======================
Linux Architecture
======================
=> Linux is free OS & open source
=> Multi User based os
=> Linux is secured
=> Linux is CLI based os
=> Linux is highly recommended for project related servers
Ex: Database, docker, sonar, jenkins, nexus, k8s....
================================
Linux Architecture Components
===============================
1) Applications / Commands
2) Shell
3) Kernel
4) Hardware components
===================
What is shell ?
===================
=> Shell acts as mediator between user and kernel.
=> Shell is responsible to process user given commands.
Note: when we execute a command, shell verify command syntax. If commad is valid
then shell will convert that command into kernel understable format.
# check default shell of our linux vm
$ echo $SHELL
# display all shells supported by linux vm
$ cat /etc/shells
==========================
What is Kernel in linux ?
==========================
=> Kernel is heart of Linux OS
=> Kernel is a mediator between SHELL and Hardware components.
=> Kernel will get instructions from shell then kernel will convert that command
into hardware understandable format.
# print kernel version
$ uname -r
======================
What is scripting ?
======================
=> Scripting means set of commands we are keeping in a file for execution.
=> Scripting is used to automate our daily routine work
=> For example, i want to execute below commands on daily basis
whoami
pwd
date
cal
ls -l
Note: instead of executing these commands one after other manually we can keep them
inside a file and we can execute that file which is called as Scripting.
=> The process of executing script file using shell is called as shell scripting.
=> Shell scripting is used to automate our daily routine works in the project.
Ex:
a) take backup
b) delete temp files
c) analyze log files
d) system health checks
=> shell script files will have .sh extension
ex : backup.sh, log-analyzer.sh, health-checks.sh
====================================================
What is difference between programming & scripting
====================================================
=> Program requies compilation for executing
Ex: C, C++, Java, C#
=> Script can be executed directley (no compilation).
Ex : Bash, Perl, Python
============================
what is sha-bang in linux ?
============================
=> sha-bang is used to specify which shell we should use to process our script
file.
syntax:
#! /bin/bash
Note: Writing sha-bang is not mandatory but recommended.
##################################################################################
Date : 19-July-2024
Topic : Shell Scripting
##################################################################################
============= 01 : Shell Script ===========
#! /bin/bash
echo "Enter your name"
read NAME
echo "Good Evening, $NAME"
============ 02 : Shell Script =============
#! /bin/bash
echo "Enter your first name"
read FNAME
echo "Enter your last name"
read LNAME
echo "Your Fullname : $FNAME $LNAME"
===========
Variables
===========
=> Variables are used to store the values
=> Variables will represent data in key-value format
a=10
b=20
name=ashok
gender=male
age=20
Note: We don't have data types in shell scripting.
=> We have 2 types of variables
1) System Variables / Environment Variable
2) User Defined Variables
=> The variables which are already defined and using by our system are called as
System variables.
$ echo $SHELL
$ echo $USER
$ echo $PATH
Note: We can access all the environment variables using below command
$ env
=> The variables which we are creating based on our requirement are called as 'User
Defined Variables'.
name = ashok
id = 101
age = 25
gender = male
Note : To access value of variable we will use below syntax
echo $VARIABLE_NAME
# create variable using terminal
export course=devops
# get variable value
echo $course
# remove variable
unset variable_name
Note: If we use export command in terminal for setting variables then those
variables will be removed once we close our terminal. These are called as temporary
variables.
====================================
How to set variables permanently ?
====================================
=> We will use .bashrc file to set variables permanently for the user.
=> In user home directory, .bashrc file will be available (it is hidden file).
$ ls -la
$ cat .bashrc
# open .bashrc file
vi .bashrc
# add variables at end of the file
COURSE=devops
TRAINER=ashok
# apply .bashrc changes
source .bashrc
# Access variables
echo $COURSE
echo $TRAINER
Note: In linux machine, every user will contain their own .bashrc file.
================================================
How to set variables for all users in linux ?
