CONCEPT OF COMMUNITY

CONCEPT OF COMMUNITY

OBJECTIVES:

**To define what a community is

*To identify the different types and classifications of communities.

*To understand the basic elements that make up a community.

What is a community?

--> a community is a group of people who share common characteristics, interests, or living spaces.
It can be defined in various ways depending on the context, such as geography, relationships, or shared
values.

Key Characteristics of a Community:

*Shared Identity – Common traits and belonging.

*Social Interaction – Communication and relationships.

*Common Interests/Goals– Similar values and objectives.

*Geographic or Virtual Connection– Physical or online spaces.

*Support System – Emotional, social, or economic assistance.

TYPES OF COMMUNITY

1. Formal Communities

– These are structured groups with official rules, regulations, and leadership, such as professional
organizations, schools, and government institutions.

2. Informal Communities

– These are unstructured groups formed based on personal relationships and common interests, such as
friend groups, hobby clubs, and online forums.

3. Urban Communities

– These exist in cities and metropolitan areas, characterized by dense populations, diverse cultures, and
advanced infrastructure.

4. Rural Communities

– These are found in countryside or less populated areas, often with close-knit relationships, agriculture-
based economies, and traditional lifestyles.

5. Global Communities
– These transcend national borders, connecting people worldwide through shared interests, such as
environmental movements, multinational corporations, and online social networks.

6. Sectoral Communities

– These are groups based on specific industries or professions, such as the business sector, healthcare sector,
and educational sector.

7. Social Space Communities

– These are formed in physical or virtual spaces where people interact regularly, such as neighborhood
associations, social media groups, and workplace communities.

MAJOR AND SECONDARY COMMUNITY STRUCTURES

--Refer to the various systems, organizations, and groups that operate within a community to fulfill social,
economic, and cultural needs.

Major Community Structures- These are the core institutions that have a significant influence on the
community and directly impact its organization and well-being.

1. Government Structures

- Local government (e.g., barangay councils, municipal offices)

- National agencies with local branches (e.g., Department of Social Welfare and Development)

2. Educational Institutions

- Schools, colleges, universities, and community learning centers

3. Healthcare Facilities

- Hospitals, clinics, and community health centers

4. Economic Structure

- Businesses, cooperatives, and local industries that drive employment and the economy

5. Faith-Based Organizations

- Churches, mosques, temples, and other religious institutions

6. Social Service Organizations

-Non-governmental organizations (NGOs), charities, and community

-based organizations

7. Law and Order Institutions

- Police departments, fire departments, and judicial systems

8. Transportation and Infrastructure

- Roads, public transport systems, utilities (water, electricity, etc.)

Secondary Community Structures- These are supplementary or smaller-scale organizations that support and
enhance the functions of major structures.

1. Neighborhood Associations

- Homeowners' groups, barangay-based task forces

2. Civic Groups and Clubs

- Rotary Clubs, Lions Clubs, or youth organizations like Boy Scouts and Girl Scouts

3. Cultural and Arts Organizations

- Local theater groups, dance troupes, and art collectives

4. Advocacy Groups

- Environmental organizations, LGBTQ+ advocacy groups, or women's rights organizations

5. Small Businesses and Informal Sectors

- Sari-sari stores, street vendors, and informal labor groups

6. Sports and Recreational Clubs

- Community sports leagues or hobby groups

7. Special Interest Groups

- Farming cooperatives, fisherfolk associations, or livelihood-focused organizations

These structures work together to meet the needs of individuals and groups in the community. In social work,
identifying and engaging with these structures is critical for effective community organization and
development.

CLASSIFICATION OF COMMUNITY

Geographical Communities

1.Urban Communities: Large cities or towns with a high population density and infrastructure.

2. Rural Communities: Smaller, less densely populated areas often found in the countryside.

3. Suburban Communities: Areas surrounding cities, typically residential with some commercial and
recreational facilities.

Interest-based Communities

1.Sports Communities: People who are involved in a specific sport or physical activity.

2.Artistic Communities: Individuals united by a common interest in arts, crafts, or performing arts.

3.Environmental Communities: Groups that come together to address environmental concerns or advocate
for sustainability.
Cultural or Ethnic

1. Indigenous Communities: Groups with a shared history, language, and traditions.

2. Immigrant Communities: Groups of people from a common country or region who settle in a new
location.

Professional Communities

1. Teachers' Communities: Groups of educators who share ideas, resources, and strategies for teaching.

2. Medical Communities: Healthcare professionals working together in hospitals, clinics, or research.

Virtual Communities

1. Online Forums: People coming together to share information, support, or engage in discussions on
specific topics.

2. Social Media Communities: Groups formed on social media platforms based on shared interests or social
causes.

Religious Communities

1. Christian Communities: Groups of people who practice Christianity and come together for worship and
fellowship.

2. Muslim Communities: Groups united by Islam, often gathering for prayers, events, and religious
observances.

3.Hindu Communities: Groups of people following Hinduism, often organizing festivals, rituals, and cultural
events.

Support Communities

1. Neighborhood Communities: People who live in close proximity to each other, often interacting for
mutual support or socializing.

2. Support Groups: Groups that provide emotional or practical support for individuals facing common
challenges.

Activist Communities

1. Environmental Activist Communities: Groups advocating for environmental issues and policy changes.

2. Human Rights Communities: Individuals working together to promote and protect human rights.

ELEMENTS OF COMMUNITY

1. People

A community is made up of a group of people who live in a specific geographic area.

2. Culture

A community's culture is expressed through its habits, rituals, and norms. Culture is important to a
community's identity and can influence people's experiences.
3. Economy

A community's economy depends on local residents' loyalty to its businesses.

4. Environment

The environment is the geographic location where a community lives.

5. Health

The health of a community's members is an important part of the community.

6. Quality of life

The quality of life of a community's members is an important part of the community.

7. Sense of community

A sense of community is a key characteristic of successful communities. It includes a feeling of belonging,

emotional connection, and fulfillment of needs.

8.Demographics

Demographics are facts about a community's population, such as the number of people in the community.

9.Interaction

Communities need frequent interaction between their members to survive.

10.Values

A community is stronger when its members share, understand, and tolerate each other's values and
attitudes.

