Functions and Graphs Part 2

Exercise: Identify if 𝑦 is a function of 𝑥 and

determine the domain algebraically using both set
notation and interval notation.
1 𝑥 2 𝑦 2
𝑦= − = 1
3 + 4𝑥 4 9
𝑦 = 𝑥+7 (𝑥 − 2
3) = 4(𝑦 − 3)
1
𝑦=
𝑥−4
 1
𝑦=
3 + 4𝑥
𝑦 = 𝑥+7
 1
𝑦=
𝑥−4
𝑥 2 𝑦 2
− =1
4 9
𝑥 2 𝑦 2
− =1
4 9
 2
(𝑥 − 3) = 4(𝑦 − 3)
 Function Function Domain Range
Representations Identifier
Set of Ordered No repeated x Set of all the first Set of all the first
Pairs values elements elements
(Numerically) D = {1, 3, 5} R = {2, 4, 6}
A = {(1,2), (3,4),
(5,6)}
Graph (Visually) Vertical Line Test Visual Estimation Visual Estimation

Equation One input : One Exclude x values Use Domain

(algebraically) output that will make the intervals for
function have zero corresponding
denominator or Range values
negative square
root
Functional Notation argument

𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥)
Value of the function
Name of the function
Functional Notation
𝑦=𝑥 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥

1 1
𝑦= 𝑓(𝑥) =
2𝑥 2𝑥
𝑦 = 𝑥+1 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 + 1
Functional Notation
•Consider the function
2
𝑦 = 2𝑥 + 5𝑥 − 3, rewrite it
using functional notation, then
find 𝑓(0).
1
•Find 𝑓
2
 The argument may also take form of a
mathematical expression.

Find
𝑓 𝑥+1
𝑓(2 − 𝑥)
Problem:
2
•Suppose 𝑔 𝑥 = 3𝑥 − 4. Find the
following:
•𝑔 −1
2
•𝑔(𝑥 )
2
•𝑔(3𝑥 − 4)
•𝑔 𝑥 − 𝑔(𝑠)
Operations of Functions
Sum and Difference of Two Functions
𝑓+𝑔 𝑥 =𝑓 𝑥 +𝑔 𝑥
𝑓−𝑔 𝑥 =𝑓 𝑥 −𝑔 𝑥
Product of two Functions
𝑓 ∙ 𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑓(𝑥) ∙ 𝑔(𝑥)
Quotient of Two Functions
𝑓 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑥 = 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑔(𝑥) ≠ 0
𝑔 𝑔(𝑥)
Composite Function
𝑓 ∘ 𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑓[𝑔 𝑥 ]
Examples:
2
Consider 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 − 4 and 𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑥 + 2. Find
the following:
1. 𝑓+𝑔 𝑥
2. 𝑓−𝑔 𝑥
3. 𝑓∙𝑔 𝑥
𝑓
4. 𝑔
𝑥
5. 𝑓∘𝑔 𝑥
 Graph of a Function
The graph or locus of a function is
the set of all points (𝑥, 𝑦) in the
geometric plane such that (𝑥, 𝑦) is
an ordered pair under 𝑓.
• Point-by-point graphing method
 Draw the Graph of 𝑓(𝑥) = 3.
x -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
y 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
Types of Functions
and Their Graphs
 Constant Function, 𝒇 𝒙 = 𝒄
•Any argument x yields the same
function value.
•The graph 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑐 is a horizontal
line which is 𝑐 units above (below)
x-axis if 𝑐 > 0 (𝑐 < 0 respectively)
Constant Function, 𝒇 𝒙 = 𝒄

𝑓(𝑥) = 3
Linear Function, 𝒇 𝒙 = 𝒎𝒙 + 𝒃
•Its graph is a straight line
intersecting the y-axis at b and with
slope m.
•A constant function is a special type
of linear function where 𝑚 = 0.
 𝑓 𝑥 = 3𝑥 − 2
x -2 -1 0 1 2
y -8 -5 -2 1 4
 𝟐
Quadratic Function, 𝒇 𝒙 = 𝒂𝒙 + 𝒃𝒙 + 𝒄, 𝒂 ≠ 𝟎
•Using completing the squares, the
quadratic function can be transformed t
the form
𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑎(𝑥 − ℎ) + 𝑘2

