COURSE LEARNING OUTCOMES

At the end of this module, you should be able

to:

➢ Discuss the interactions between S&T

and society throughout history;
➢ Discuss how scientific and
technological developments affect
society and the environment;
➢ Discuss the paradigm shifts through
history;
➢ Explain how intellectual revolution
change the way how humans see the
world;
➢ Describe the technological
advancements that happened in the
information age;
➢ Explain the role of Science and
Technology in Philippine nation
building;
➢ Evaluate government policies
pertaining to science and technology in
terms of their contributions to nation
building; and
➢ Identify actual science and technology
policies of the government and
appraise their impact on the
development of the Filipino nation.
 MODULE 1 - GENERAL CONCEPTS AND STS HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENTS

INTRODUCTION
Human creativity is beyond limit that even our ancestors might not have imagined that
our status of science and technology would be as robust as today. Our current
understanding about the nature and the world is a result of constant over throwing of
paradigm wherein an old paradigm like Geocentric Model is replaced by a paradigm that
has a higher content and explanatory power like the Heliocentric Model. Such is termed
scientific revolution. This is just one of the many theories that were challenged in the
history of Science and have helped shaped our society.

Development of Science and Technology does not only leave indelible impact in the
history but its trail can be traced by its influence in our society and country as a whole. In
this unit, you will learn how science and technology has greatly influenced the
development of the Philippine society. You will evaluate different government policies
and programs to see how they have shaped the nation. You will also learn significant
inventions and projects accomplished by Filipinos that greatly develop the countries’
science and technology, and have been a major contributor to the Philippine nation
building.

This module will allow you to time travel through the antecedents of science and
technology; lets you investigate how the present status of science and technology came
into being, and explore the major turns in the course of global and national history that
led it to its exhilarating and captivating development.

Topic 1: Historical Antecedents in the

____Course of Science
and Technology

Learning Objectives

At the end of this topic, you should be able to:

➢ Discuss how scientific and technological developments affect society; and

➢ Explain the impact of the development of science and technology to the
environment..

Activating Prior Learning

In order to understand past, one has to look back and revisit it. In like manner, we are
going to take a look at our very rich history and study what are the major turns in the
development of Science and Technology that had led us to the innovation of cutting
edge and sophisticated Technology in the present.

What I already Know What I Want to Know What I

have
Learned

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Your task is to fill in the K-W-L chart below by jotting down what you have known and
what are the things that you would like to know about our historical antecedents in terms
of Science and Technology.

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 MODULE 1 - GENERAL CONCEPTS AND STS HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENTS

Presentation of Contents

❖ Science and Technology in Ancient Times

In the ancient times, people were concerned with transportation and navigation,
communication and record keeping, mass production, security and protection, as well as
health, aesthetics and architecture. Science and Technology keeps on advancing in
order to meet the growing needs of people along these areas. Due to the constant
innovation introduced by Science and Technology, which has the end goal of improving
lives and making the work easier, faster and efficient, our society respond by changing
as well. These changes are evident as each ancient civilization keep on creating
technology that has been modified and that is being used today.

To name a few, Sumerian are known for their contribution with the first writing system
called as cuneiform. Challenge to mass produce food, they invented plowing, irrigation
and dikes and wheel for farming. Throughout the existence of this civilization, their main
mode of transportation was through waterways such as rivers and seas. They are also
known to develop the first road.

Figure 1.1 Sumerian Cuneiform ("Redirect Notice", 2019)

On the other hand, Babylonian civilization, which emerged near Tigris and Euphrates
River were famous for being great builders, engineers and architects. One of major
contributions is the hanging garden of Babylon which one of the seven wonders of the
world.

Figure 1.2 Hanging Garden of Babylon ("Image: Hanging

Gardens of Babylon - Wikipedia", 2019)

Another civilization that is known for its renowned archeological artifact like the death
mask of Tutankhamen and Pyramid of Giza is the Egyptian Civilization. Also, ancient
Egyptians are known for their earlier contributions like water clock or clypsedra, paper or
papyrus, ink and a system of writing known as hieroglyphics. They have also invented

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cosmetics for aesthetic reason. Meanwhile, during this time, wigs were worn by wealthy
Egyptians to protect the shave of the heads from the harmful rays of the sun.