11.Vision

A well-thought-out vision statement can help a community develop teamwork and achieve its goals.

12.Basic needs

A healthy community provides opportunities for people to meet their basic needs.

⮚ Theoretical Base of Community Organization

❖ Definition of Community Organization Philosophically

Reporter: Llanos

1. Aristotle: Humans Are Social by Nature

Aristotle believed that humans are naturally meant to live in communities. He called us "zoon politikon"
(political animals), meaning we aren’t meant to live alone—we thrive in groups. In his ideal world, a
community (or "polis") isn’t just about survival; it’s about helping people live good, meaningful lives.
 2. The Social Contract: Why Do We Even Organize?

Hobbes thought that without organization, life would be total chaos—"nasty, brutish, and short." He believed
people need strong leadership to avoid constant conflict.

Locke argued that people form communities to protect their rights (like life, liberty, and property). He
believed good community organization should be democratic.

Rousseau introduced the idea of the "general will", which means the best communities are those that focus
on what’s best for everyone, not just the powerful few.

3. Karl Marx: Who Has the Power?

Marx saw community organization as a fight between the rich and the poor. He believed that the way
communities are organized is usually controlled by those with wealth and power. To him, true community
organization means fighting for fairness, making sure that resources are shared, and ensuring that no one
group dominates another.

• The role of economic structures in shaping communities

• The need for revolutionary change to address oppression

• The concept of "praxis", where theory and action combine to achieve social justice

4. Pragmatism and Community Engagement

John Dewey, an American philosopher, emphasized the role of education and participatory
democracy in community organization. His key contributions include: Communities as learning
environments where individuals continuously adapt and grow The need for practical solutions to address
social issues The importance of public discourse in shaping community decisions

CONCLUSION:

Community organization isn’t just about getting things done—it’s about how people work together and
what kind of society they want to create. Philosophers have different opinions on how it should work, but the
big takeaway is that strong communities are built on fairness, participation, and shared responsibility.

FOUNDATIONS OF CO VALUES

Reporter- Suico, Micah S.

Why Values are important?

Community organization values are Important because they act as a guiding Framework for the actions
and decisions of The group, fostering a sense of unity, Purpose,and belonging within the Community,
while also ensuring that Everyone involved understands the shared Goals and principles that drive the
Organization’s work.

Here are the Values of Community Organizations

 As Methods of Social Work are:

● A Commitment to Democratic process and goals.

● The Right of Community to self determination
● Belief on the Capacity of people to change.
● Belief on the innate dignity of the individual In the community.
● The Commitment to social justice

ASSUMPTION AND PRINCIPLES

ASSUMPTIONS OF CO:

I.PEOPLE HAVE THE CAPACITY FOR SELF-DETERMINATION – COMMUNITIES HAVE THE ABILITY TO UNDERSTAND
THEIR OWN PROBLEMS, MAKE DECISIONS, AND TAKE ACTION TO IMPROVE THEIR SITUATION,

2.SOCIAL PROBLEMS HAVE SOCIAL SOLUTIONS – ISSUES LIKE POVERTY, DISCRIMINATION, AND LACK OF
ACCESS TO RESOURCES ARE NOT JUST INDIVIDUAL PROBLEMS BUT SYSTEMIC ONES.

3.PARTICIPATION LEADS TO EMPOWERMENT WHEN PEOPLE ARE INVOLVED IN DECISION-MAKING, THEY GAIN
CONFIDENCE, SKILLS, AND A SENSE OF OWNERSHIP OVER THEIR COMMUNITY’S FUTURE.

4.COMMUNITIES HAVE EXISTING STRENGTHS AND RESOURCES – CO DOES NOT VIEW COMMUNITIES AS
HELPLESS BUT AS GROUPS WITH KNOWLEDGE, TRADITIONS, SKILLS, AND NETWORKS THAT CAN BE MOBILIZED
FOR CHANGE.

5.CHANGE IS MOST EFFECTIVE WHEN IT COMES FROM WITHIN THE COMMUNITY –LASTING SOLUTIONS HAPPEN
WHEN COMMUNITIES THEMSELVES LEAD THE PROCESS OF IDENTIFYING AND SOLVING THEIR ISSUES.

ADVOCACY AS A FORM OF SOCIAL ACTION

OBJECTIVES:

• TO UNDERSTAND THE THREE KEY MODELS OF

ADVOCACY AND TO KNOW ITS SIGNIFICANCE IN

COMMUNITY ORANIZATION

• TO CLEARLY UNDERSTAND POLICY ADVOCACY IN THE

FIELD OF SOCIAL WORK, AND TO BE ABLE TO KNOW

THE ROLES OF SOCIAL WORK IN ADVOCATING POLICY

MODELS OF ADVOCACY

BY: STIL MARIE T. MADERA

Models of advocacy in this context refer to the different strategic approaches social workers can use to
promote social change and empower communities. These models provide frameworks for understanding
the various ways advocacy can be carried out, each with its own set of goals, methods, and assumptions.

3 MODELS OF ADVOCACY

1. Locality Development

➢This model emphasizes broad community participation

in identifying problems and developing solutions.

➢It focuses on building community capacity, fostering

collaboration, and promoting self-help.

➢Advocacy within this model often involves mobilizing

community members, facilitating dialogue, and empowering

residents to take collective action.

2. Social Planning

•This model relies on data and expertise to address specific

social problems.

•It involves a more technical and rational approach, often with less

emphasis on broad community participation.

•Advocacy in this model might involve conducting research, developing

policy proposals, and lobbying decision-makers to adopt evidencebased solutions.

3. Social Action

✓ This model aims to address power imbalances and promote social

justice.

✓ It often involves organizing marginalized groups to challenge existing

systems and advocate for their rights.

✓ Advocacy within this model may include protests, demonstrations,

civil disobedience, and other forms of direct action.

POLICY ADVOCACY

Policy advocacy is a crucial practice aimed at

influencing the creation, modification, or

implementation of laws, regulations, and

policies to promote social justice and address

systematic inequalities.

Systematic Change

Policy advocacy goes beyond addressing individual needs. It

targets the root causes of social problems by seeking changes

in the systems that perpetuate them.