•The graph is a parabola with vertex (h,k)

and which opens up if 𝑎 > 0 and opens
down if 𝑎 < 0.
 2
𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 + 4𝑥 + 1
x -4 -3 -2 -1 0
y 1 -2 -3 -2 1
Polynomial Function,
2 3 𝑛
𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑎0 + 𝑎1 𝑥 + 𝑎2 𝑥 + 𝑎3 𝑥 + ⋯ + 𝑎𝑛 𝑥
•Where 𝑎0 , 𝑎1 , 𝑎2 , … , 𝑎𝑛 are all constants.
 5
𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 − 3𝑥 − 1
Properties of the Graph of a Polynomial
Function
1. The graph of the polynomial function of degree 𝑛 has at most 𝑛 − 1
turning points. i.e., points where the graph changes directions, from
increasing to decreasing or from decreasing to increasing.
2. If 𝑎𝑛 > 0, then graph goes up to the right as 𝑥 goes to positive
infinity.
a. If 𝑛 is even, then the graph comes down from the left (see Figure 1.13a)
b. If 𝑛 is odd, then the graph comes up from the left (see Figure 1.13b)
3. If 𝑎𝑛 < 0, then graph goes down to the right as 𝑥 goes to positive
infinity.
a. If 𝑛 is even, then the graph comes up from the left (see Figure 1.14a)
b. If 𝑛 is odd, then the graph comes down from the left (see Figure 1.13b)
 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 3 − 2𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + 6
x -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
y -24 0 8 6 0 -4 0 18

2. If 𝑎𝑛 > 0, then graph goes up

to the right as 𝑥 goes to positive
infinity.
a. If 𝑛 is even, then the graph
comes down from the left
(see Figure 1.13a)
b. If 𝑛 is odd, then the graph
comes up from the left
(see Figure 1.13b)
 𝑓 𝑥 = −𝑥 4 + 3𝑥 3 − 2𝑥 2 +1
x -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 2 2.25
y -5 0.0625 1 0.8125 1 1 -0.58203

1. If 𝑎𝑛 < 0, then graph goes

down to the right as 𝑥 goes
to positive infinity.
a. If 𝑛 is even, then the
graph comes up from the
left (see Figure 1.14a)
b. If 𝑛 is odd, then the
graph comes down from
the left (see Figure
1.13b)
 𝑵(𝒙)
Rational Function, 𝒇 𝒙 = ,𝑵 𝒙 , 𝑴(𝒙) ≠ 𝟎
𝑴(𝒙)

•N(x) and M(x) are assumedhas no common

factor.
•Note that this function is defined at every
𝑥 ∈ ℝ except the values for which the
denominator is 0.
 𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 − 5
𝑓 𝑥 =
𝑥3 − 1
 𝑥−1
𝑓 𝑥 = 2
𝑥 +1
x -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
y -0.4 -0.6 -1 -1 0 0.2 -0.2
 Power Functions, 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 𝑢

This function is a rational function if 𝑢 is an integer, however, if 𝑢 is a

fraction, then it’s a radical.

3
𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 2
 𝑥
Exponential Functions, 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑎 , 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑎 ≠ 0
A function in the form
𝑥
𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑎 where
𝑎 ≠ 0 and is defines
for every 𝑥 ∈ ℝ and its
+
range is ℝ .

𝑥
𝑓 𝑥 =4
 𝑥
Exponential Functions, 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑎 , 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑎 ≠ 0
A function in the form
𝑥
𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑎 where
𝑎 ≠ 0 and is defines
for every 𝑥 ∈ ℝ and its
+
range is ℝ .

𝑥
𝑓 𝑥 =4
 𝑥
Exponential Functions, 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑎 , 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑎 ≠ 0
A function in the form
𝑥
𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑎 where
𝑎 ≠ 0 and is defines
for every 𝑥 ∈ ℝ and its
+
range is ℝ .

𝑥
𝑓 𝑥 = −4
 Logarithmic Functions, 𝑓 𝑥 = log 𝑎 𝑥 , 𝑎 ≠ 1

A function in the form 𝑓 𝑥 = log 𝑎 𝑥

where 𝑎 ≠ 1 is defined for every
𝑥 ∈ ℝ+ and its range is ℝ.

𝑓 𝑥 = log 2 𝑥
 Logarithmic Functions, 𝑓 𝑥 = log 𝑎 𝑥 , 𝑎 ≠ 1
Remarks:
1. log 𝑎 𝑥 = log 𝑥 when base 𝑎 = 10
2. The natural logarithm is a
logarithmic function with base 𝑒 ≈
2.7183 … and is denoted ln 𝑥.
3. 𝑦 = log 𝑎 𝑥 if and only if 𝑎 𝑦 = 𝑥

