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Lesson (1 5)

This lesson focuses on identifying the appropriate rejection region for hypothesis testing, including defining critical values and levels of significance. It provides examples of hypothesis tests with known and unknown population variances, detailing how to determine critical values and rejection regions using z-scores and t-scores. Activities are included to practice shading areas on normal curves and answering questions related to specific statistical problems.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)

13 views32 pages

Lesson (1 5)

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gozumgodwinrael

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Lesson 5

Identifying the Appropriate

Rejection Region for a Given
Level of Significance
Identifying the Appropriate
Rejection Region for a Given
Level of Significance
• define the critical values, level of significance, hypothesis test,
and rejection region;
• identify the critical value when population variance is known or
unknown; and
• determine the appropriate rejection region for a given level of
significance when population is known/unknown and Central
Limit Test is to be used.
In hypothesis testing, a researcher collects sample data.
From the given data, the researcher formulates the null
and alternative hypotheses. Then, s/he chooses
appropriate test statistic and computes it. If the statistics
fall within the specific range of values, the researcher
rejects the null hypothesis. The range of values that leads
the researcher to reject the null hypothesis is called region
of rejection.
Activity 1: You Bring Color to My Life!
Given a standard normal curve, shade the required area with
color GREEN and for the remaining area, use color RED.

1. between 𝑧=−1.56 and 𝑧=+1.56

Activity 1: You Bring Color to My Life!
Given a standard normal curve, shade the required area with
color GREEN and for the remaining area, use color RED.

2. to the left of 𝑧=2.05

Activity 1: You Bring Color to My Life!
Given a standard normal curve, shade the required area with
color GREEN and for the remaining area, use color RED.

3. to the right of 𝑧=−1.3

Activity 1: You Bring Color to My Life!
Given a standard normal curve, shade the required area with
color GREEN and for the remaining area, use color RED.

4. between 𝑧=−1.58 and 𝑧=1.58

Activity 1: You Bring Color to My Life!
Given a standard normal curve, shade the required area with
color GREEN and for the remaining area, use color RED.

5. to the left of 𝑧=1.96

Activity 2: Let Me Read and Understand!
Carefully read the problem and answer the questions that
follow.
Problem 1. A banana company claims that the mean weight of
its banana is 150 grams with a standard deviation of 18
grams. Data generated from a sample of 49 bananas randomly
selected indicated a mean weight of 153.5 grams per banana.
Is there a sufficient evidence to reject the company’s claim?
Use 𝛼=0.05.
1. What are the hypotheses?
2. Is it two-tailed or one-tailed test?
3. What is the level of significance?
4. Is the population standard deviation known?
5. What appropriate test statistic (z-test or t-test) can you use?
6. Based on the level of significance, hypothesis test, and test
statistic, what is the critical value?
7. Draw the rejection region.
Activity 2: Let Me Read and Understand!
Carefully read the problem and answer the questions that
follow.
Problem 1. The manufacturer of an airport baggage scanning
machine claims it can handle an average of 530 bags per hour.
At 𝛼=0.05 in a left-tailed test, would a sample of 16 randomly
chosen hours with a mean of 510 and a standard deviation of
50 indicate that the manufacturer’s claim is an overstatement?
1. What are the hypotheses?
2. Is it two-tailed or one-tailed test?
3. What is the level of significance?
4. Is the population standard deviation known?
5. What appropriate test statistic (z-test or t-test) can you use?
6. Based on the level of significance, hypothesis test, and test
statistic, what is the critical value?
7. Draw the rejection region.
Guide Questions:

1. How did you find the activity?

2. What are the similarities and differences of the two
problems?
3. Have you encountered previously learned statistical
concepts? If yes, will you discuss those concepts?
4. Were you able to answer all the follow-up questions? If not,
why?
5. What are the concepts that seemed to be familiar and
unfamiliar to you?
6. How do these concepts relate to the rejection region?
Critical Value, Significance Level, and Rejection Region

In hypothesis testing, a critical value is a point on the test

distribution that is compared to the test statistic to determine
whether to reject the null hypothesis. Critical values for a test
of hypothesis depend upon the test statistic, which is specific
to the type of the test and significance level (𝛼) which defines
the sensitivity of the test. A value of 𝛼=0.05 implies that the
null hypothesis is rejected 5% of the time when it is in fact
true. In practice, the common values of α are 0.1, 0.05, and
0.01.
Critical Value of z-Distribution