Social Justice

A central goal is to advance social justice by advocating for policies

that ensure equitable access to resources, opportunities and rights

for all, particularly marginalized and vulnerable populations.

Community Empowerment

Effective policy advocacy often involves empowering

communities to participate in the process, ensuring their

voices are heard and their needs are presented.

KEY ROLES OF SOCIAL WORKERS

▪ Identifying Issues

▪ Research and Analysis

▪ Lobbying and Legislative Outreach

▪ Community Mobilization

▪ Coalition Building

Group 4

Phases/ Steps of Community Organization

Reporters:

Villarin, Karryll Grace G. - SOCIAL PREPARATION/PRE-ENTRY

Magalasin, Vibegin - ENTRY INTO THE COMMUNITY

Tumatal, Divine Grace B.- INTEGRATION WITH THE PEOPLE

Balongoy. Rosemary - SOCIAL INVESTIGATION IN THE COMMUNITY

Cuizon, Laramae P. - INITIAL PROBLEM-SOLVING PLANNING

Learning Objectives:
At the end of the lesson, you will be able to:

1. To understand the importance of social preparation and community entry in establishing trust and
building strong relationships with the community.

2. To recognize the role of integration and community study in identifying the community's culture,
challenges, and needs.

3. To develop skills in problem identification and planning solutions that address the key issues faced by the
community.

Consolidation and Process:

A. Social Preparation/Pre-Entry

- An opportunity for the Community Organizer (CO) to know and understand the community so that the CO
will make the proper preparations for a better working relationship with the people.

Process for Conducting Social Preparation/Pre-Entry

1. Research and Profiling

- Gather secondary data about the community.

Identify key stakeholders such as local leaders, organizations, and influential individuals.

2.Coordination with Local Authorities

Seek approval or support from local government units.

introduce the purpose and objectives of the engagement.

3.Preliminary Community Assessment

Conduct informal visits or observations.

Identify community needs, issues, and existing programs.

4. Building Rapport and Trust

Engage in informal conversations with residents.

Show respect for cultural norms and traditions.

5. Planning for Entry into the Community

Develop strategies for a smooth introduction

Ensure all necessary logistics and permissions are in place.

B. ENTRY INTO THE COMMUNITY

 is the process where organizers establish their presence, build trust, and connect with key individuals to
understand the community's dynamics. It involves respecting local customs, observing social structures, and
engaging with members to lay the foundation for effective collaboration.

Steps involve:

1. Building Trust and Relationships – Establishing rapport with community members, leaders, and key
stakeholders to ensure acceptance.

2. Understanding the Community – Observing the social, economic, and cultural dynamics of the
community to identify key issues and concerns.

3. Respecting Local Norms and Values – Being sensitive to the community's customs, traditions, and way of
life to gain credibility.

4. Identifying Gatekeepers – Connecting with influential individuals or groups who can facilitate entry and
engagement.

5. Listening and Learning – Engaging in informal conversations, attending local gatherings, and immersing
oneself in the community to understand their needs and priorities.

C. Integration with the People

Integration with the people is a crucial phase in the community organization process where the organizer
builds trust, rapport, and relationships with the community members. This step involves immersing oneself in
the community to understand its culture, values, problems, and dynamics.

Key Aspects of Integration:

• Building Trust

• Understanding the Community

• Active Participation

• Listening and Observing

• Adapting to the Community's Way of Life

Building Trust

– The organizer establishes credibility and reliability by engaging in open and honest communication with
the community.

Understanding the Community

– Observing and learning about the local customs, traditions, language, and social structures to effectively
connect with the people.

Active Participation
 – Engaging in community activities, attending local events, and being physically present in communal
spaces to foster relationships.

Listening and Observing

– Gathering firsthand insights into the issues faced by the community through informal conversations,
observations, and interactions.

Adapting to the Community's Way of Life

– Respecting local norms, customs, and decision-making processes to gain acceptance and avoid
imposing external ideas.

Purpose of Integration:

• Helps the organizer understand the real issues from the people’s perspective.

• Creates a strong foundation for collective action by ensuring the community sees the organizer as a
trusted ally.

• Reduces resistance and skepticism towards interventions and projects.

D. Social Investigation in the Community (Community Study)

Social investigation in the community, also known as community study, is the process of exploring and
analyzing a community to understand its social dynamics, values, behaviors, and challenges.

Key Focus Areas of a Community Study:

1. Social Issues:

This involves understanding the major problems affecting the community, such as poverty, education, or
access to healthcare.

2. Community Needs Assessment:

A needs assessment looks at what services or resources are missing in a community.

3. Cultural and Social Dynamics:

This area focuses on the diversity within a community, including different social groups, cultures, and power
structures.

4. Public Opinion and Attitudes:

This involves understanding how people in the community feel about local issues, policies, and leadership.

5. Social Networks:

This looks at the relationships and networks within a community, like how people form support systems, share
resources, and work together.

Importance of Community Studies:

Community studies are crucial for decision-makers, such as policymakers, social workers, and community
leaders, because they provide valuable data that can guide the development of programs or
interventions.
E.Initial problem- solving planning

This phase in the community organization process focuses on identifying and analyzing problems in the
community and then developing possible solutions to address them.

1.Identify and analyze the problems

This means understanding the key issues affecting the community. It involves talking to the community
members, collecting data, and assessing the root causes of the problem.

This step also includes the formulation of possible solution based on the identified need.

2.Formulate Possible Solutions

- Once the problemis clear, the next step is to brainstorm and plan potential ways to solve it. These solutions
should be based on the needs of the community and should be realistic and achievable.

CORE GROUP FORMATION

Importance

The "Core Group" works together with the Community Organizer (CO) and provides community leadership
towards the formation of the "Community Based Organization (CBO)".

A "Core Group" is made up of 5-7 individuals from the community selected and recruited by the Community
Organizer (CO) to help facilitate the formation of the "Community Based Organization (CBO )".

PROCESS

A. The NGO develops criteria for recruiting "Core Group" members which may include the

-Leadership

-Integrity

Womagice

-Availability

-Commitment

Knowledge and skills

A "Core Group" is made up of 5-7 individuals from the community selected and recruited by the Community
Organizer (CO) to help facilitate the formation of the "Community Based Organization (CBO )".