=================================================
$ cat /etc/profile
Note: If we add variables in /etc/profile then those variables applicable for all
users in linux vm.
==========================
Rules for Variables name
==========================
=> Variable name should not start with digit
=> Variable name should not contain below 3 special symbols
Ex : - (hypen), @, #
Note: It is recommended to use uppercase characters for variable names.
name ==> NAME
age ==> AGE
============
Operators
============
=> Operators are used to perform some operation on the variables.
10 + 20 => 30
10 > 20 => false
20 == 20 => true
========================
Arithematic Operators
========================
Addition : +
Substraction : -
Multiplication : *
Division : /
Modulas : %
Syntax to perform Arithematic Operations :
$((FNUM+SNUM))
================== 03 : Script (addition) ================
#! /bin/bash
echo "Enter first number"
read FNUM
echo "Enter second number"
read SNUM
echo "Result : $((FNUM+SNUM))"
===================================
Relational/Comparision Operators
===================================
Equal : == or eq
Not Equal : !=
Greater than : > or gt or ge
less than : < or lt or le
========================
Conditional Statements
========================
=> Conditional statements are used to execute commands based on condition.
Ex :
read user age
if age is above 18 years then print eligible for vote
if age is below 18 years then print not-elgible for vote
=> To implement conditional stmts we will use "if-elif-else" concept.
Syntax:
if [ conditon-1 ]; then
// stmt-1
elif [ conditio-2 ]; then
// stmt-2
else
// stmt-3
fi
============== 04 : Script (if-else) =================
#! /bin/bash
echo "Enter Your age"
read AGE
if [ $AGE -ge 18 ]; then
echo "Eligible for vote"
else
echo "Not Eligible for vote"
fi
==================================================================================
Requirement : Take a number from user and check weather it is positive or negative
or zero
========================= 05 - Script =======================================
#! /bin/bash
echo "Enter Number"
read A
if [ $A -gt 0 ];then
echo "It is +ve num"
elif [ $A -lt 0 ];then
echo "It is -ve num"
else
echo "It is zero"
fi
==============================================================================
Requirement : Take a number from user and check given number is even or odd
==============================================================================
##################################################################################
Date : 23-July-2024
Topic : Shell Scripting
##################################################################################
-------------------
Looping Statements
-------------------
=> Loops are used to execute statements multiple times.
=> In scripting we can use 2 types of loops
1) Range Based Loop (ex: for)
2) Conditional Based Loop (ex: while)
---------
for loop
----------
for(( initialization; condition; modification ))
do
//stmts
done
================================================
For loop example - Print Numbers from 1 to 10
================================================
#! /bin/bash
for((i=1; i<=10; i++))
do
echo $i
done
================================================
For loop example - Print Numbers from 10 to 1
================================================
#! /bin/bash
for((i=10; i>=1; i--))
do
echo $i
done
==========================================================================
Requiremnt: Write shell script to print even numbers in between 1 to 20.
==========================================================================
#! /bin/bash
for(( i=1; i<=20; i++ ))
do
if(( i%2 == 0)); then
echo $i
fi
done
=============
While Loop
=============
=> While loop is used to execute statements until condition is true
syntax:
while [ condition ]
do
// stms
done
------------------------------------------
print nums from 1 to 10 using while loop
------------------------------------------
#! /bin/bash
N=1
while [ $N -le 10 ]
do
echo $N
let N++
done
============================
Print Numbers from 10 to 1
============================
#! /bin/bash
N=10
while [ $N -gt 0 ]
do
echo $N
let N--
done
======================
Functions / Methods
======================
=> Functions are used to perform some action / task.
=> Using functions we can divide big task into multiple small tasks.