MODULE 1 - GENERAL CONCEPTS AND STS HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENTS

Apart from being the birthplace of western philosophy, some of the major achievements
of Greeks include in-depth works on Philosophy and Mathematics. They are also
celebrated for their contribution to the world like coliseum, Olympics, alarm clock and
water mill.

Perceived to be the strongest political and social entity in the west, Roman Empire was
considered to be the cradle of politics and governance. Other civilizations looked up to it
as a model in terms of codified laws and legislation. They are also celebrated for the
invention of newspaper, bound books or codex. In terms of architecture and engineering,
Romans are known for building elaborate churches, basilicas, aqueducts, coliseums,
amphitheaters and residential houses. They have also devised their own number
system which is the Roman Numeral System.

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 MODULE 1 - GENERAL CONCEPTS AND STS HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENTS

Considered to be the oldest civilization in Asia, China is known for the silk trade, tea
production, gun powder and the living legend great wall of China.

❖ Science and Technology in Middle Ages

The start of the middle ages was marred by massive invasions and migrations. Wars are
prevalent during this time. As such, great technology was needed in the fields of
weaponry, navigation, food and farm production and health. The wars have resulted to
population decline. However, in the later part of this period, there was significant
increase in population. Trade and commerce among nations increased, which resulted
in greater demands for transportation technology. Some of the most innovative minds
came from this period.

To facilitate record keeping, woodlock printing developed by Chinese was improved by

the time of Johann Gutenberg with a cast type printing press. This general invention
soon evolved to be the mechanical printing press which was eventually used all over the
world. The printing press was invented to address the need for publishing books that
would spread information to many people at a faster rate. This invention also made
works accessible to individuals who could not even write (Streissguth, 1997).

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Another invention in the Middle Age is the microscope. Growing populations caused
massive migration and urbanization during the period. More and more people
transferred to polluted and populated urban areas which resulted in more people getting
sick. With this, experts needed to a device to study microorganisms in order to develop
proper medicines for illnesses. Guided by the principles used for the invention of
eyeglasses in earlier years, Zacharias Janssen was able to develop the first compound
microscope (Davidson, 2015).

MODULE 1 - GENERAL CONCEPTS AND STS HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENTS

Figure 1.13 Zacharias Janssen’s Microscope

("Image: Molecular Expressions Microscopy Primer: Museum of Microscopy ...", 2019)

Since the Middle Age was also known as the Age of Exploration, the need for nautical
inventions was high. The invention of the telescope, an optical instrument that helps in
the observation of remote objects, was a great help for navigators during this time.

Great development in the weaponry technology also occurred in this era. This include
cross bows and long bows. Additionally, in close range hand-to-hand combat, soldiers
should wear something to protect themselves, a need addressed by the creation of iron
body armors. However, body armors were heavy and limited the movements of the
soldiers, chainmail was invented to solve the problem.

❖ Science and Technology in Modern Times

The booming world population during the nineteenth century onwards demanded that
more goods be produced at faster rate. People needed efficient means of transportation
to trade more goods and cover a larger distance. Machines that required animals to
operate must thus be upgraded. Faster and easier means to communicate and compute
should be developed to establish connections between and among nations. All these
needs resulted in the development of industries. However, due to massive
industrialization, the modern times again faced more complicated problems. Food
processing and medicine posed some of the bigger challenges since health was of great
concern.

As people were able to develop better means of production to meet the needs of the
population, food preservation and food safety became an issue. Louis Pasteur, a French
biologist, microbiologist and chemist found a way to solve the problem. He invented
pasteurization, the process of heating dairy products to kill the harmful bacteria that
allow them to spoil faster. Through this process, milk could be stored and consumed for
a longer period. It also prevented illnesses caused by harmful bacteria (Macalester
College, 2010). Other contributions of Pasteur to Science and Technology and Medicine
included his works on molecular asymmetry, fermentation and vaccination.