The Role of Training in Community Organization

Presented by: Elmie B. Carillo

Objectives of Training

- Enhance skills and knowledge

- Empower individuals and groups
 - Improve community engagement

Introduction

● Training in community organization enhances skills and empowers individuals.

● It improves engagement and participation among members.

Types of Training

- Skill-Based Training
- Awareness Training
- Capacity-Building Training

Methods of Training

- Workshops and seminars

- Hands-on training and role-playing
- Online and multimedia training
- Peer-to-peer learning

Steps in Conducting Effective Training

1. Identify community need

2. Set clear learning objectives

3. Select appropriate training methods

4. Implement the training

5. Evaluate effectiveness

Challenges in Conducting Training

- Lack of resources and funding

- Low participation or interest
- Cultural and language barriers
- Sustainability of programs

Conclusion

- Training is essential for sustainable community development

- It empowers individuals and strengthens organizations
- Continuous learning leads to long-term progress

Solutions and Best Practices

- Community partnerships and sponsorships

 - Interactive and participatory methods
- Follow-up and mentoring programs

FORMULATION OF A COMMUNITY-BASED ORGANIZATION (CBO)

INTRODUCTION

A Community-Based Organization (CBO) is a local nonprofit group that addresses community issues and
promotes social welfare. It plays a key role in empowering residents and advocating for change.

STEPS IN FORMULATING A CBO:

1. Identifying community needs

2. Defining purpose and goals

3. Organizing a founding group

4. Developing a constitution and bylaws

5. Legal registration

6. Fundraising and resource mobilization

7. Developing programs and services

8. Community engagement

9. Monitoring and evaluation

IDENTIFYING COMMUNITY NEEDS

- Conduct surveys and interviews

- Hold community meetings

- Research existing reports and data

DEFINING PURPOSE AND GOALS

- Identify the issue the CBO will address

- Set realistic goals

- Develop a vision and mission statement

ORGANIZING A FOUNDING GROUP

- Form a team of dedicated members

- Assign leadership roles

- Define responsibilities
LEGAL REGISTRATION

- Choose a name and check availability

- Submit an application with necessary documents

- Obtain permits and licenses

FUNDRAISING & RESOURCE MOBILIZATION

- Seek donations from community members

- Apply for government and NGO grants

- Implement income-generating projects

COMMUNITY ENGAGEMENT

- Involve members in decision-making

- Organize awareness campaigns

- Conduct regular community meetings

MONITORING & EVALUATION

- Track progress and performance

- Collect feedback from community members

- Document and report activities

CONCLUSION

-Forming a CBO helps communities solve local challenges

- Community involvement ensures success

-Sustainability depends on strong leadership and resource mobilization.

CONSOLIDATION AND EXPANSION

WHAT IS EXPANSION?

-Refers to the process of increasing the reach and impact of a community effort by involving more people,
group, or areas.

- It's about growing the movement, attracting new members, and broadening the scope of initiatives.

WHAT IS CONSOLIDATION?

-In community organizing, consolidation refers to the process of bringing together different people, groups,
or effort within a community to strengthen their unity and make their actions more effective.

-It involves creating stronger relationships, improving communication, and working together towards
common goals.
EVALUATION

By:Cherry Ann Lomonsay

2. Engage Stakeholders

Involve community members, partners, and other stakeholders in the evaluation process to ensure diverse
perspectives.

Gather input on what success looks like from their viewpoint

Evaluation provides a systematic method to study a program, practice, intervention, or initiative to

understand how well it achieves its goals. Evaluations help determine what works well and what could be
improved in a program or initiative.

guide to conducting an effective evaluation:

1. Set Clear Evaluation Objectives

refers to defining specific, measurable goals for assessing the effectiveness and impact of a community
program or initiative. This process ensures that evaluation efforts focus on relevant aspects of the program
and provide meaningful insights for improvement

Evaluation in a community organization is the process of assessing its effectiveness, impact, and
sustainability.

4. Analyze & Interpret Data

process of examining collected information (like surveys or feedback) to understand patterns, trends, and
needs of the community This helps the group make informed decisions to address community issues and
improve programs or services..

5. Report Findings & Take Action

Share results with stakeholders (community members, donors, government).

Adjust programs and strategies based on findings.

3.Choose an Evaluation Method

refers to selecting the tools and techniques used to assess the effectiveness, impact, and outcomes of a
program or initiative. The choice of method depends on the objectives of the evaluation, the type of data
needed, and the resources available.

3. Outcome Evaluation (Effectiveness Evaluation) Outcome evaluation measures the effectiveness of a

program by assessing the changes it produces in participants or the community. It focuses on whether the
program achieved its intended goals and the extent of its impact

4. Impact Evaluation

Impact evaluation is the process of assessing the long-term effects of a program or intervention on its target
population. It goes beyond just measuring outputs (e.g., number of people served) and focuses on actual
changes in people's lives.
Types of Evaluation in Community Organizations:

1. Needs Assessment

Identifies community issues and gaps in services.

Helps in planning relevant programs.

Methods: Surveys, focus groups, community forums.

2. Process Evaluation (Implementation Evaluation)

Assesses how programs are delivered.

Ensures activities are implemented as planned.

Methods: Staff interviews, activity logs, observation.

5. Economic Evaluation (Cost-Effectiveness Analysis)

Economic evaluation in a community organization is the process of assessing the costs and benefits of
programs, projects, or initiatives to determine their efficiency, effectiveness, and overall impact. It helps
organizations allocate resources wisely, justify funding, and improve decision-making.

Turnover Phase

refers to the process of transferring a client's case from one social worker to another, usually occuring when
the original worker leaves the agency, is reassigned, or when a client is transitioning to a different service or
level of care; It involves a thorough handover of information, come details, and ongoing plans to ensure
continulty in client support.

Different Conceptualizations of Community and Their Implications

What is a Community?

A community is a group of people who share something in common, such as a location, interest, identity, or
profession. Understanding different ways of defining a community is important because it affects how we
interact with, support, and help different groups of people.

II. Different Conceptualizations of Community and Their Implications

1. Geographical Community (Place-Based Community)

A community based on a physical location, such as a village, town, city, or neighborhood.

Example: Residents of a rural village or people living in the same apartment building.

