Republic of the Philippines

Department of Education
REGION IV-A CALABARZON
DIVISION OF CAVITE
TANZA NATIONAL TRADE SCHOOL
PARADAHAN I, TANZA CAVITE
LEARNING ACTIVITY SHEET
Statistics and Probability/ Grade 11 (Key Stage 4)
Second Semester- Quarter 4- Week 3

Name of Student:_______________________________ Grade & Section:_____________________________

Topic: Statistical Hypothesis
Critical Value, Significance Level, and Rejection Region

In hypothesis testing, a critical value is a point on the test distribution that is compared to the test statistic to determine
whether to reject the null hypothesis. Critical values for a test of hypothesis depend upon the test statistic, which is specific to the
type of the test and significance level (𝛼) which defines the sensitivity of the test. A value of 𝛼 = 0.05 implies that the null
hypothesis is rejected 5% of the time when it is in fact true. In practice, the common values of α are 0.1, 0.05, and 0.01.

Critical Value of z-Distribution

A critical value of z (Z-score) is used when the sampling distribution is normal or close to normal. Z-scores are used when
the population standard deviation is known or when you have larger sample sizes. While the z-score can also be used to calculate
probability for unknown standard deviations and small samples, many statisticians prefer using the t-distribution to calculate these
probabilities.
Table of Critical Values (Z-Score)
Level of Significance
Test Type
𝛼 = 0.01 𝛼 = 0.025 𝛼 = 0.05 𝛼 = 0.10
left-tailed test −2.33 −1.96 −1.645 −1.28
right-tailed test 2.33 1.96 1.645 1.28
two-tailed test ±2.575 ±2.33 ±1.96 ±1.645

a. left-tailed test: If the alternative hypothesis 𝐻𝑎 contains the less-than inequality symbol (<), the hypothesis test is a left-
tailed test.
b. right-tailed test: If the alternative hypothesis 𝐻𝑎 contains the greater-than inequality symbol (>), the hypothesis test is a
right-tailed test.
c. two-tailed test: If the alternative hypothesis 𝐻𝑎 contains the not-equal-to symbol (≠), the hypothesis test is a two-tailed test.
1
In a two-tailed test, each tail has an area of 𝛼.
2

Examples:
Find the critical z values. In each case, assume that the normal distribution applies.
1. left-tailed test with α= 0.01 𝒛 = −𝟐. 𝟑𝟑 (based on the table of critical value of z)
2. two-tailed test with α=0.05 𝒛 = ±𝟏. 𝟗𝟔
3. right-tailed test with α=0.025 𝒛 = 𝟏. 𝟗𝟔

Critical Value of t-Distribution

The t-distribution table values are critical values of the t-distribution. The column header is the t-distribution probabilities (alpha).
The row names are the degrees of freedom (df).

To find critical values for t-distribution:

1. Identify the level of significance.
2. Identify the degrees of freedom, d.f. = n -1.
3. Find the critical value using t-distribution in the row with n-1 degrees of freedom. If the hypothesis test is:
a. left-tailed, use “α one tail” column with a negative sign.
b. right-tailed, use “α one tail” column with a positive sign.
c. two-tailed, use “α two tails” column with a negative and a positive sign.
 Critical Value Table for t-Distribution
𝜶 for one-tailed test 0.05 0.025 0.01 0.005
𝜶 for two-tailed test 0.10 0.05 0.02 0.01
df = (n – 1)
1 6.311 12.706 31.821 63.657
2 2.920 4.303 6.065 9.925
3 2.353 3.182 4.541 5.841
4 2.132 2.776 3.747 4.604
5 2.025 2.571 3.365 4.032
6 1.943 2.447 3.143 3.707
7 1.895 2.365 2.998 3.499
8 1.860 2.306 2.896 3.355
9 1.833 2.262 2.821 3.250
10 1.812 2.228 2.764 3.169
11 1.796 2.201 2.718 3.106
12 1.782 2.179 2.681 3.055
13 1.771 2.160 2.650 3.012
14 1.761 2.145 2.624 2.977
15 1.753 2.134 2.602 2.947
16 1.746 2.120 2.583 2.921
17 1.740 2.110 2.567 2.898
18 1.734 2.101 2.552 2.878
19 1.729 2.093 2.539 2.861
20 1.725 2.086 2.528 2.845
21 1.721 2.080 2.512 2.831
22 1.717 2.074 2.508 2.819
23 1.714 2.069 2.500 2.807
24 1.711 2.064 2.492 2.797
25 1.708 2.060 2.485 2.787
26 1.706 2.056 2.479 2.779
27 1.703 2.052 2.473 2.771
28 1.701 2.048 2.467 2.763
29 1.699 2.045 2.462 2.756
30 1.697 2.042 2.457 2.750
Examples:

a) Find the critical t-value for a left-tailed test with α= 0.05 and n =21.
Answer: 𝒕 = −𝟏. 𝟕𝟐𝟓
b) Find the critical t-value for a right-tailed test with α=0.01 and n = 17.
Answer: 𝒕 = 𝟐. 𝟓𝟖𝟑
c) Find the critical t-values for a two-tailed test with α=0.05 and n =26.
Answer: 𝒕 = ±𝟐. 𝟎𝟔𝟎
Critical Regions/Rejection Regions

Critical region, also known as the rejection region, describes the entire area of values that indicates you reject the null hypothesis.
In other words, the critical region is the area encompassed by the values not included in the acceptance region. It is the area of the
“tails” of the distribution.

