rational number is written as
b
1
a
 
b

1.4 TEST OF DIVISIBILITY :

Divisibility by Divisibility Rule

2 The unit digit of the number must be even
3 The sum of digits of the number must be divisible by 3
4 The number formed by last two digits of the given number must be divisible by 4
5 The unit digit of the number must be 0 or 5.
6 The given number must be divisible by 2 and 3.
7 Subtract two times of the unit digit from the number formed by excluding the unit digit
from the given number, then the result obtained must be 0 or divisible by 7.
8 The number formed by last three digits of given number must be divisible by 8
9 The sum of digits of the given number must be divisible by 9
11 The difference between the sums of the digits at even and odd places must be zero or
multiple of 11
12 The number must be divisible by 3 & 4.
13 Add four times of the unit digit to the given number formed by excluding unit digit,
then the result obtained must be divisible by 13.
17 Subtract five times of the unit digit from the number formed by excluding the unit digit
from the given number then the result must be 0 or divisible by 17.
19 Add two times of the unit digit to the given number formed by excluding unit digit,
then the result obtained must be divisible by 19.

PAGE# 11
CH-1: NUMBER SYSTEM MATHEMATICS / CLASS-IX

Illustration 9 : Find the smallest number of six digits which is exactly divisible
by 111.
Sol. Smallest number of 6 digits is 100000.
On dividing 100000 by 111, we get 100 as remainder.
 Number to be added = (111 – 100) = 11.
Hence, required number = 100011.

Illustration 10 : Find the largest four digit number which when reduced by 54, is
perfectly divisible by all even natural numbers less than 20.
Sol. Even natural numbers less than 20 are 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18.
Their LCM = 2 × LCM of first 9 natural numbers = 2 × 2520 = 5040.
This happens to be the largest four-digit number divisible by all even natural numbers
less than 20. 54 was subtracted from our required number to get this number.
Hence, (required number – 54) = 5040
 Required number = 5094.

Illustration 11 : Ajay multiplied 484 by a certain number to get the result 3823a. Find
the value of ‘a’.
Sol. 3823a is divisible by 484, and 484 is a factor of 3823a.
4 is a factor of 484 and 11 is also a factor of 484.
Hence, 3823a is divisible by both 4 and 11.
To be divisible by 4, the last two digits have to be divisible by 4.
‘a’ can take two values 2 and 6.
38232 is not divisible by 11, but 38236 is divisible by 11.
Hence, 6 is the correct choice.

1.5 IRRATIONAL NUMBERS :

A number is an irrational number, if it has a non terminating and non-repeating decimal representations.
A number that cannot be put in the form p/q where p, q are integers and q  0 is called irrational
number.
e.g. 2, 3 , 11 , etc.

Some Properties of irrational numbers :

(a) The –ve of an irrational number is an irrational number.
(b) The sum of a rational and an irrational number is an irrational number.
(c) The product of a non–zero rational number with an irrational number is always an irrational
number.

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CH-1: NUMBER SYSTEM MATHEMATICS / CLASS-IX

Illustration 12 : Prove that 2 is an irrational number..

Sol. Let assume on the contrary that 2 is a rational number..
a
Then, there exists positive integer a and b such that 2 = where, a and b are coprimes
b
i.e. their HCF is1.
2
2 a a2
 ( 2) =    2 =
b b2
 a2 = 2b2  a2 is a multiple of 2
 a is a multiple of 2 ...(i)
a = 2c for some integer c.
 a2 = 4c2  2b2 = 4c2
 2
b = 2c 2  b2 is a multiple of 2
 b is a multiple of 2 ....(ii)
From (i) and (ii), a and b have at least 2 as a common factor. But this contradicts the
fact that a and b are co-prime. This means that 2 is an irrational number..

Illustration 13 : Prove that 3 – 5 is an irrational number..

Sol. Let assume that on the contrary that 3 – 5 is rational.
Then, there exist co-prime positive integers a and b such that,
a a 3b  a
3– 5 =  3– = 5  = 5
b b b
3b  a
 5 is rational [ a, b are integer  is a rational number]
b
This contradicts the fact that 5 is an irrational number..
Hence, 3 – 5 is an irrational number..

1.6 REAL NUMBERS :

The collection of real numbers consists of all the rational and irrational numbers and is denoted by R.
Every real number corresponds to a point on the line and conversely, every point on the number line
represents a real number,
Representing the Square Root of a Positive Number on the Number Line
Let x be a positive real number. We will now locate x on the number line.
Step. 1 : Mark –x on the number line. Let this point be represented by A. Mark 1 unit on the
number line. Let this be represented by B.
Step. 2 : Locate the midpoint M of AB.
Step. 3 : With M as the centre and MA or MB as radius draw a semicircle. Since diameter
AB = (x + 1) units, MA = MB = ½ (x + 1) units.
Step. 4 : Draw OD perpendicular to AB meeting the semicircle in D. Join MD. Note the  DMO
is a right triangle with MD = ½ (x+1) units and MO = [½ (x + 1) – 1) units. = ½ (x – 1)
units.

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CH-1: NUMBER SYSTEM MATHEMATICS / CLASS-IX

Step 5 : Using the Pythagorean theorem, we obtain :

OD2 = MD2 – MO2 = ¼ (x+1)2 – ¼ (x – 1)2 = ¼ (4x) = x = OD = x
With O as the centre and OD as the radius, draw an arc to meet the number line at C. The
point C represents x.

Illustration 14 : Locate 2 on the number line.

Solution
Step 1 : Draw the number line with O representing the number 0 and A representing
the number 1.
Step 2 : Construct a square OABC with each side equal to 1 unit.

By the Pythagorean theorem :

OB2 = OA2 + AB2 = 12 + 12 = 1 + 1 = 2
OB = 2
Step 3 : With O as centre and OB as radius, draw an arc to meet the number line at
point P.
Since OP = OB = 2 , the point P represents 2 on the number line.