Implications:

✔ Local government policies focus on improving infrastructure, public services, and environmental
conditions.

✔ Social work and community programs target specific geographic areas, like disaster response or urban
development.

2. Interest-Based Community

A community formed by people who share common interests, hobbies, or goals.

Example: Sports clubs, online gaming groups, or environmental advocacy organizations.

Implications:

✔ People build strong social connections even if they don’t live in the same place.

✔ Communities can mobilize support for causes, such as climate change activism or animal rights
movements.

3. Identity-Based Community

A community based on shared characteristics like ethnicity, religion, gender, or sexual orientation.

Example: Indigenous communities, Muslim communities, LGBTQ+ groups.

Implications:

✔ Helps people feel a sense of belonging and support.

✔ Policies and programs can be designed to address specific issues like discrimination, equal rights, and
cultural preservation.

4. Professional or Occupational Community

A community formed by people in the same profession or workplace.

Example: Teachers, nurses, engineers, or social workers.

Implications:

✔ Encourages knowledge-sharing and professional development.

✔ Leads to the creation of professional organizations that set ethical standards and protect workers’ rights.

5. Virtual or Online Community

A community that interacts mainly through the internet and digital platforms.

Example: Social media groups, online learning communities, remote work teams.

Implications:

✔ Expands access to information and global connections.

✔ Raises concerns about online safety, misinformation, and digital inequality.

Conclusion

Communities can be conceptualized in different ways, and each type requires specific strategies for
effective implications. Whether it’s a geographical, interest-based, identity-based, professional, or virtual
community, tailored approaches help strengthen social bonds, ensure inclusivity, and improve quality of life.
Understanding these different perspectives is essential for policymakers, social workers, and community
organizers in creating programs that address diverse community needs.

Typologies of community organizations:

1. Locality Development Organizations: These organizations focus on improving the overall quality of life
within a specific geographic area or community.

2.Social Planning Organizations: These organizations engage in research, analysis, and planning to address
social issues and develop policies and programs to improve community well-being.

3.Social Action Organizations: These organizations are focused on creating social change through
advocacy, activism, and mobilizing community members to address specific issues or injustices.

4.Identity-Based Organizations: These organizations are formed around a shared identity, such as ethnicity,
race, gender, or sexual orientation

5.Issue-Based Organizations: These organizations are centered around a specific issue or cause, such as
environmental conservation, social justice, or healthcare access.
6.Community-Based Organizations (CBOs): These organizations are rooted in the local community and
focus on providing direct services and support to community members.

EMPOWERMENT THEORY AND COMMUNITY ORGANIZATION PRACTICE

What is Empowerment Theory?

•Empowerment theory was developed by Julian Rappaport in the 1980s.

• Empowerment theory is a framework that helps people gain control over their lives and e also it
emphasizes the importance of increasing individuals’ and communities' abilities to effect change.

• Empowerment theory is a fundamental concept in social work and community organization that focuses
on enabling individuals, groups, and communities to gain control over their circumstances, make informed
decisions, and take collective action to improve their lives. This theory aligns closely with community
organization practice, which aims to address social inequalities and foster sustainable change through
collective efforts.

Empowerment theory consists of three key dimensions that help individuals and communities gain control
over their lives and environments. These dimensions are:

1.Personal (Individual) Empowerment

Personal empowerment focuses on enhancing an individual’s self-confidence, critical thinking skills, and
ability to take control of their life.This involves developing a sense of self-efficacy, recognizing personal
strengths, and gaining the skills needed to make informed decisions .

2.Interpersonal (Group) Empowerment

Interpersonal empowerment occurs when individuals come together as a group to support each other
and work toward common goals. It strengthens social connections, builds collective problem-solving
abilities, and encourages shared decision-making.

3.Community (Societal) Empowerment

Community empowerment involves systemic change through collective action, advocacy, and policy
influence. It focuses on increasing access to resources, challenging structural inequalities, and ensuring that
marginalized groups have a voice in decision-making processes .

Application of Empowerment Theory in Community Organization

1.Building Awareness and Critical Consciousness

2.Enhancing Skills and Capacity Development

3.Encouraging Participation in Decision-Making

4.Mobilizing Resources and Collective Action

5.Advocacy and Policy Change.

Multiculturalism and community organization practice

Multiculturalism” refers to the practice of actively incorporating and respecting diverse cultural
backgrounds within a community organization, ensuring that all members from different ethnicities, races,
and cultural groups feel included, heard, and empowered to participate in decision-making and action
planning.

Key aspects of multiculturalism in community organizing:

● Cultural awareness and sensitivity:

Recognizing and understanding different cultural norms, values, communication styles, and power
dynamics within the community to avoid unintentional bias or exclusion.

● Diverse leadership:

Encouraging representation from various cultural backgrounds in leadership roles to ensure diverse
perspectives are considered.

● Language accessibility:

Providing translation services and materials in multiple languages to facilitate communication and
engagement with all community members.

● Culturally appropriate strategies:

Tailoring outreach methods, community events, and mobilization tactics to resonate with different cultural
groups.

Benefits of multicultural community organizing

● Increased community participation:

More diverse representation leads to broader community engagement and ownership of issues.

● More effective advocacy:

Addressing the needs of diverse groups can lead to more comprehensive solutions and policy changes.

● Social cohesion:

Fostering understanding and collaboration across cultural lines can promote positive community relations.

Challenges of multicultural community organizing:

● Overcoming language barriers: Ensuring effective communication across different languages.

 ● Addressing power imbalances: Recognizing and mitigating power dynamics between different
cultural groups.
● Navigating cultural nuances: Understanding and respecting cultural differences to avoid
misunderstandings.

Community Organization Practice:

⮚ Involves working with communities to address social problems and promote social change.

Impact on Community Organization Practice:

⮚ Inclusive Practice

⮚ Cultural Competence

⮚ Community Engagement

⮚ Addressing Inequality

⮚ Conflict Resolution

Models of Community Organization

Community Organization (CO)

* A process where people unite to take collective action and address common problems.

Philippines CO Experiences & Sectoral Organizations

1. Gender Responsive/LGBT

2. Faith Based Org.

3. CO for Ecological protection and management

4. DRRM

Gender Responsive/LGBT Organizations

COs advocating for gender equality and LGBT rights.