The modern times demanded better means of powering homes and transportation. This
led to the development of kerosene and the petroleum refinery industry (Skrabec, 2010).
At present, petroleum is widely used in powering automobiles, factories and power
plants, among others. The more people got connected by trade and exploration, the
more they needed a way to easily maintain these connections and communicate with
each other in real time. Governments likewise needed some kind of communication
system which would allow them to administer their states well. Important day to-day
decisions must be discussed and addressed at the fastest time possible. Thus, the
invention of telephone by Alexander Graham Bell was one of the most important
inventions at that time.

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 Figure 1.15 Alexander Graham Bell’s Telephone ("Image: Inventor of the
Telephone: Alexander Graham Bell - Learning History", 2019)

MODULE 1 - GENERAL CONCEPTS AND STS HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENTS

Although an earlier version of the calculator had already been developed,

circumstances in the modern times required a faster way to compute more complicated
equations. Computing devices must also be easy to carry since they would be utilized
on a day-to-day basis. The creation of modern calculators did not only pave the way for
easier arithmetic calculations, but also resulted in the development of more complex
processing machines like computer.

Application

Your task

1. Write down the top 10 invention in the World and in the Philippines.
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2. Determine the persisting needs addressed by each invention.

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_MODULE 1 - GENERAL CONCEPTS AND STS HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENTS

3. Discuss briefly the impact of each invention to society.

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Feedback

1. Fill in “What I have Learned” column by writing down what you have learned from this
topic.

What What I What I have Learned

I Want
alrea to
dy Know
Know

2.
Create a collage on the inventions in the Philippines and the world.

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 MODULE 1 - GENERAL CONCEPTS AND STS HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENTS

Topic 2: Intellectual Revolution

Learning Objectives

At the end of this topic, you should be able to:

➢ Discuss paradigm shifts through history;

➢ Explain how intellectual revolution changed how humans see the world; and
➢ Select a revolutionary scientist and present a persuasive speech representing
his/her theory.

Activating Prior Learning

You may have read about different theories that worked and were believed to be true
during ancient times. In Astronomy, for example, you have learned that Sun is the
Center of the Solar System and that the planets, including Earth, are revolving around it
in an elliptical orbit. However, people in ancient times believed that the earth was the
center of the universe. Early beliefs also claimed that human beings were created
through “Divine Creation” but this was replaced by Darwin’s Theory of Evolution by
Natural Selection. These are just some of the examples of early theories that were
challenged in the
history of Science.

What were the great Intellectual Revolutions that significantly shaped our Society? What
made these new theories controversial? Who were these people or groups of people
behind these upheavals that permanently changed the course of history of Science?
What were their needs, and what were their struggles that motivated them to engage in
such scholarly contribution? This topic will lead you to some of the answers of these
aforementioned questions. Moreover, this topic describes how science and technology
theories paved the way for the Enlightenment and our current understanding of some of
the fundamental concepts of Science and of the world.

Presentation of Contents

❖ The Man who moved the Sun

The way people think about Solar System has changed many times throughout history.
Before the development of telescope astronomy beliefs were based on what can be
seen by the naked eye. One of the earliest ideas on how Solar System was structured
was introduced by Claudius Ptolemy. He posited that planets as well as the sun and the
moon, moved in a circular motion around the Earth, a concept which is known as
geo-centrism. This geocentric model, considered to be one of the greatest discoveries
of all time, was widely accepted by the people and became the astronomical dogma in
Western civilization for 1,400 years. In the 16th century, Nicolaus Copernicus
challenged the geocentric model by putting sun at the center of the solar system and
known as the concept of heliocentrism. This idea was rejected at first by the public. It
appalled many since their religious belief had taught them that the Earth was created
first before all other things. Copernicus was even persecuted as a heretic.