Representing Real Numbers on the Number Line :

The decimal representation of a real number is quite useful to find its location on the number line.
Illustration 15 : Visualise 2.437 on the number line.
Solution Observe that 2.437 lies between 2 and 3.
Step 1 : Locate 2 on the number line.
Step 2 : Locate 2.4 on the number line as follows.
Divide the segment between 2 and 3 into ten equal parts and mark each
point of the division. The first mark is 2.1, the second 2.2, and so on. The
fourth mark represents point 2.4.
Step 3 : Locate 2.43 on the number line as follows : Divide the segment 2.4 to 2.5
into 10 equal parts. Mark the first part 2.41, the next as 2.42 and so on.
The third mark represents the number 2.43.
Step 4 : Locate 2.437 on the number line by dividing the segment 2.43 to 2.44 into
10 equal parts. Mark each part and take the 7th part.

2 3
0 1

2.1 2.4 2.5

2 3

2.41 2.43 2.44

2.4 2.5

2.43 2.437 2.44

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CH-1: NUMBER SYSTEM MATHEMATICS / CLASS-IX

Operations on Real Numbers :

(i) The sum, difference, or product of two rational numbers is again a rational number.
(ii) For all rational numbers a and b, the quotient a/b, where b  0, is a rational number.
(iii) The sum or difference of a rational and an irrational number is always an irrational number.
(iv) The product or quotient of a non zero rational number and an irrational number is an irrational
number.
(v) The sum, difference, product and quotient of two irrational numbers may be rational or irrational.

Properties of all real numbers :

(a) Closure property of addition :
The sum of two real numbers is always a real number.
(b) Commutative law for addition :
a + b = b + a,  real numbers ‘a’ and ‘b’.
(c) Associative law for addition :
(a + b) + c = a + (b + c),
 real numbers a, b and c.
(d) Existence of additive identity :
Zero is the additive identity.
a + 0 = 0 + a = a, real numbers a.
(e) Existence of addition inverse :
For each real number 'a', there exists a real number '–a' such that a + (–a) = (–a) + a = 0.
(f) Closure property for multiplication :
The product of two real numbers is a real number.
(g) Commutative law of multiplication :
ab = ba,  real numbers a and b.
(h) Associative law of multiplication :
(ab)c = a(bc),  real numbers a, b and c.
(i) Existence of multiplicative identity :
1 is called the multiplicative identity.
1.a = a.1 = a,  real numbers a.
(j) Existence of multiplicative inverse :
1
Every non–zero real number 'a' has its multiplicative inverse .
a
(k) Distributive law of multiplication over addition :
a(b + c) = ab + ac,  real numbers a, b and c.

Note : "Zero is a real number which has no multiplicative inverse".

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CH-1: NUMBER SYSTEM MATHEMATICS / CLASS-IX

1.7 EXPONENTS :
Laws of indices for real numbers
(i) am × an = am + n (Product of powers)
Examples
1. 23 × 26 = 23 + 6 = 29
4 5 4 5 9
5 5 5 5
2.     =   = 
6 6 6 6
3. 23 × 24 × 25 × 28 = 2(3 + 4 + 5 + 8) = 220
4. ( 7 ) 3  ( 7 ) 5 = ( 7 ) 3 5 = ( 7 ) 8

Note : a m1  a m 2  a m3 .........  a m n = a m1  m 2  m3 .......... m n

(ii) am ÷ an = am – n, a  0 (Quotient of power)

Examples
9 5 95 4
7 7 7 7
(a) 78
÷ = 73 = 78 – 3 75
(b)     =   = 
3 3 3 3
Note : We now consider what meaning we can assign to a°.
If we want these laws to be true for all values of m and n, i.e. even for n = m. from (ii) above we get
am
= am – m.
am
or 1 = a°.
We see that if we define a° as 1, this law will be true even for n = m. Therefore, we define a° as 1,
provided a  0.
an 0
When a = 0, an – n = n = , which is not defined.
a 0
 0° is not defined.
Note : We shall now consider, what meaning we can assign to an, where n is a negative integer.
We have am × an = am + n
consider an × a–n = an + (–n) (if we want the law to be true) = a° = 1
 an × a–n = 1
1 1 n. If we define a–n as
1
 a–n = and = a , this law is true even for negative value of n.
an a n an
Example
1 1 –n 1
2– 4 = 4 , 5–1 = , a = (Provided a  0)
2 5 a
1
a 1 b
Note :   = =
b a a
b

PAGE# 16
CH-1: NUMBER SYSTEM MATHEMATICS / CLASS-IX

(iii) (am)n = am × n (power of a power)

Example
5
 2  4  2
45
2
20

(a) (52)3 = 52 × 3 = 56 (b)    =   =  

 3   3 3
Note : [(am)n]p = amnp and so on.

(iv) (ab)n = an × bn (power of a product)

Example
(a) (20)5 = (4 × 5)5 = 45 × 55
(b) (42)7 = (2 × 3 × 7)7 = 27 × 37 × 77
In problems, we may often want to write an × bn as (ab)n
(a) 8 × 27 = 23 × 33 = (2 × 3)3 = 63
3 3
125 729  5  9   45 
(b)  =    =  
343 8  7  2   14 
Note: (a b c d ........... z)n = an bn cn dn ........... zn

n n
a a
(v)   = n (Power of a quotient)
b b
Example
7 8
4 47 6 (28 )(38 )
(a)   = 7 (b)   =
5 5 5 58
n
an a
In problems, we may want to write down n as b
  .
b  
 5
2 2
8   5
48 4 3  
3  16 
(a) 8 = 5
  (b) =  = 
5   9

9  27 
   
8 8

n n
a b
(vi)   =  
b a
Example
3 3 1 1
5 9 1 5
(a)   =  (b)   =   =5
9 5 5 1
1 1
1 a
Note:   =   =a
a 1

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CH-1: NUMBER SYSTEM MATHEMATICS / CLASS-IX

Exponential equation
(i) If am = an, then m = n, if a  0, a  1 and  –1.
Example
(a) If 5p = 53  p=3
(b) If 4p = 256
4p = 44  p=4

(ii) If an = bn, then a = b (when n is odd)

Example
(a) If 57 = 57 , then p = 5
5
(b) If (5)2n – 1 = (3 × p)2n – 1, then 5 = 3p or p =
3
4p = 44  p=4

(iii) If an = bn, n  0, then a = ± b (when n is even)