Examples in the Philippines:

1. Babaylanes Inc.

* Established by LGBT student leaders to promote gender rights in universities.

* Works on SOGIE education and leadership development.

2. GALANG Philippines

* Focuses on low-income lesbians, bisexual women, and trans people.

* Provides livelihood, education, and community empowerment programs.

3. UP Babaylan

* The first and largest LGBT student organization in the Philippines.

* Promotes LGBT rights through activism and education.

FAITH BASE COMMUNITY ORGANIZATION

A faith-based organization is a group that is based on a religion or religious group's values and beliefs. Faith-
based organizations can be involved in community development, health education, and social change

A faith-based organization refers to charitable organizations or nonprofits affiliated with a religious group or
inspired by religious beliefs.

Key Models of Faith-Based Community Organization:

*Resources Provider

*Service Provider

*Advocate /Influencer

*Congregational mobilization

Resource Provider:

This model focuses on directly providing essential resources like food, clothing, shelter, or financial assistance
to community members in need, often through a network of volunteers and donations from within the faith
community.

Service Provider:

Beyond basic needs, this model delivers social services like counseling, job training, education programs, or
healthcare support, leveraging the existing community network and values of the faith to provide holistic
care.

Advocate/Influencer:

This model actively engages in policy advocacy and social change efforts, utilizing the moral authority of
the faith to raise awareness on issues like social justice, environmental concerns, or legislative changes that
align with their religious values.
Congregational Mobilization:

This model leverages the existing congregational structure and membership to actively engage individuals
in community outreach, volunteerism, and social action initiatives, where the religious community actively
participates in addressing local needs.

CO for Ecological Protection and Management

Disaster Risk Reduction and Management (DRRM)

What is DRRM?

It is the systematic process of using administrative directives, organizations, and operational skills and
capacities to implement strategies, policies and improved coping capacities in order to lessen the adverse
impacts of hazards and the possibility of disaster.

Disaster Risk Formula

disaster risk = hazard × exposure x vulnerability

Capacity

Disaster Risk

The potential loss of life, injury or destroyed or damaged assets which could occur to a system, society, or a
community in a specific period, determined probabilistically as a function of hazard, exposure, vulnerability,
and capacity.

Hazard

Is a process, phenomenon, or human activity that may cause loss of life, injury or other health impacts,
property damage, social and economic disruption or even environmental degradation.

Exposure

Is the situation of people, infrastructure, housing, production capacities and other tangible human assets
located in hazard-prone areas.

Vulnerability

Is a condition determined by physical, social, economic, and environmental factors or processes which
increases the susceptibility of an individual, a community, assets or systems to the impacts of hazards.

Capacity

Is the combination of all strengths, attributes, and resources available within an organization, community, or
society to manage and reduce disaster risks and strengthen resilience. The capacity of a community may
include the knowledge and skills of people, leadership and management of the local government, and the
infrastructure and facilities available to the community.

How do we reduce risk? (Pre Event)

Prevention

Activities and measures to avoid existing and new disaster risks (of en less costly than disaster relief and
response). For instance, relocating exposed people and assets away from a hazard area.

Mitigation

The lessening or limitation of the adverse impacts of hazards and related disasters. For instance, constructing
f bod defenses, planting trees to stabilize slopes and implementing strict land use and buliding construction
codes.

Transfer

The process of formally or informally shifting the financial consequences of particular risks from one party to
another whereby a household, community, enterprise or state authority will oblain resources from the other
party after a disaster occurs, in exchange for ongoing or compensatory social or financial benefits provided
to that other party.

Preparedness

The knowledge and capacities of governments, professional response and recovery organizations,
communities and individuals to effectively anticipate, respond to, and recover from the impacts of likely,
imminent or current hazard events or conditions.

Post Event

Response

The provision of emergency services and public assistance during or immediately after a disaster in order to
save lives, reduce health impacts, ensure public safety and meet the basic subsistence needs of the people
affected.

Disaster response is predominantly focused on immediate and short-term needs and is sometimes called
"disaster relief".

Recovery

The restoration, and improvement where appropriate, of facilities, livelihoods and living conditions of
disaster-affected communities, including efforts to reduce disaster risk factors.

The recovery task of rehabilitation and reconstruction begins soon after the emergency phase has ended,
and should be based on pre existing strategies and policies that facilitate clear institutional responsibilities
for recovery action and enable public participation.
RA 10121/The Philippine DRMM Law: An Act Strengthening the Philippine Disaster Risk Reduction and
Management System, providing for the National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Framework and
institutionalizing the National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Plan, appropriating funds therefor
and for other purposes.

Community Organizations for Ecological Protection and Management

Community organizations (COs) play a vital role in ecological protection and management. These
organizations, often formed by local communities, non-governmental organizations (NGOs), and
government agencies, focus on preserving natural resources, promoting sustainable development, and
mitigating environmental issues such as deforestation, pollution, and climate change. In the Philippines, COs
have been instrumental in grassroots environmental initiatives, especially in rural and coastal areas where
ecological threats are prevalent.

Roles and Functions of COs in Ecological Protection

1. Environmental Advocacy and Education

COs raise awareness about environmental issues through community education programs, workshops, and
campaigns. They help local residents understand the importance of conservation and equip them with the
knowledge to protect their surroundings.

2. Conservation and Restoration Projects

Many COs engage in reforestation, marine conservation, and biodiversity preservation projects. They work
to rehabilitate degraded lands, protect wildlife habitats, and restore ecosystems affected by human
activity.

3. Sustainable Resource Management

COs promote sustainable practices such as organic farming, responsible fishing, and eco-friendly waste
management. By teaching and implementing these practices, they help communities maintain a balance
between development and environmental protection.

4. Policy Advocacy and Community Empowerment

These organizations advocate for environmental policies and regulations at the local and national levels.
They work with government agencies to push for sustainable laws and ensure proper implementation of
environmental protection measures.

5. Disaster Risk Reduction and Climate Change Mitigation

Climate change has intensified natural disasters in the Philippines. COs assist communities in disaster
preparedness, early warning systems, and post-disaster recovery while promoting climate adaptation
measures such as mangrove rehabilitation and flood control projects.