=> Using functions we can divide our work logically
=> Functions are re-usable
-------
syntax
-------
# create function
function funName(){
// stmts (body)
}
# call function for execution
funName
====================== shell script with Function ===============
#! /bin/bash
function welcome(){
echo "welcome to ashokit"
echo "welcome to devops"
echo "welcome to aws"
}
welcome
-------------------------------------------------
========================
Command Line Arguments
========================
=> cmd args are used to supply values to script file at the time of script
execution
sh task.sh 10 20 ashokit devops
=> We can read cmd args in script like below
$# => to get total no.of cmd args we passed
$1 => Read first cmd arg
$2 => Read second cmd arg
$3 => Read third cmd arg
$* => Read all cmd args
-------------------------------------
#! /bin/bash
echo "Total Args : $#"
echo "First Arg : $1"
echo "Second Arg: $2"
echo "================="
echo "All args : $*"
=============================================================================
Requirement: Write shell script to perform sum of two numbers using cmd args
=============================================================================
#! /bin/bash
echo "Result : $(($1+$2))"
===============
Assignments
===============
1) Write shell script to check given number is prime number or not
2) Write shell script to check given string is palindrome or not
Ex: liril, madam, ashok
3) Write shell scritp to print table of given number (Ex: 2)
2 * 1 = 2
2 * 2 = 4
..
2 * 10 = 20
4) Write a shell script to take backup of /home/ec2-user directory
====================
What is Scheduling
====================
shell script file : system-health-check.sh
Requriement :: Everyday @9:00 AM we have to run above shell script file.
=> Instead of running that file manually, we can use scheduling.
=> Scheduling means configuring the tasks to be executed automatically.
=> In linux, we will use CRON to schedule jobs/scripts execution.
=> CRON is an utility in linux to schedule jobs execution.
=> In real-time we will use several jobs on daily/weekly/monthly/yearly basis to
automate our work.
- Delete temp files
- Take backup of files
- System health checks
================
CRON JOB Syntax
================
Syntax: * * * * * <script-file-name>
=> First * will represent minutes (0 - 59)
=> Second * will represent hour ( 0 - 23 )
=> Third * will represent day of month ( 1 - 31 )
=> Fourth * will represent month of year ( 1 - 12 )
=> Fifth * will represent day of week ( 0 - 6 / sun - sat)
==================
What is CROND ?
==================
=> In linux machines, CROND is a deamon process (background process).
=> Every minute, CROND will be checking for CRON Jobs Schedule for the execution.
======================
Sample CRON Schedules
======================
# Run for every 15 mins
*/15 * * * * backup.sh
# Run everday @5:00 AM
0 5 * * * backup.ash
# Run everyday @5:00 PM
0 17 * * * backup.sh
# Run every month on first day @9:00 AM
0 9 1 * * backup.sh
# Run job everyday @4:15 PM Monday - Friday
15 16 * * 1-5 backup.sh
Note: We can write cron expression using below website
URL : https://crontab.guru/
======================================
Where to configure cronjob in linux ?
======================================
-> crontab file is used to configure cronjobs in linux
# open crontab file
crontab -e
# display cronjobs schedules
crontab -l
# remove crontab file
crontab -r
====================
CRONJOB Practicals
====================
1) Launch Linux machine with UBUNTU AMI
2) Connect with Linux VM using SSH client
3) Create shell script file and keep below content
$ vi task.sh
touch /home/ubuntu/f1.txt
touch /home/ubuntu/f2.txt
4) Provide execute permission for script file
$ chmod +x task.sh
5) Open crontab file and configure job schedule
$ crontab -e
Note: Add below job schedule info
*/1 * * * * /bin/bash /home/ubuntu/task.sh
6) Save and close the crontab file (ctrl + x + y + enter)
7) After 1 minute check files got created or not.
$ ls -l
8) To remove crontab file we can use below command
$crontab -r
=========
Summary
=========
1) Linux Architecture
2) What is shell
3) What is kernel
4) What is shell scripting & why ?
5) Proramming vs Scripting
6) Sha-bang
7) Variables (env & user-defined)
8) .bashrc file
9) cmd arguments
11) Operators
12) Conditional Stmts (if-elif-else)
13) Looping stmts (for, while)
14) functions
15) Cronjobs