Example
24 = x4  x = ±2

253 / 2  2433 / 5 16  2 n 1  4  2 n
Illustration 16 : Simplify : (i) (ii)
165 / 4  84 / 3 16  2 n  2  2  2 n  2
Solution We have,
2 3/ 2 3/5
253 / 2  2433 / 5 5   35
  523 / 2  353 / 5
(i) = 4 5/4 3 4/3 =
165 / 4  84 / 3 2   2  2 45 / 4  23  4 / 3

53  33 125  27 3375
= 5 4
= = .
2 2 32  16 512

16  2 n 1  4  2 n 2 4  2 n 1  2 2  2 n 2 n 5  2 n  2
(ii) = =
16  2 n  2  2  2 n  2 2 4  2 n  2  2  2 n  2 2 n  6  2n 3

2 n 5  2 n  2 2 n 5  2 n  2 1
= = n 5 n 2 = .
2.2 n 5  2.2 n  2 2 2  2   2

x 2x
Illustration 17 : Find the value of x :  3   5  
125 .
x 2x 5 3 27
3 5 125
Solution     
5 3 27
x 2x 2xx
5 5 125 5 125
         
 3  3 27  3 27
x 3
5 5
    
3 3
Because the base is same, so comparing the powers. x = 3.

PAGE# 18
CH-1: NUMBER SYSTEM MATHEMATICS / CLASS-IX

Illustration 18 : If 25x – 1 = 52x – 1 – 100, find the value of x.

Solution We have,
25x – 1 = 52x – 1 – 100 2 x 1
  5   52 x 1  100
 52x – 2 – 52x – 1 = –100  52x – 2 – 52x – 2. 51 = –100
 52x – 2 (1 – 5) = – 100  52x – 2 (– 4) = – 100
 52x – 2 = 25  52x – 2 = 52
 2x – 2 = 2  2x = 4
 x = 2.

1.8 RADICALS :
An expression written under a radical sign is called a radical expression. The radicand is the number
under the radical.
A surd is the simplest type of irrational number, one whose radicand is a rational number.
1
e.g. 5 , 3 7 and
are surds whereas 3 5  2 and 3 are not surds.
3
The order of a surd is indicated by its index.
The order of a radical is the denominator of its fractional exponent.
Order  n a = a 1/ n  order
(i) Pure surd : A surd in which the whole of the rational number is under the radical sign. & makes
the radicand, is called pure surd.
for e.g. 8 , 3 1 5 , 4 1 1 etc.
(ii) Mixed surd : If some part of the quantity under the radical sign is taken out of it then it makes
the surd mixed.
For e.g. 34 2 , 4 2 etc.
(iii) Like surds (Similar surds) : The surds having the same irrational factor are called
2
similar surds e.g., 3 , 5 3 , 3 are like surds
5
(iv) Unlike surds : The surds having different irrational factor are called dissimilar surds.
e.g., 2 , 2 3 , 2 5 are unlike surds.

Laws of Radicals :
If a, b are positive rational numbers and m, n, p are positive integers, then
n
(i) a0 = 1 (ii) ( n a ) n  a , n
an  a =  a
n

n
a n a
(iii)  a (
n n
b )  ab n (iv) n

b b

(v) p 1/n
m n
a = mn
a = n m
a (vi) n
a p = (a ) = mn
a pm
1
(vii) a– n =
an
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CH-1: NUMBER SYSTEM MATHEMATICS / CLASS-IX

Illustration 19 : Convert :
4
(i) 1875 into mixed surd. (ii) 35 7 into pure surd.
Sol. (i) We have 1875 = 54 × 3
4
1875 = 4 54  3 = 54 3

(ii) 35 7 = 5 35  7 = 5
243  7 = 5 1701

3 / 4  25  3 / 2  5  3 
81
Illustration 20 : Simplify :        
 16   9   2  
Sol. We have,
3 / 4 3 / 4  52  3 / 2 3 
 81   25  3 / 2  5  3   34  5
         =  4    2    
 16   9   2    2   3  2 
 
3 / 4 3 / 2
 3  4   5  2   5  3   3  4  3 / 4  5  2  3 / 2  5  3 
=            =        
2 3  2  
 2    3    2     
 

3  5  3  5  3  3 3 3
3  2   3   2   23  33 23 

= 2          
= 3         = 3  3  3
   3   2      5   5   3 5 5 

23  33 53 
= 3   3  3  = 1. Ans.
3 5 2 

Illustration 21 : If x, y, z are positive real numbers show that :

x 1 y · y 1z · z 1x = 1
Sol. We have,
x 1 y · y 1z · z 1x
1/ 2 1/ 2 1/ 2
y z x y z x y1 / 2 z1 / 2 x1 / 2
= · · =      = 1 / 2 · 1 / 2 · 1 / 2 = 1. Ans.
x y z x y z x y z

1.9 RATIONALISATION OF DENOMINATOR :

Sometimes we come across expressions containing square root in their denominators. Addition,
subtraction, multiplication and division of such expressions is convenient if their denominators are free
from square roots. To make the denominators free from square roots, we multiply the numerator and
denominator by an irrational number. Such a number is called rationlisation factor.

PAGE# 20
CH-1: NUMBER SYSTEM MATHEMATICS / CLASS-IX

1
Illustration 22 : Rationalise the denominator of
3 2
Solution. We have,
1 1 3 2 3 2 3 2
= × = =
3 2 3 2 3 2 92 7

Illustration 23 : If both a and b are rational numbers, find the values of a and b.
5 3
= a + b 15
5 3
Solution. Rationalising the denominator, we get
2
5 3
=
5 3
×
5 3
=
 5 3 
2 2
5 3 5 3 5 3  5   3
2 2
5 3  5   3  2 5  3
 = 2 2
5 3  5   3
5 3 5  3  2 53 8  2 15
 = = = 4  15
5 3 53 53
5 3
 = a + b 15  4 + 15 = a + b 15  a = 4 and b = 1. Ans.
5 3