Examples of COs in Ecological Protection in the Philippines

1. Haribon Foundation – Engages in biodiversity conservation and sustainable development projects.

Haribon Foundation’s Rainforestation Programs focus on restoring Philippine forests using native tree species.

2. Masungi Georeserve Foundation - is a Philippine nonprofit focused on conserving and restoring the
Masungi Georeserve through reforestation, eco-tourism, and environmental advocacy.

Topic: Climate Change/ Adaptive Communities

Ø What is Climate Change?

l Climate change refers to long-term shifts in temperatures and weather patterns, primarily caused by
human activities such as burning fossil fuels (coal, oil, and gas), deforestation, and industrial
processes. These activities release greenhouse gases (like carbon dioxide and methane) into the
atmosphere, trapping heat and leading to global warming.

Key Causes of Climate Change:

~Greenhouse Gas Emissions

~Deforestation

~Industrial Activities

~Agriculture

Effects of Climate Change:

~Rising global temperatures

~More extreme weather events (storms, heatwaves, floods)

~Melting glaciers and rising sea levels

~Changes in ecosystems and loss of biodiversity

Ø What is Adaptive Communities?

l Adaptive communities are groups of people, organizations, and local governments that develop
strategies to respond to and cope with the impacts of climate change. These communities take
proactive measures to reduce vulnerabilities, strengthen resilience, and ensure long-term
sustainability.

Core Elements of Adaptive Communities:

1. Disaster Preparedness

Early warning systems, evacuation plans, emergency shelters

2. Climate-Resilient Infrastructure

Flood-resistant homes, green spaces, natural drainage

3. Sustainable Resource Management

Water conservation, sustainable farming, ecosystem protection

4. Community Engagement & Education

Awareness programs, local decision-making participation

5. Policy & Governance Support

Local/national adaptation policies, funding for climate projects

Topic: Community Based Health Program Community Development PRRM

Topic: Brgy. Approach and CDD Approach

Ø Barangay Approach

l refers to a community-based strategy that involves working directly with the local barangay (village)
officials and community members to identify and address social issues within the community. This
approach is widely used in social work programs to promote active community participation,
empowerment, and sustainable development.
 Principles of the Barangay Approach:

1. Community Participation: Encouraging community members to actively participate in decision-

making and program implementation.

2. Empowerment: Helping individuals and groups develop the capacity to solve their own problems.

3. Needs-Based Approach: Addressing the specific needs of the community based on their social,
economic, and cultural context.

4. Collaboration with Barangay Officials: Working closely with barangay officials, community leaders,
and organizations to implement social programs.

5. Sustainability: Ensuring that the projects initiated can be sustained by the community even after
external support ends.

Ø Community-Driven Development (CDD) Approach

l is a strategy used by the Department of Social Welfare and Development (DSWD) to address
development priorities. It's a globally recognized method for reducing poverty, improving
governance, and delivering services.

How does the CDD approach work?

Localized decision-making: Communities decide on which projects to implement.

Participatory: Development priorities are addressed in a collective, inclusive, and demand-

driven way.

Empowering: Local communities are empowered to identify and implement the projects
they need.

Transparent: The process is transparent. Community prioritization: Community needs are

prioritized.

Inclusive and muler: The process is inclusive and involves multiple stakeholders.

Simple: The process is simple. Sustainable: The process is sustainable.

TOOLS OF ANALYSIS IN COMMUNITY ORGANIZING

OBJECTIVES
At the end of the lesson, students will be able to:

● Identify community needs through participatory methods and develop strategic plans for
addressing these needs using tools like logic models and SWOT analysis.
● Learn to apply techniques such as power mapping to engage diverse stakeholders effectively.
● Demonstrate the ability to evaluate the effectiveness of community organizing interventions using
the tools of analysis in Community Organizing.

📋 TOOLS OF ANALYSIS in COMMUNITY ORGANIZING

● Power Analysis
● Problem Tree Analysis
● Fishbone Analysis
● GANTT Chart
● Gender Analysis
● Mapping (Spatial Analysis)
● Logic models
● SWOT Analysis

1. POWER ANALYSIS

A crucial tool in community organizing, designed to identify and understand the distribution of
power within a community. It helps organizers devise strategies to shift power dynamics, build
alliances, and leverage influence effectively.

Key Components of Power Analysis:

● Identifying Power Holders: This involves recognizing individuals and organizations with
significant influence over issues affecting the community
● Assessing Power Dynamics: Understanding how power is exercised and maintained within
the community, including identifying allies, opponents, and neutral parties
● Strategic Planning: Using insights from power analysis to develop effective campaigns by
targeting key decision-makers or influencers.

2. PROBLEM TREE ANALYSIS

A visual tool that helps identify the causes and effects of a problem. It's a common tool for project planning
and is often used by community groups.

BENEFITS

● Prioritize: Helps identify the most important causes and effects Understand: Helps break down the
problem into manageable pieces
● Find solutions: Helps identify solutions by looking at causes and effects
● Build consensus: Helps build a shared understanding of the problem and its solutions

3. FISHBONE ANALYSIS

Also known as an Ishikawa diagram or cause-and-effect diagram, is a visual tool for identifying the potential
causes of a problem. It's often used in quality management and project management.

How it works

● Define the problem

● Collect data
● Identify potential causes
● Identify the root causes
● Recommend and implement solutions

BENEFITS:

● Helps teams brainstorm,

● Helps identify underlying issues,
● Helps develop targeted strategies to address issues, and
● Helps improve problem-solving and process improvement

4. GANTT CHART

a bar graph that shows the tasks in a project, when they should happen, and how long they will take. It's a
project management tool that helps plan, coordinate, and track tasks.
How Gantt charts are used

● To visualize a project's timeline

● To show dependencies between tasks
● To calculate and visualize the critical path, or longest sequence of tasks that must be completed
● To track progress
● To keep tasks on track when there are multiple stakeholders

Advantages of Gantt charts include:

● visualization,
● planning,
● scheduling, and
● tracking progress

Drawbacks include:

● limited flexibility,
● complexity, and
● error-prone manual updates

5. GENDER ANALYSIS

A method for understanding how gender affects people's lives. It examines the differences between men
and women in terms of roles, power, and opportunities. Gender analysis is a key part of social and
economic analysis.