4
𝑓 𝑥 = − log 𝑥
Natural Logarithm and Natural Exponential
Functions
𝑥
𝑦 = ln 𝑥 𝑦=𝑒
𝐷 = ℝ+ 𝐷 = {ℝ}
𝐷= 𝑥𝑥>0
𝐷 = (0, ∞)
𝑅 = ℝ+
𝑅 = {ℝ} 𝑅= 𝑦𝑦>0
𝑅 = (0, ∞)
 Trigonometric Functions
Trigonometric Function Domain
𝑓 𝑥 = sin 𝑥 Defined for every 𝑥 ∈ ℝ
𝑓 𝑥 = cos 𝑥 Defined for every 𝑥 ∈ ℝ
𝜋
𝑓 𝑥 = tan 𝑥 Defined for every 𝑥 ∈ ℝ except 𝑥 = + 𝜋𝑛,
2
where 𝑛 is an integer
𝑓 𝑥 = csc 𝑥 Defined for every 𝑥 ∈ ℝ except 𝑥 = 𝜋𝑛,
where 𝑛 is an integer
𝜋
𝑓 𝑥 = sec 𝑥 Defined for every 𝑥 ∈ ℝ except 𝑥 = + 𝜋𝑛,
2
where 𝑛 is an integer
𝑓 𝑥 = cot 𝑥 Defined for every 𝑥 ∈ ℝ except 𝑥 = 𝜋𝑛,
where 𝑛 is an integer
𝑓 𝑥 = 3 sin 4𝑥
Hyperbolic Function
Trigonometric Function Domain
1 𝑥 Defined for every 𝑥 ∈ ℝ
𝑓 𝑥 = sinh 𝑥 = 𝑒 − 𝑒 −𝑥
2
1 𝑥 Defined for every 𝑥 ∈ ℝ
𝑓 𝑥 = cosh 𝑥 = 𝑒 + 𝑒 −𝑥
2
𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑥 Defined for every 𝑥 ∈ ℝ
𝑓 𝑥 = tanh 𝑥 = 𝑥
𝑒 + 𝑒 −𝑥
𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑥 Defined for every 𝑥 ∈ ℝ except 0
𝑓 𝑥 = coth 𝑥 = 𝑥
𝑒 − 𝑒 −𝑥
2 Defined for every 𝑥 ∈ ℝ
𝑓 𝑥 = sech 𝑥 = 𝑥
𝑒 + 𝑒 −𝑥
2 Defined for every 𝑥 ∈ ℝ except 0
𝑓 𝑥 = csch 𝑥 = 𝑥
𝑒 − 𝑒 −𝑥
𝑓 𝑥 = −2 tanh 3𝑥
Other Types of Functions
•Absolute Value Function
•Piecewise Function
•Step Function
•Greatest Integer Function
 Absolute Value Function
−𝑥, 𝑥<0 • This function can also be defined
𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 =ቊ as 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 − 𝑎 + 𝑏, where 𝑎
𝑥, 𝑥≥0
and 𝑏 are constants. Its graph
look like a letter V with (𝑎, 𝑏) as
the vertex.
• If it is of the form 𝑓 𝑥 =
𝑥 − 𝑎 + 𝑏 then its graph looks
like an inverted V.
𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥−3 +2
𝑓 𝑥 =− 𝑥−3 +2
 Piecewise Function
• Is a defined function by more
than one equation on a
sequence of intervals. It is a
function composed of functions
on ‘pieces’ (intervals of the real
line, the reason why it is named
so.
5, 𝑥 < −2
𝑓 𝑥 =ቐ 𝑥2, −2 ≤ 𝑥 < 2
−𝑥 + 7, 2≤𝑥
Step Function
• A special type of piecewise
function is the so-called step
function. Its Graph is a series of
line segments which looks like
steps. −1, 𝑥<0
sgn 𝑥 = ቐ 0, 𝑥=0
1, 𝑥>0
−1, 𝑥<0
sgn 𝑥 = ቐ 0, 𝑥=0
1, 0<𝑥
Step Function
• A special type of piecewise
function is the so-called step
function. Its Graph is a series of
line segments which looks like
steps.
0, 𝑥<0
𝑓 𝑥 =ቊ
1, 𝑥≥0
0, 𝑥<0
𝑓 𝑥 =ቊ
1, 0≤𝑥
 Greatest Integer Function
• The greatest integer
function of a number 𝑥,
is an integer between the
interval [𝑥 − 1, 𝑥).
• It is sometimes called the
floor of 𝑥, If 𝑥 is an
integer, then 𝑥 = 𝑥.
 Greatest Integer Function
𝑓 𝑥 =
𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑜𝑟 𝑥 =
⋮
−1, −1 ≤ 𝑥 < 0
𝑥 = 0, 0≤𝑥<1
1, 1≤𝑥<2
⋮
𝐷 = {𝑥|𝑥 ∈ ℝ}
𝑅 = {𝑦|𝑦 ∈ ℤ}