2 1
I llustr ation 24 : I f x = 3 – 2 2 , find x  .
x2
Solution. We have, x = 3 – 2 2
1 1 1 3 2 2 3 2 2 3 2 2
 = = × = 2 2 = =3 2 2 .
x 3 2 2 3 2 2 3 2 2 3  2 2 98  
1
Thus, x2  2 = 3  2 2 2  3  2 2 2
   
x
2 1 2 2
 x  2 = 32  2 2 – 2 × 3 × 2 2 + 32 + 2 2 + 2 × 3 × 2 2
   
x
2 1
 x  2 = 9 + 8 – 12 2 + 9 + 8 + 12 2 = 34. Ans.
x
1 1 1
Illustration 25 : Show that : ba ca + a b c b + b c =1
1 x x 1 x x 1 x  x a c
Solution. We have,
1 1 1
= ba ca + a b c b + b c
1 x x 1 x x 1 x  x a c
xa xb xc
= + +
x a  x ba  a  x c a a x b  x a b  b  x c b  b x c  x b c  c  x a  c  c
[ Multiplying Nr and Dr of three terms by xa, xb and xc respectively]
xa xb xc x a  xb  x c
= + + = =1
x a  xb  x c xb  xa  xc xc  xb  x a x a  xb  x c
PAGE# 21
CH-1: NUMBER SYSTEM MATHEMATICS / CLASS-IX

3 2 4 3 2 3
Illustration 26 : Simplify : – +
6 3 6 2 62

3 2 4 3 2 3
Solution.   = T1 – T2 + T3 (say)
6 3 6 2 6 2

3 2 6 3 3 2 ( 6  3)
T1 = × =
6 3 6 3 63

= 2 ( 6  3) = 2 3  6

4 3 6 2 4 18  4 6
T2 = × =
6 2 6 2 62

4 (3 2  6 )
= = 3 2 6
4
2 3 6 2 2 6 ( 6  2)
T3 = × = = 3 2 2 3
62 6 2 62
 Given expression = T1 – T2 + T3
= 2 3 + 6 – 3 2 – 6 + 3 2– 2 3 = 0

a  2b  a  2b
Illustration 27 : If x = , then show that bx2 – ax + b = 0
a  2b  a  2b

a  2b  a  2b a  2b  a  2b
Solution. x = x
a  2b  a  2b a  2b  a  2b

=
 a  2b  a  2b  =
a  2b  a  2b  2 ( a  2b)(a  2b)
(a  2b)  (a  2b) 4b

2( a  (a 2  4b 2 )
x=
2  2b

2 bx = a + (a 2  4b 2 )  2bx – a = (a 2  4b 2 )
On squaring both sides, we get :
 4b2x2 + a2 – 4abx = a2 – 4b2
or 4b2x2 – 4abx + 4b2 = 0
Dividing by 4b , we get, bx2 – ax + b = 0
Hence the result.

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CH-1: NUMBER SYSTEM MATHEMATICS / CLASS-IX

1.10 TO FIND THE NUMBER OF DIVISORS OF A COMPOSITE NUMBER :

Let N denote a number such that
N = ap bq cr ........, where a, b, c, ....... are different prime numbers and p, q, r, ....... are positive
integers, then

(i) n = The number of divisors of N = (p + 1) (q + 1) (r + 1) .......

Note : This includes as divisors, both unity and the number itself.

 a p  1  1   bq  1  1   cr  1  1 
(ii) The sum of =    b  1   c  1  ......
  
 a  1   
n
(iii) The product of divisors of N = ( N ) 2 , where n is the total number of divisors of N.

Illustration 28 : If a number N = 30 then, find

(i) The number of divisors of N.
(ii) The sum of divisors of N.
(iii) The product of divisors of N.
Solution. Prime factorisation of 30 = 21 × 31 × 51
(i) Let n = the number of divisors of 30 = (1 + 1) (1 + 1) (1 + 1) = 2 × 2 × 2 = 8.
and these divisors are : 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 10, 15, 30
 21  1  1   31  1  1   51  1  1 
(ii) The sum of divisors of 30 =  2  1   3  1   5  1 
   
 2 2  1   32  1   5 2  1 
=  1   2   4 
   
8 24
=3× × = 9 × 8 = 72.
2 4
(iii) Product of divisors of 30 = (N)n/2 = (30)8/2 = (30)4 = 810000.

1.11 ABSOLUTE VALUE OR MODULUS OF A RATIONAL NUMBER :

1. The absolute value of a rational number is the number without any regard to its sign.
Thus, for any rational number x,
 x , if x  0

The absolute value of x = x   0, if x  0
 x, if x  0
2. |x + y|  |x| + |y|, where x and y are rational numbers.
3. |x × y| = |x| × |y|, where x and y are rational numbers.
4. |x – y|  |x| – |y|, where x and y are rational numbers.
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CH-1: NUMBER SYSTEM MATHEMATICS / CLASS-IX

5. Modulus of a real number given by |x|.

(i) If |x|=a  x=±a
(ii) If |x|<a  –a<x<a
(iii) If |x|>a  x > a or x < – a
(iv) If |x–a|<l  a–l<x<a+l
(v) If |x–a|>l  x > a + l or x < a – l

Illustration 29 : Find the value of x, when x – 3 | x | = – 4 is simplified

Solution (i) If x  0, then | x | = x and given equation becomes x – 3x = – 4
or – 2x = – 4.
x = + 2.
(ii) If x < 0, then | x | = – x and given equation becomes,
x – 3(– x) = – 4  x + 3x = – 4
 4x = – 4  x = – 1.
 x = 2 or – 1. Ans.

1.12 HCF and LCM

LCM (least Common Multiple) : The LCM of given numbers, as the name suggests is the smallest
positive number which is a multiple of each of the given numbers
HCF (Highest Common factor) : The HCF of given numbers, as the name suggests is the largest
factor of the given set of numbers.
 HCF will be lesser than or equal to the least of the numbers and LCM will be greater than or equal to
the greatest of the numbers.

Illustration 30 : Find a number greater than 3 which when divided by 4, 5, and

6 always leaves the same remainder 3.
Solution. The smallest number which, when divided by 4, 5 and 6, leaves the
remainder 3 in each case is LCM (4, 5 and 6) + 3 = 60 + 3 = 63.

