1.

Algorithm and Flowchart to Check if a Number is Even or Odd Without

Using Modulus Operator
Algorithm:
1. Start.
2. Input the number n.
3. Check the last bit of n using the bitwise AND operation (n & 1):
o If the result is 0, the number is even.
o Otherwise, it is odd.
4. Output "Even" or "Odd".
5. Stop.
Flowchart:
 Input → Decision (Check n & 1 == 0) → Output Even or Output Odd

2. Simple Calculator in C
Code:
#include <stdio.h>

int main() {
char operator;
double num1, num2, result;

printf("Enter an operator (+, -, *, /): ");

scanf("%c", &operator);
printf("Enter two numbers: ");
scanf("%lf %lf", &num1, &num2);

switch (operator) {
case '+': result = num1 + num2; break;
 case '-': result = num1 - num2; break;
case '*': result = num1 * num2; break;
case '/':
if (num2 != 0) result = num1 / num2;
else {
printf("Error: Division by zero.\n");
return 1;
}
break;
default:
printf("Invalid operator.\n");
return 1;
}

printf("Result: %.2lf\n", result);

return 0;
}

3. Basic Data Types in C

 int: Stores integers (Size: 2 or 4 bytes, Range: -32,768 to 32,767 or -
2,147,483,648 to 2,147,483,647).
 float: Stores decimal numbers (Size: 4 bytes, Range: ~6 decimal digits).
 double: Stores larger decimal numbers (Size: 8 bytes, Range: ~15
decimal digits).
 char: Stores single characters (Size: 1 byte, Range: -128 to 127 or 0 to
255).

4. Structure of a C Program
A C program typically consists of:
1. Preprocessor Directives: Instructions to the compiler (#include).
2. Global Declarations: Variables or functions declared globally.
3. main() Function: Entry point of the program.
4. Function Definitions: Define reusable code.
Example:

#include <stdio.h> // Preprocessor Directive

int add(int a, int b); // Function Declaration

int main() {
int result = add(5, 3); // main() Function
printf("Sum: %d\n", result);
return 0;
}

int add(int a, int b) { // Function Definition

return a + b;
}

5. Tokens in C
Definition: Smallest elements of a C program.
Types:
1. Keywords (e.g., int, return)
2. Identifiers (e.g., variable names)
3. Constants (e.g., 10, 3.14)
4. Operators (e.g., +, -)
 5. Special Characters (e.g., {, ;)
6. Strings (e.g., "Hello")

6. Conditional Statements
Syntax of if and if-else:
if (condition) {
// Code to execute if condition is true
} else {
// Code to execute if condition is false
}
Programs:
1. Check Even or Odd:
#include <stdio.h>
int main() {
int num;
printf("Enter a number: ");
scanf("%d", &num);
if (num % 2 == 0)
printf("Even\n");
else
printf("Odd\n");
return 0;
}
2. Find Largest of Two Numbers:
#include <stdio.h>
int main() {
int a, b;
 printf("Enter two numbers: ");
scanf("%d %d", &a, &b);
if (a > b)
printf("%d is larger.\n", a);
else
printf("%d is larger.\n", b);
return 0;
}

7. Type Conversion in C
Definition: Conversion of data types.
1. Implicit Conversion (Type Promotion): Automatically done by the
compiler.
o Example: int a = 10; float b = a;
2. Explicit Conversion (Type Casting): Forced by the programmer.
o Example: float b = 10; int a = (int)b;

8. Data Types in C
 Basic: int, float, double, char.
 Derived: array, pointer, structure, union.
 Enumeration: enum.
 Void: void.

9. Flowchart Symbols
1. Oval: Start/End.
2. Rectangle: Process.
3. Diamond: Decision.
4. Arrow: Flow.
Flowchart to Check Positive, Negative, or Zero:
1. Start → Input n.
2. Decision:
o n > 0 → Output Positive.
o n < 0 → Output Negative.
o Else → Output Zero.

10. Break and Continue

 break: Terminates a loop.
 continue: Skips current iteration.
Example:
#include <stdio.h>
int main() {
for (int i = 1; i <= 5; i++) {
if (i == 3)
break; // Ends loop when i is 3
printf("%d ", i);
}
printf("\n");
for (int i = 1; i <= 5; i++) {
if (i == 3)
continue; // Skips 3
printf("%d ", i);
}
return 0;
}
11. If-Else vs Switch
  if-else: Checks multiple conditions.
 switch: Compares a variable against constant values.
Day Program Using Switch:
#include <stdio.h>
int main() {
int day;
printf("Enter a number (1-7): ");
scanf("%d", &day);
switch (day) {
case 1: printf("Monday\n"); break;
case 2: printf("Tuesday\n"); break;
case 3: printf("Wednesday\n"); break;
case 4: printf("Thursday\n"); break;
case 5: printf("Friday\n"); break;
case 6: printf("Saturday\n"); break;
case 7: printf("Sunday\n"); break;
default: printf("Invalid input.\n");
}
return 0;
}

12. Switch Statement

Syntax:
switch (expression) {
case constant1:
// Code block
break;
 case constant2:
// Code block
break;
default:
// Default code block
}
Example: (See question 11).