The “tails” of a test are the values outside of the critical values. In other words, the tails are the ends of the distribution and they
begin at the greatest or least value in the alternative hypothesis (the critical values).

Illustrative Examples:

Determine the critical values and the appropriate rejection region. Sketch the sampling distribution.

1. Right-tailed test where 𝝈 is known, 𝜶 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟓, and 𝒏 = 𝟑𝟒

In this example, the population standard deviation is known. Therefore, the test statistic would be z-test. To obtain the
critical value for the level of significance of 0.05 and one-tailed test, z-value from the table is 1.645. The hypothesis test is right-
tailed, so the inequality symbol would be ≥. Hence, the rejection region for a one-tailed test is z ≥ 1.645.
 To sketch the graph, locate first the critical value of 1.645 which is between the 1 and 2 in the
normal curve. Then, shade the region greater than the critical value because it is a right-tailed
test.
2. Two-tailed test where 𝝈 is unknown, 𝜶 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟓, and 𝒏 = 𝟏𝟎 Since this is a two-
tailed test, ½ of 0.05= 0.025 of the values would be in the left and the other 0.025
would be in the right tail. Looking up t-score (n=10-1=9) associated with 0.025 on
the reference table, we find 2.262. Therefore, +2.262 is the critical value of the right
tail and -2.262 is the critical value of the left tail. The rejection region 𝒕 ≤
−𝟐. 𝟐𝟔𝟐 𝒐𝒓 𝒕 ≥ 𝟐. 𝟐𝟔𝟐.
3. Left-tailed test where 𝝈 is known, 𝜶 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏, and 𝒏 = 𝟒𝟎
A one-tailed test with 0.01 would have 99% of the area under the curve outside of the
critical region. Since the variance is known, we use z-score as the reference to find the
critical value. This is a left-tailed test, so the critical value we need is negative. The solution
is z= -2.326. The rejection region is z ≤ -2.326.
In the first three examples, you were able to find rejection region given the hypothesis test, population variance known or
unknown, number of sample, and level of significance. The following example will discuss on how to determine the appropriate
rejection region in a real-life problem.
Computing Test Statistic on Population Mean
There are two specific test statistics used for hypothesis testing concerning means: z-test and t-test.
If the sample size is large, where 𝑛 ≥ 30 and the population standard deviation (𝜎) is known, use z-test.
In finding the z-value, use the formula below:
̅−𝝁
𝒙
𝒛 = 𝝈 where: 𝑥̅ = sample mean 𝜇 = population mean; 𝑛 = sample size; 𝜎 = population standard deviation
√𝒏
On the other hand, t- test is used when 𝑛 < 30, the population is normal or nearly normal, and sample standard deviation (𝑠) is
unknown.
̅−𝝁
𝒙
The formula for the t- value is: 𝒕 = 𝒔 where:
√𝒏
𝑥̅ = sample mean; 𝜇 = population mean; 𝑛 = sample 𝑠 = sample standard deviation
The degrees of freedom is 𝑛 − 1 or 𝑑𝑓 = 𝑛 − 1.
Example 1: Compute the z-value given the following information.
Use one-tailed test and 0. 05 level of significance.
𝑥̅ = 71.5 𝜇 = 70 𝜎 = 8 𝑛 = 100

Example 2: In the first semester of the school year, a random sample of 200 students got a mean score of 81.72 with a population
standard deviation of 15 in Statistics and Probability test. The population mean is 79.83. Use 0.05 level of significance.

Solution: To answer the problem, let us first identify the given. We

have:
𝑥̅ = 81.72 𝜇 = 79.83
𝜎 = 15 𝑛 = 200

In Central Limit Theorem, the sample standard deviation (𝑠) may be

used as an estimate of the population standard deviation (𝜎) when
the value of 𝜎 is unknown.

Consider the given examples below:

Example 3: In the past, the average length of an outgoing call from a
business office has been 140 seconds. A manager wishes to check
whether that average has decrease after the introduction of policy
changes. A sample of 150 telephone calls produced a mean of 135
seconds, with a standard deviation of 30 seconds. Perform the
relevant test at 1% level of significance.

Solution: Let us first identify the given. We have:

𝑥̅ = 135 𝜇 = 140 𝑠 = 30 𝑛 =
150

Since n ≥ 30, we will use z-test by replacing 𝝈 with its estimate s.