Illustration 31 : In a school 437 boys and 342 girls have been divided into
classes, so that each class has the same number of students
and no class has boys and girls mixed. What is the least number
of classes needed?
Solution. We should have the maximum number of students in a class. So we
have to find HCF (437, 342) = 19.
HCF is also the factor of difference of the number.
437 342
 Number of classes = + = 23 + 18 = 41 classes.
19 19
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CH-1: NUMBER SYSTEM MATHEMATICS / CLASS-IX

Illustration 32 Six bells start tolling together and they toll at intervals of
2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12 sec. respectively, find
(i) after how much time will all six of them toll together ?
(ii) how many times will they toll together in 30 min ?
Solution The time after which all six bells will toll together must be multiple of
2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12.
Therefore, required time = LCM of time intervals.
= LCM (2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12) = 120 sec.
Therefore after 120 s all six bells will toll together.
After each 120 s, i.e. 2 min, all bell are tolling together.

 30 
Therefore in 30 min they will toll together  1 = 16 times
 2 

1 is added as all the bells are tolling together at the start also, i.e. 0th second.

1.13 HCF and LCM of fractions :

HCF of their numerators
(1) HCF of fractions = .
LCM of their denominators

LCM of their numerators

(2) LCM of fractions = .
HCF of their denominators
Note : “Make sure that the fractions are in the most reducible form”.

9 3 6
Illustration 33 : Find HCF of , , .
2 4 7

9 3 6 HCF (9, 3, 6) 3
Sol. HCF  , ,  = = .
 2 4 7  LCM (2, 4, 7) 28

9 3 6
Illustration 34 : Find LCM of , , .
2 4 7

 9 3 6  LCM (9, 3, 6) 18
Sol. LCM  , ,  = = = 18.
2 4 7 HCF (2, 4, 7) 1

The method of finding the remainder without actually performing the process of division is termed as
remainder theorem.
 Remainder should always be positive. For example if we divide –22 by 7, generally we get –3 as
quotient and –1 as remainder. But this is wrong because remainder is never be negative hence the
quotient should be –4 and remainder is +6. We can also get remainder 6 by adding –1 to divisor
7 ( 7–1 = 6).
PAGE# 25
CH-1: NUMBER SYSTEM MATHEMATICS / CLASS-IX

Illustration 35 : Two numbers, x and y, are such that when divided by 6, they
leave remainders 4 and 5 respectively. Find the remainder when
(x2 + y2) is divided by 6.
Solution. Suppose x = 6k1 + 4 and y = 6k2 + 5
x2 + y2 = (6k1 + 4)2 + (6k2 + 5)2
= 36k12 + 48k1 + 16 + 36k22 + 60k2 + 25
= 36k12 + 48k1 + 36k22 + 60k2 + 41
Obviously when this is divided by 6, the remainder will be 5.

Illustration 36 :A number when divided by 259 leaves a remainder 139. What

will be the remainder when the same number is divided by 37 ?
Solution Let the number be P.
So, P – 139 is divisible by 259.

P  139
Let Q be the quotient then, =Q
259
 P = 259Q + 139

P 259Q  139
 =
37 37
 259 is divisible by 37,
 When 139 divided by 37, leaves a remainder of 28

Illustration 37 : What is the remainder when 738 is divided by 48.

19
7 38 72
  4919 48  119
Solution. = = = so by using binomial
48 48 48 48
expansion, we can say that 18 terms are completely divisible by 48
 119
but the last term which is is not divisible. So, 119 = 1 is the
48
remainder.

1.14 TO FIND UNIT DIGIT IN EXPONENTIAL EXPRESSION :

Cyclicity : In number system, every number repeats its unit digit after some definite number of
powers.

For example
1 repeat its unit digit after every consecutive power. So the cyclicity of 1 is 1.
2 repeat its unit digit after every four powers. So the cylicity of 2 is 4.

PAGE# 26
CH-1: NUMBER SYSTEM MATHEMATICS / CLASS-IX

Cyclicity chart :

Unit digit in Possible unit digit in the number xn Cyclicity of unit

the number x (where n is positive integer) digit in the number x

1 1 1
2 2, 4, 8, 6 4
3 3, 9, 7, 1 4
4 4, 6 2
5 5 1
6 6 1
7 7, 9, 3, 1 4
8 8, 4, 2, 6 4
9 9, 1 2
0 0 1

Illustration 38 : Find the unit digit in 347.

Solution. Cyclicity of 3 is 4,
47
Remainder of is 3.
4
In cyclicity chart, the possible unit digit in 3n at 3rd place is 7, so the unit digit
in 347 is 7.

Illustration 39 : In (678)22 unit digit is equal to the unit digit of 82 i.e. 4.

Solution. Cyclicity of 8 is 4,
22
Remainder of is 2.
4
So the unit digit in (678)22 is 4.

Illustration 40 : Find unit’s digit in y = 717 + 734

Solution. 717 + 734 = 71 + 72 = 56, Hence the unit digit is 6

PAGE# 27
CH-1: NUMBER SYSTEM MATHEMATICS / CLASS-IX

[NCERT Questions]
3 4
Q.1 Find five rational numbers between and .
5 5
Sol. Multiplying numerator and denominator of both numbers with (5 + 1)
3 6 4  6 18 24
and = and .
5 6 5 6 30 30
18 24
Therefore, five rational numbers between and are :
30 30
19 20 21 22 23
, , , and . Ans.
30 30 30 30 30

Q.2 Show how 5 can be represented on the number line.

Sol. Step-I : Draw the number line with O representing the number 0 and A representing the number 2.
B

1
O A P
–2 –1 0 1 2 5 3
Step-II : Draw a perpendicular of length 1 unit at point A.
By Pythagoras theorem,
OB2 = AO2 + AB2
= 22 + 11 = 4 + 1
2
OB = 5
OB = 5 .
Step-III : With O as centre and OB as radius, draw an arc to meet the number line at point P.
Since OP = OB = 5.
The point P represents 5 on the number line.

p
Q.3 Show that 1.272727... = 1.27 can be expressed in the form , where p and q are integers
q
and q  0.
Sol. Let x = 1.272727.............. = 1.27 .........(1)
Multiplying both sides of equation (1) with 100, we get
100 x = 100 × 1.272727.........
or 100 x = 127.2727........ or 100 x = 127.27
or 100 x = 126 + 1.27 or 100 x = 126 + x (from equation (i) )
126
or 99 x = 126 or x=
99
126
or 1.27 = . Ans.
99
PAGE# 28
CH-1: NUMBER SYSTEM MATHEMATICS / CLASS-IX