A critical value of z (z-score) is used when the sampling

distribution is normal or close to normal. Z-scores are used
when the population standard deviation is known or when
you have larger sample sizes. While the z-score can also be
used to calculate probability for unknown standard deviations
and small samples, many statisticians prefer using the t-
distribution to calculate these probabilities.
Table of Critical Values (Z-Score)
Level of Significance
Test Type
𝛼 = 0.01 𝛼 = 0.025 𝛼 = 0.05 𝛼 = 0.10
left-tailed test −2.33 −1.96 −1.645 −1.28
right-tailed test 2.33 1.96 1.645 1.28
two-tailed test ±2.575 ±2.33 ±1.96 ±1.645

a. left-tailed test: If the alternative hypothesis 𝐻𝑎 contains the less-than

inequality symbol (<), the hypothesis test is a left-tailed test.
b. right-tailed test: If the alternative hypothesis 𝐻𝑎 contains the greater-
than inequality symbol (>), the hypothesis test is a right-tailed test.
c. two-tailed test: If the alternative hypothesis 𝐻𝑎 contains the not-
equal-to symbol (≠), the hypothesis test is a two-tailed test. In a two-
1
tailed test, each tail has an area of 𝛼.
2
Illustrative Examples:
Find the critical z values. In each case, assume that the normal
distribution applies.

1. left-tailed test with α= 0.01

𝒛=−𝟐.𝟑𝟑 (based on the table of critical value of z)

2. two-tailed test with α=0.05

𝒛=±𝟏.𝟗𝟔

3. right-tailed test with α=0.025

𝒛=𝟏.𝟗𝟔
Critical Value of t-Distribution

The t-distribution table values are critical values of the t-distribution.

The column header is the t-distribution probabilities ( 𝜶 ). The row
names are the degrees of freedom (df).

To find critical values for t-distribution:

1. Identify the level of significance.
2. Identify the degrees of freedom, 𝒅𝒇 = 𝒏 − 𝟏.
3. Find the critical value using t-distribution in the row with 𝑛 − 1
degrees of freedom. If the hypothesis test is:
a. left-tailed, use “α one tail” column with a negative sign.
b. right-tailed, use “α one tail” column with a positive sign.
c. two-tailed, use “α two tails” column with a negative and a
positive sign.
Illustrative Examples:
1. Find the critical t-value for a left-tailed test with α= 0.05 and n =21.

2. Find the critical t-value for a right-tailed test with α=0.01 and n = 17.

3. Find the critical t-values for a two-tailed test with α=0.05 and n =26.
Critical Regions/Rejection Regions

Critical region, also known as the rejection region,

describes the entire area of values that indicates you
reject the null hypothesis. In other words, the critical
region is the area encompassed by the values not included
in the acceptance region. It is the area of the “tails” of the
distribution.

The “tails” of a test are the values outside of the critical

values. In other words, the tails are the ends of the
distribution and they begin at the greatest or least value
in the alternative hypothesis (the critical values).
Rejection Region If Population Variance Is Known

To determine the critical region for a normal distribution, we

use the table for the standard normal distribution. If the level
of significance is α = 0.10, then for a one-tailed test, the critical
region is below 𝑧 = −1.28 or above 𝑧 = 1.28. For a two-tailed
𝛼
test, use = 0.05 and the critical region is below 𝑧 = −1.645 and
2
above 𝑧 = 1.645 . If the absolute value of the calculated
statistics has a value equal to or greater than the critical
value, then the null hypotheses 𝐻0 should be rejected and the
alternate hypothesis 𝐻𝑎 is assumed to be supported.
Rejection Region If Population Variance Is Unknown

To determine the critical region for a t-distribution, we use the

table of the t-distribution. (Assume that we use a t-
distribution with 20 degrees of freedom.) If the level of
significance is α = 0.10, then for a one-tailed test, 𝑡 = −1.325 or
𝛼
𝑡 = 1.325 . For a two-tailed test, use = 0.05 and then 𝑡 =
2
− 1.725 and 𝑡 = 1.725. If the absolute value of the calculated
statistics has a value equal to or greater than the critical
value, then the null hypotheses 𝐻0 will be rejected and the
alternate hypotheses 𝐻𝑎 is assumed to be correct.
Hypothesis Test and Their Tails

• A left-tailed test only has a tail on the left side of the graph.
Hypothesis Test and Their Tails

• A right-tailed test only has a tail on the right side of the

graph
Hypothesis Test and Their Tails