Example 4: Compute the t-value given the following information:

𝑥̅ = 129.5 𝜇 = 127 𝑠=5 𝑛 = 12

Solution: Since σ is unknown and n < 30, we will use t-test. Thus, we
have:

Example 5: The government claims that the monthly expenses of a

Filipino family with four members is P10,000. A sample of 26 family’s
expenses has a mean of P10,900 and a standard deviation of P1,250. Is there enough evidence to reject the government’s claim at 𝛼
= 0. 01?

Solution: Let us first identify the given, so we have:

𝑥̅ = P10,900 𝜇 = P10,000 𝑠 = P1,250 𝑛 = 26

Learning Activity 1: What is My Value!

Direction: Applying the concepts on finding the critical value using the z-table or the t-table find the critical
value of the following. Write the critical value on the space provided before the number.
______________1. left-tailed test 𝛼 = 0.01 n=15
______________2. right-tailed test 𝛼 = 0.05 n=19
______________3. two-tailed test 𝛼 = 0.05 n=35
______________4. left-tailed test 𝛼 = 0.01 n=70
______________5. two-tailed test 𝛼 = 0.01 n=67
______________6. one-tailed test, σ known 𝛼 = 0.01, n=57
______________7. two-tailed test, σ unknown 𝛼 = 0.05 n=23
______________8. right-tailed test, σ unknown 𝛼 = 0.01 n=15
______________9. one-tailed test, σ known 𝛼 = 0.05 n=37
______________10. left-tailed test, σ known 𝛼 = 0.05 n=12

Learning Activity 2. Sketch Me!

Direction: On a separate sheet of paper. Draw a normal curve and find the rejection region for each
hypothesis test based on the information given.
 1. 𝐻𝑜 : μ=121 𝐻𝑎 :μ >121 α=0.01 n=39 σ=known
2. 𝐻𝑜 : μ=98.6 𝐻𝑎 :μ ≠98.6 α=0.05 n= 25 σ=unknown
3. 𝐻𝑜 : μ=27 𝐻𝑎 : μ <27 α=0.05 n=12 σ=known
4. 𝐻𝑜 : μ=65 𝐻𝑎 : μ≠65 α=0.05 n=9 σ=unknown
5. 𝐻𝑜 : μ=2.9 𝐻𝑎 : μ>2.9 α=0.01 n=50 σ=known

Learning Activity 3: Find My Value!

A. Find the computed z-value of the following. Write your answer to the nearest thousandths. Show your
solutions on a separate sheet of paper and write your final answer on the space provided before the
number.

_____________1. 𝑥̅ = 21. 75 𝜇 = 20. 83 𝜎 = 2.75 𝑛 = 49

_____________2. 𝑥̅ = 11. 23 𝜇 = 12. 01 𝜎 = 3.0 𝑛 = 81

_____________3. 𝑥̅ = 891.75 𝜇 = 890. 25 𝜎 = 11.75 𝑛 = 121

B. Compute the t-value of the following. Write your answer to the nearest thousandths. Show your
solutions on a separate sheet of paper and write your final answer on the space provided before the
number.

_____________1. 𝑥̅ = 16.4 𝜇 = 15.86 𝑠 = 1.25 𝑛 = 25

_____________2. 𝑥̅ = 246 𝜇 = 245. 85 𝑠 = 3.25 𝑛 = 29

_____________3. 𝑥̅ = 9.5 𝜇 = 8.25 𝑠 = 1.45 𝑛 = 16

Learning Activity 4: Read, Analyze, and find My Value!

Direction: Determine the test statistic used. Then, find the value of the following based on the given
information. Write your answer on the space provided and show your solutions on a separate sheet of paper

_________________1. 𝐻𝑜 : 𝜇 = 85 𝐻𝑎 : 𝜇 ≠ 85
The sample mean is 83, the sample size is 39, and the standard deviation is 5. Use 𝛼 = 0.05.

_________________2. 𝐻𝑜 : 𝜇 = 15 𝐻𝑎 : 𝜇 < 15
The sample mean is 10, the sample standard deviation is 6.1, and the sample size is 9. Use 𝛼 = 0.05.

_________________3. 𝐻𝑜 : 𝜇 = 116.12 𝐻𝑎 : 𝜇 > 116.12

The population follows a normal distribution with a standard deviation of 7.18, sample mean of 118.7,
and sample size of 21.
Use 𝛼 = 0.10.

_________________4. 𝐻𝑜 : 𝜇 = 65 𝐻𝑎 : 𝜇 > 65
The sample mean is 63, the sample size is 43, and the standard deviation is 4. Use 𝛼 = 0.05.

_________________5. 𝐻𝑜 : 𝜇 = 25 𝐻𝑎 : 𝜇 < 25
The sample mean is 23.75, the sample standard deviation is 4.5, and the sample size is 12. Use 𝛼 =
0.05.

Reflection:
Direction: In your notebook, write your personal insights about the lesson using the prompts below.
I understand that
___________________________________________________________________________________________.
I realize that
_______________________________________________________________________________________________.
I need to learn more about
___________________________________________________________________________________.