Q.4 Write the following in decimal form and say what kind of decimal expansion each has
1 329
(i) 4 (ii)
8 400
1 33 33125 4125
Sol. (i) 4 = = = = 4.125 = terminating
8 8 1000 1000
329 329  25 8225
(ii) = = = 0.8225 = terminating.
400 400  25 10000
5 9
Q.5 Find three different irrational numbers between the rational numbers and .
7 11
5 1
Sol. = 5  = 5 × 0.142857 ....... = 0.714285..........
7 7
9 1
= 9 = 9 × 0.090909..... = 0.818181........ Ans.
11 11
Q.6 Classify the following numbers as rational or irrational
(i) 225 (ii) 0.3796 (iii) 1.10100100010000....
15
Sol. (i) 225 = (15) 2 = 15 = 1 = Rational.
3796
(ii) 0.3796 = = Rational
10000
(iii) Irrational . Ans.
Q.7 Visualise 3.765 on the number line, using successive magnification.
Sol.
0 1 2 3 4

3.0 3.7 3.8 3.9 4.0

3.77
3.70 3.76 3.80

3.760 3.765 3.770

1
Q.8 Rationalise the denominator of .
73 2
1
Sol. multiplying numerator and denominator with the rationalising factor of 7  3 2 and
73 2
i.e., 7  3 2 we get,
1 73 2 1(7  3 2 ) 73 2 73 2 73 2
 = = 2 2 = = . Ans.
73 2 73 2 (7  3 2 ) (7  3 2 ) ( 7 )  (3 2 ) 49  18 31
PAGE# 29
CH-1: NUMBER SYSTEM MATHEMATICS / CLASS-IX

Q.9 Classify the following numbers as rational or irrational

2 7
(i) 3  23  23
  (ii) (iii) 2
7 7
3
Sol. (i) 3  
23  23 = 3 =
1
= rational

2 7 2
(ii) = = rational
7 7 7
(iii) 2 = 2x irrational = rational × irrational = irrational. Ans.

Q.10 Simplify each of the following expressions :


(i)  5 2  (ii)  5 2  5 2 
 2 2
Sol. (i)  5 2  = ( 5) + 2 ( 5) ( 2) + ( 2 ) = 5 + 2 10 + 2 = 7  2 10 .
2 2
(ii)  5 2  5  2  = ( 5 )  ( 2 ) = 5 – 2 = 3.

Q.11 Rationalise the denominators of the following :

1 1
(i) (ii)
7 6 7 2
1 7 6 7 6
Sol. (i) × = = 7 6.
7 6 7 6 76
1 7 2 7 2
(ii) × = .
7 2 7 2 3

3 3 1
Q.12 Find : (i) 92 (ii) 16 4 (iii) 125 3
3
Sol. (i) 92 = (91 / 2 ) 3 = 33 = 27.
3
(ii) 16 4 = (161/4)3 = 23 = 8.
1
1 1
(iii) 125 3 = 1/ 3 = . Ans.
125 5

1
2 1 112
Q.13 Simplify : (i) 23 · 25 (ii) 1
114
2 1 2 1 10  3 13

Sol. (i) 23 · 25 = 23 5 = 2 15 = 215 .
1
1 1 1
112   
2 4
(ii) 1 = 11 = 114 . Ans.
114
PAGE# 30
CH-1: NUMBER SYSTEM MATHEMATICS / CLASS-IX

[Previous Year Questions]

Q.1 Express each of the following decimals in the form p

q
(i) 0.35 (ii) 0.685

Q.2 Express 0.001 as a fraction in the simplest form

Q.3 Arrange 3 , 3 4 , 4 5 in ascending order..
Q.4 Simplify :
7/2 –5 / 2
5 –3 (25)3 / 2  (243)3 / 5  5 –1  7 2   5 –2  7 3 
(i) (32) (ii) (iii)  2 – 4    3 – 5 
(16)5 / 4  (8) 4 / 3 5 7   5 7 

Q.5 Show that

c
x a ( b c )  x b 
  = 1
x b ( a c )  x a 

9 n  32  (3 n / 2 ) 2  (27) n 1
Q.6 If 3m 3 = , prove that m – n = 1.
3 2 27

1 1 2 3 4 3 5 2 1
Q.7 Rationalise : (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v)
5 2 42 3 2 3 4 3 3 2 1– 2 – 3

a 1 a 1 2b 2
Q.8 Prove that 1  = ..
a  b 1 a 1  b 1 b2  a 2

Q.9 Find the values of x in each of the following 2x – 7 × 5x – 4 = 1250.

Q.10 If both a and b are rational numbers, find the values of a and b in each of the following equalities :
5 2 3
(i) =a+ b 3.
74 3

2 3
(ii) =a– b 6.
3 2 2 3

2 7
Q.11 If 5 = 2.236 & 3 = 1.732, find the value of  .
5 3 5 3
Q.12 Simplify each of the following :

5 2 52

52 52
PAGE# 31
CH-1: NUMBER SYSTEM MATHEMATICS / CLASS-IX

Q.13 Prove that :

–3 3 –1 6 4 3 1 3
(i) 3  5  3 5  3  5  (ii) + (0.01)–1/2 – (27)2/3 =
5 4 2

–2 / 3
 64  1  25  65
  3– 3  6 2  98
(iii)   + + 3  = (iv) 2 3 = 28 2
 125   256 
1/ 4
 64  16 5  1 / 25  (15) – 4 / 3  31 / 3
 
 625 

2 5 2 5
Q.14 If a = and b = , find a2 – b2.
2 5 2 5

Q.15 Find the values of x in each of the following 25x  2x = 5 2 20

1
Q.16 If x = 2  3 , find the value of x 3  .
x3

Q.17 If x = 5  3 , find the value of x2 + 1 .

5– 3 x2
Q.18 If a number N = 150, then find :
(i) The number of divisors of N. (ii) The sum of divisors of N.
(iii) The product of divisors of N. (iv) The number of distinct prime divisors.
(v) The number of proper divisors of N.