13. Algorithm
Definition: Step-by-step procedure to solve a problem. Purpose: Provides a
clear path for implementation.
Example: Problem: Find the sum of two numbers.
1. Start.
2. Input two numbers.
3. Add the numbers.
4. Output the result.
5. Stop.
14. Role of Algorithms in C Programming
Role:
 Provides a step-by-step approach to problem-solving.
 Serves as a blueprint for writing code.
 Ensures the program logic is clear and efficient.
Examples of Algorithms:
1. Searching Algorithms: Linear search, Binary search.
2. Sorting Algorithms: Bubble sort, Quick sort.
Properties of Algorithms:
1. Input: Takes input values.
2. Output: Produces at least one output.
 3. Finiteness: Terminates after a finite number of steps.
4. Definiteness: Every step is clearly defined.
5. Effectiveness: Steps are basic enough to be executed.
Advantages:
 Simplifies debugging.
 Improves maintainability and scalability.
 Optimizes performance.
Algorithm to Convert Fahrenheit to Celsius:
1. Start.
2. Input temperature in Fahrenheit (F).
3. Calculate Celsius (C = (F - 32) * 5 / 9).
4. Output C.
5. Stop.

15. Ternary Operator Evaluation

Given int a = 10, b = 5; evaluate (a > b) ? (a - b) : (b - a):
 Condition: (a > b) is true because 10 > 5.
 Result: Executes (a - b) = 10 - 5 = 5.
 Output: 5.

16. Operators in C
Categories of Operators:
1. Arithmetic Operators: +, -, *, /, %
2. Relational Operators: <, >, <=, >=, ==, !=
3. Logical Operators: &&, ||, !
4. Bitwise Operators: &, |, ^, ~, <<, >>
5. Increment/Decrement Operators: ++, --
 6. Assignment Operators: =, +=, -=, etc.
7. Ternary Operator: ? :
Examples:
1. Logical Operators:
int a = 1, b = 0;
if (a && b)
printf("True\n");
else
printf("False\n"); // Output: False
2. Increment/Decrement:
int x = 5;
x++;
printf("%d\n", x); // Output: 6
3. Bitwise Operators:
int a = 5, b = 3;
printf("%d\n", a & b); // Output: 1

17. Program for Arithmetic and Assignment Operators

#include <stdio.h>
int main() {
int a = 10, b = 5, result;

// Arithmetic Operators
printf("Addition: %d\n", a + b);
printf("Subtraction: %d\n", a - b);

// Assignment Operators
 result = a; // Assign
result += b; // Add and Assign
printf("Result after +=: %d\n", result);

return 0;
}
18. Formatted Input/Output Statements
 Formatted Input: scanf() reads formatted data.
c
Copy code
int num;
scanf("%d", &num); // Reads an integer
 Formatted Output: printf() prints formatted data.
c
Copy code
printf("Value: %d\n", num); // Prints the integer

19. Purpose of goto Statement

Used for jumping to a specific label in the program. Example:
#include <stdio.h>
int main() {
int x = 1;
label:
if (x <= 5) {
printf("%d ", x);
x++;
goto label; // Jumps back to label
 }
return 0;
}
20. Largest of Three Numbers
Algorithm:
1. Start.
2. Input three numbers.
3. Compare and find the largest.
4. Output the largest number.
5. Stop.
Flowchart:
1. Input → Decision → Output.
C Program:
#include <stdio.h>
int main() {
int a, b, c, max;
printf("Enter three numbers: ");
scanf("%d %d %d", &a, &b, &c);

if (a > b && a > c)

max = a;
else if (b > c)
max = b;
else
max = c;

printf("Largest number: %d\n", max);

 return 0;
}
21. Sum, Difference, Product, Quotient
#include <stdio.h>
int main() {
int a, b;
printf("Enter two numbers: ");
scanf("%d %d", &a, &b);

printf("Sum: %d\n", a + b);

printf("Difference: %d\n", a - b);
printf("Product: %d\n", a * b);
printf("Quotient: %d\n", a / b);

return 0;
}
22. Evaluate Expressions
(i) (a + b - (c + d) * 3 % e + f / 9)
Assume a = 9, b = 18, c = 5, d = 1, e = 2, f = 18.
1. c + d = 6.
2. 6 * 3 = 18.
3. 18 % e = 0.
4. f / 9 = 2.
5. Result: a + b - 0 + 2 = 29.
(ii) x - y | (x - y * z) + p && q - r % 4
Assume x = 20, y = 5, z = 4, p = 10, q = 15, r = 1.
1. x - y = 15.
2. y * z = 20.
3. x - 20 = 0.
4. r % 4 = 1.
5. q - 1 = 14.
6. p + 0 = 10.
7. 15 | 10 && 14 = 15.

-credits
chatgpt & spideeey