Purpose

● To identify gender inequalities

● To understand how gender affects people's needs and opportunities
● To inform the design of policies, programs, and projects
● To ensure that programs address the needs of both men and women

What it includes

● Considering women's experiences, roles, and responsibilities

● Examining access to resources and decision-making
● Looking at the underlying causes of gender inequalities
● Considering how policies and programs may affect women and men differently

What it leads to

● Better policies and programs that address the needs of everyone

● Strategies to address barriers and constraints
 ● Gender-sensitive indicators to monitor progress

6. MAPPING (SPATIAL ANALYSIS)

Enabling organizers to visualize data spatially, understand community dynamics better, and make informed
decisions about resource allocation.

7. LOGIC MODELS

Logic models are visual representations used to plan, implement, and evaluate community programs. They
illustrate the theoretical framework behind an intervention by outlining inputs, activities, outputs, outcomes,
and impacts.

SWOT ANALYSIS

Community organizing is a strategic planning tool used to identify and evaluate a community's
internal "Strengths" and "Weaknesses," as well as external "Opportunities" and "Threats" to inform effective
community organizing efforts, helping to leverage existing strengths, address weaknesses, capitalize on
opportunities, and mitigate potential threats within the community context.

Purpose:

To gain a comprehensive understanding of the community's current situation, enabling organizers to

develop targeted strategies and action plans to address community issues and achieve desired goals.

Components:

● Strengths: Positive aspects within the community, such as strong leadership, active
community members, existing resources, or positive community reputation.
● Weaknesses: Areas where the community needs improvement, like lack of funding, limited
access to services, internal conflicts, or low community engagement.
● Opportunities: External factors that can be leveraged for positive change, such as new
policies, available grants, emerging community needs, or supportive partnerships.
● Threats: External challenges that could hinder community organizing efforts, like opposition
from local authorities, competing organizations, negative media coverage, or economic
instability.
How to conduct a SWOT analysis in community organizing:

1.Gather information:

Conduct community surveys, interviews, focus groups, and needs assessments to gather data about the
community's strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats.

2.Collaborative brainstorming:

Involve a diverse group of community members, leaders, and stakeholders in the brainstorming process to
ensure a comprehensive perspective.

3.Categorize findings:

Organize the collected information into the four SWOT categories, listing specific examples for each.

4.Prioritize key factors:

Identify the most important strengths to leverage, weaknesses to address, opportunities to pursue, and
threats to mitigate.

Benefits of using a SWOT analysis in community organizing:

1.Informed decision-making:

Provides a clear picture of the community's situation, allowing organizers to make strategic choices about
where to focus their efforts.

2.Community engagement:

Involving community members in the process fosters ownership and buy-in for the organizing efforts.

3.Effective goal setting:

Helps to set realistic goals and objectives aligned with the community's strengths and opportunities.

4.Potential barrier identification:

Highlights potential obstacles and challenges that may arise during the organizing process.
THE COMMUNITY ORGANIZER

(ROLES, FUNCTIONS, KNOWLEDGE, AND SKILLS)

INTRODUCTION

A Community Organizer (CO) plays a crucial role in mobilizing and empowering individuals, groups, and
communities to address social issues, advocate for their rights, and implement sustainable development
initiatives. Their work involves building relationships, facilitating participation, and strengthening community
capacities.

THE ROLES OF A COMMUNITY ORGANIZER ARE THE FOLLOWING:

1. Enabler- enabling the community to engage in establishing goals, objectives and setting priorities.

2. Helper- helping community groups identify their problems/needs and take effective action on their
planned goals and objectives to solve their problems and meet their needs and aspirations.

3. Guide- guiding the community groups in the process through difficulties encountered.

4. Initiator- initiating action through education, demonstration and other techniques and strategies.

5. Broker- acting as broker between groups, the client community and outside resources.

6. Advocate- advocating the just cause of any disadvantaged groups, sector or community as a whole.

7. Consultant- providing expert knowledge and information to achieved planned goals and objectives.

8. Inventor- intervening for and on behalf of the people for their participation and involvement in the
formulation of social welfare programs, services and projects intended to benefit or affect them or when
their interest and welfare are in jeopardy.

9. Planner- sits as planner for the social welfare/social services sector in planning bodies as the barangay,
municipal, provincial, regional and national development councils.

10. Researcher- makes research on current problems, needs and issue as basis for action planning

REPORTER: BATONGHINOG, ANGEL

THE FOLLOWING ARE THE FUNCTIONS OF THE COMMUNITY ORGANIZER:

1. Fact Finding- to secure and maintain an adequate factual basis for sound planning.

2. Program development- to initiate, develop new programs and services and modify or terminate social
welfare programs and services had had become irrelevant.

3. Establishment of standards- to establish, maintain and improve social welfare standards, and to increase
the effectiveness, efficiency and economy of operation of social welfare agencies.

4. Coordination- to improve and facilitate inter-relationships and to promote coordination between

organizations, groups and individuals concerned with social welfare programs and services.

5. Education- to develop better public understanding of social welfare needs, problems, resources,
objectives, services, methods and standards.

6. Support and participation- to develop adequate public support of and public participation in social
welfare activities.
REPORTER: HORTILANO, MARIFEL

KNOWLEDGE OF A COMMUNITY ORGANIZER:

Based on the CO worker's roles and functions, she should possess the following knowledge:

1. The goals and objectives of the society

2. Social legislations

3. Research

4. Group processes/human and group behavior

5. Power structure in a community

6. Management of power

7. Use of inter-group relationship

8. Problem-solving and decision making

9. Situation analysis

10. Planning processes

11. Policy formulation

12. Existing resources (internal and external)

13. Program development

THE SKILLS REQUIRED OF A CO WORKER

The skills required of a CO worker are the following:

1. Working with people/one on one and small groups

2. Organizing
3. Verbal and written communication
4. Co Committee work
5. Leadership

6. Administration

7. Interviewing

8. Research

9. Planning and policy formulation

10. Strategy design and implementation

11. Lobbying

12. Recording

13. Social education and action

14. Co Committee work

15. Coordination