8 10 4
Q.19 Find the HCF of , and .
11 13 5
11 13 5
Q.20 Find the LCM of , and .
8 10 4
ac
Q.21 If a, b, c are positive, is : [IJSO-2011]
bc
a a
(A) always smaller than (B) always greater than
b b
a a
(C) greater than only if a > b. (D) greater than only if a < b.
b b

Q.22 What will be the remainder if the number 72012 is divided by 25? [IJSO-2012]
(A) 24 (B) 18 (C) 7 (D) 1

Q.23 The product of three consecutive natural numbers is 124850054994. What is their average?
(A) 4993 (B) 4994 (C) 4997 (D) 4998 [IJSO-2012]

Q.24 If x 75 = y 45 = z 15 = a, then which of the statement is true [IJSO-2012]

(A) x + y = 2z (B) x + y = 3z (C) x – y = 2z (D) x – y = 3Z
PAGE# 32
CH-1: NUMBER SYSTEM MATHEMATICS / CLASS-IX

Q.25 A number is said to be triangular number if it is the sum of consecutive numbers beginning with 1.
Which one of the following is not a triangular number : [IJSO-2014]
(A) 1431 (B) 190 (C) 28 (D) 506

Q.26 The sum of 2 digits x and y is divisible by 7. What can one say about a 3 digit number formed by these
two digits. [IJSO-2014]
(A) xxy is divisible by 7 (B) xyx is divisible by 7
(C) xyx is divisible by 7 2 (D) yyx is divisible by 7

Q.27 Number plate of a vehicle consists of 4 digits. The first digit is the square of second. The third digit is
thrice the second and the fourth digit is twice the second. The sum of all 4 digits is thrice the first. The
number is [IJSO-2014]
(A) 1132 (B) 4264 (C) 1642 (D) 9396

5  11
Q.28 If p and q are rational numbers and = p + q 11 , then find the values of p and q respectively..
3  2 11
37  13 37 13  37  13  37 13
(A) , (B) , (C) , (D) , [IMO-2016]
35 35 35 35 35 35 35 35
1 / 2
3/ 2 0 1
9  3 5   
Q.29 Find the value of  81 [IMO-2014]
2 / 3
 64  1  25 
   1/ 4
  3 

 125   256   64 
 
 625 

15 16 48
(A) (B) 0 (C) (D)
13 5 13

2 1 3
Q.30 Simplify :   [IMO-2014]
5 3 3 2 5 2
(A) 3 (B) 2 (C) 4 (D) 0

1
Q.31 The value of 6  2 3  2 2  2 6  is [IMO-2014]
52 6
(A) 2 (B) –1 (C) 3 2 (D) 1

x
Q.32 If x  3  5 , then = _________ [IMO-2013]
2  3x  2
1 1
(A) (B) 5 (C) 3 (D)
5 3
PAGE# 33
CH-1: NUMBER SYSTEM MATHEMATICS / CLASS-IX

SECTION - A
Multiple choice questions with one correct answer :
Q.1 An irrational number between 2 and 2.5 is
(A) 11 (B) 5 (C) 22.5 (D) 12.5
6
Q.2 The digit at the 100th place in the decimal representation of , is :
7
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 4 (D) 5

Q.3 If n is a natural number, then n is

(A) always a natural number
(B) always an irrational number
(C) always an rational number
(D) sometimes a natural number and sometimes an irrational number

Q.4 The value of 0.23  0.22 is

(A) 0.45 (B) 0.43 (C) 0.47 (D) 0.45

Q.5 If 4x – 4x – 1 = 24, then (2x)x equals

(A) 5 5 (B) 5 (C) 25 5 (D) 125

Q.6 If x–2 = 64, then x1/3 + x0 =

(A) 2 (B) 3 (C) 3/2 (D) 2/3

Q.7 If 0 < y < x, which statement must be true ?

(A) x  y  xy (B) x  x  2x
(C) x y  y x (D) xy  x y

Q.8 If a, a + 2, and a + 4 are prime numbers, then the number of possible solution for a is :
(A) three (B) two (C) one (D) more than three

Q.9 The value of 3  2 2 is

(A) 2 1 (B) 2 1 (C) 3 2 (D) 3  2

1 1
Q.10 If x = 7  4 3 and xy = 1, then 2
 2 =
x y
(A) 64 (B) 134 (C) 194 (D) 1/49
3 1
Q.11 If x = 3
2  3 , then x  =
x
(A) 2 (B) 4 (C) 8 (D) 9
PAGE# 34
CH-1: NUMBER SYSTEM MATHEMATICS / CLASS-IX

2 1
Q.12 If 2 = 1.4142, then is equal to
2 1
(A) 0.1718 (B) 5.8282 (C) 0.4142 (D) 2.4142

Q.13 If 2 = 1.414, then the value of 6  3 upto three places of decimal is

(A) 0.235 (B) 0.707 (C) 1.414 (D) 0.471

Q.14 If 13  a 10 = 8  5 , then a =
(A) – 5 (B) – 6 (C) – 4 (D) – 2

Q.15 The rationalising factor of 5 32 · 2 3 · 5 4

(A) 32 · 23 · 54 (B) 5 33 · 2 2 · 5 (C) 33 · 2 2 · 5 (D) None

Q.16 Which of the following statements is true?

2 4 5 7 7 5 4 2
(A) – < < < (B) < < <
3 9 12  18  18 12 9 3
4 7 5 2 5 2 4 7
(C) < < < (D) < < <
9  18 12 3 12 3 9  18

5
Q.17 The value of 4  is
1
1
1
3
1
2
4

40 4 1 31
(A) (B) (C) (D)
31 9 8 40

Q.18 If (12 + 22 + 32 + .....+ 102) = 385, then the value of (22 + 42 + 62 +...... + 202).
(A) 770 (B) 1155 (C) 1540 (D) (385 × 385)

a  a 2  b2 a 2  b2  b
Q.19 The value of 
a 2  b2  b a  a 2  b2

a2 b2 a
(A) (B) (C) (D) none
b2 a2 b

Q.20 43.5 : 25 is the same as

(A) 4 : 1 (B) 2 : 1 (C) 7 : 5 (D) 7 : 10

PAGE# 35
CH-1: NUMBER SYSTEM MATHEMATICS / CLASS-IX

3
Q.21 8 100 3 125 is equal to
 
16 49 49
1 7 4
(A) 7 (B) (C) (D)
4 100 7

Q.22 The LCM of two numbers is 567 and their HCF is 9. If the difference between the two numbers is 18,
find the two numbers :
(A) 36 and 18 (B) 78 and 60 (C) 63 and 81 (D) 52 and 34

Q.23 How many three-digit numbers would you find, which when divided by 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 leave the remainders
1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 respectively ?
(A) 4 (B) 3 (C) 2 (D) 1

Q.24 When a number P is divided by 4 it leaves remainder 3. If the twice of the number P is divided by the
same divisor 4 than what will be the remainder ?
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) 6

Q.25 If the number 357y25x is divisible by both 3 and 5, then find the missing digit in the unit’s place and the
thousand place respectively are :
(A) 0, 6 (B) 5, 6 (C) 5, 4 (D) None of these

Q.26 Let N = 1421 × 1423 × 1425. What is the remainder when N is divided by 12?
(A) 0 (B) 9 (C) 3 (D) 6

Q.27 Find the unit digit of (795 – 358).

(A) 6 (B) 4 (C) 3 (D) None of these

Q.28 What is the last digit of the number equal to the sum 1 + 6 + 62 + ----- + 6100 ?
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) 6

Q.29 How many even integers n, where 100  n  200, are divisible neither by seven nor by nine ?
(A) 40 (B) 37 (C) 39 (D) 38

SECTION - B
Multiple choice questions with one or more than one correct answers :
Q.1 Which of the following statements is/are true?
(A) The sum or difference of a rational and an irrational number is always an irrational number.
(B) The sum or difference of two irrational number is always an irrational number.
(C) The product of two irrational number can be rational or irrational
(D) The product of two rational number is always a rational number

Q.2 The simplified form of  7  4 3  3  is

 
(A) 2 (B) 1 (C) 41/2 × 33/2 × 9–3/4 (D) 4  33  9 3/ 2

PAGE# 36
CH-1: NUMBER SYSTEM MATHEMATICS / CLASS-IX

 5 2  5 2
Q.3 Simplify :  
 


 5 2  5 2
40
(A) 8 5 (B) 1 (C) (D) None
5

xy y z z x
 ax   ay   az 
Q.4  y ·  z  ·  x 
a 
  a  a 
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) natural (D) whole number

Q.5 ( x )x  x x solve
(A) – 2 (B) – 4 (C) 4 (D) 2

6
Q.6 Simplify : 1
4
5
1
3
2
14 63 13 21
(A) (B) (C) (D)
45 33 19 11

SECTION - C
Comprehension :
If x = 7  4 3
1
Q.1 Find the value of x +
x
(A) 28 (B) 14 (C) 8 3 (D) 1/14

1
Q.2 Find the value of x3 +
x3
(A) 2744 (B) 2740 (C) 2072 (D) 2702

1
Q.3 Find the value of x2 –
x2
(A)  112 3 (B) 8 3 (C) 112 (D)  64 3

x2 1
Q.4 Find the value of 2
x 1
8 3 2 3 4 3
(A) (B) (C) (D) None
7 7 7
PAGE# 37
CH-1: NUMBER SYSTEM MATHEMATICS / CLASS-IX

SECTION - D
Match the following (one to many) :
Column-I and column-II contain four entries each. Entries of column-I are to be matched with some
entries of column-II. One or more than one entries of column-I may have the matching with the same entries
of column-II and one entry of column-II may have one or more than one matching with entries of column-I
Q.1 Column I Column II
(i) 74 3 (P) 6
(ii) 6
216 (Q) 6
72
0
 2ab 3 
(iii)  3  (R) 2 3
 5c d 
 
3
(iv) 32 2 (S) 1

Q.2 It is given that x = – 2, y = – 3 match the following

Column I Column II
(i) x1– y (P) 1
(ii) (x – y) x – y (Q) 9
1
(iii) (x + y)y – x (R)
5
(iv) y–x (S) 16

Q.3 Column I Column II

4 5 4 5
(i)  (P) 42/11
4 5 4 5

(ii)  8 2  8 2  (Q) Rational

4
243  16
(iii) 4 (R) 6
3

2
(iv) 2 5 3 2  (S) Irrational

Q.4 Column I Column II

(i) ( 3  5 )2 (P) Rational
(ii) 0.54 (Q) Non terminating and recurring

216
(iii) (R) Irrational
121

216 6
(iv) 3 (S)
1331 11
PAGE# 38
CH-1: NUMBER SYSTEM MATHEMATICS / CLASS-IX

ANSWER KEY

35 685 1
Q.1 (i) (ii) Q.2 Q.3 4 5, 3 4 , 3
99 999 999

1 3375
Q.4 (i) (ii) (iii) 175
8 512

5 2 42 3 39  16 6 1
Q.7 (i) (ii) (iii)  5  2 6 (iv) (v) (2 – 6 – 2)
3 4 15 4

Q.9 x=8 Q.10 (i) a = 11 and b = – 6 (ii) a = 2 and b = – 5/6

Q.11 14.392 Q.12 8 5 Q.14 – 144 5 Q.15 1
Q.16 52 Q.17 62 Q.18 (i) 12 (ii) 372 (iii) 1506 (iv) 3 (v) 10

2 715
Q.19 Q.20 Q.21 B Q.22 D Q.23 D Q.24 B Q.25 A
715 2
Q.26 B Q.27 D Q.28 C Q.29 D Q.30 D Q.31 D Q.32 A

SECTION - A
Q.1 B Q.2 A Q.3 D Q.4 A Q.5 C
Q.6 C Q.7 D Q.8 A Q.9 A Q.10 C
Q.11 B Q.12 C Q.13 B Q.14 C Q.15 B
Q.16 A Q.17 C Q.18 C Q.19 B Q.20 A
Q.21 B Q.22 C Q.23 C Q.24 C Q.25 B
Q.26 C Q.27 B Q.28 B Q.29 C

SECTION - B
Q.1 A,C,D Q.2 A,C,D Q.3 A,C Q.4 B,C,D Q.5 C
Q.6 B,D

SECTION - C
Q.1 B Q.2 D Q.3 A Q.4 C

SECTION - D
Q.1 (i) R (ii) P (iii) S (iv) Q Q.2 (i) S (ii) P (iii) R (iv) Q
Q.3 (i) P,Q (ii) Q,R (iii) R,Q (iv) S Q.4 (i) R (ii) P,Q,S (iii) R (iv) P,S PQS
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