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 MODULE 1 - GENERAL CONCEPTS AND STS HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENTS

Charles Darwin was an English naturalist who studied variation in plants, animals and
fossils during a five-year voyage around the world in the 19th century. Darwin's theory of
evolution challenged the idea that God made all the animals and plants that live on
Earth in a single day, which contradicted the commonly held Christian views of his era.
He did not publish his scientific work and ideas until 28 years after his voyage.

Finally, as a result of Darwin's world expedition and observations, which were enhanced
by many years of experimentation, his discussions with like-minded scientists and his
developing knowledge of geology and fossils, he proposed the theory of evolution by
natural selection. Darwin proposed that: individual organisms within a particular species
show a wide range of variation for a characteristic, individuals with characteristics most
suited to the environment are more likely to survive to breed successfully; and the
characteristics that
have enabled these individuals to survive are then passed on to the next generation.
This is called Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection

Figure 2.2 Tree of Evolution ("Redirect Notice", 2019)

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 MODULE 1 - GENERAL CONCEPTS AND STS HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENTS

❖ The Father of Psychoanalysis

In the past, the field of Psychology was always classified under philosophy. Psychology
was considered more of an art rather than a science. In the late 19th century, Sigmund
Freud was able to change people’s perception of psychology with his revolutionary
theory of psychoanalysis. Psychoanalysis is the study of human behavior. In his theory,
Freud explained that there are many conscious and unconscious factors that can
influence behavior and emotions. He also argued that personality is a product of three
conflicting elements: id, ego and superego.

Figure 2.4 Theory of Psychoanalysis ("Redirect Notice", 2019)

Science hardliners brushed off the legitimacy of psychoanalysis as a science since

concepts were viewed as philosophical and supernatural. Many believed that Freud’s
theory has no scientific basis as no empirical or experimental data could support it.
Despite criticisms, Freud still continued to work on refining his theory and in fact tried to
explain how psychoanalysis can be a clinical method in treating some mental disorders.
Soon enough, people were able to understand the concepts of psychoanalysis, which
eventually resulted in classifying psychology as a science.

Application

What’s New?

What we had just studied are the major intellectual revolutions in the past. At present,
what are the widely acceptable theory that could explain 1) Celestial Mechanics; 2)
Evolution of human beings; and 3) Psychoanalysis. Justify your answer.

1. Celestial Mechanics

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 MODULE 1 - GENERAL CONCEPTS AND STS HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENTS

2. Evolution of human beings

3. Psychoanalysis

Feedback

Direction: Conduct an interview to non-science majors about intellectual revolutions and

present the synthesis of your interview on the space provided (Note: Kindly prepare an
interview schedule prior to the conduct of the interview).

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 MODULE 1 - GENERAL CONCEPTS AND STS HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENTS

Topic 3: Science & Technology and Nation Building

Learning Objectives

At the end of this topic, you should be able to:

➢ Explain the role of Science and Technology in Philippine nation building;

➢ List noteworthy inventions, with their inventors, and give their major
contributions in shaping the Filipino nation;
➢ Identify science and technology policies of the government;
➢ Appraise the impact of these policies on the development of the Filipino nation;
and
➢ Recognize the need for balance between freedom and responsible behavior during
the exchange of ideas.

Activating Prior Learning

Now, let us see what you know about the role of science and technology by
completing the concept map below. But before that, you may want to watch the movie
clips and read the short article listed below to get some ideas. Happy watching and
reading!

Question to Ponder:
1. What roles do science and technology play in the developmental progress of the
country?

Watch: 1. Science and Technology: Moving the Philippines Forward

Link: https://youtu.be/9li8S3L5p2Q
2. The State of Science and Technology in the Philippines
Link: https://youtu.be/_ttaqZf-SMg
Read: 1. Ratnasiri, N., 2006. The role of Science and Technology in nation
building. Journal of the National Science Foundation of Sri Lanka,
34(3), p.113. DOI:
http://doi.org/10.4038/jnsfsr.v34i3.3640

From your readings and from the videos you watched, complete the diagram below by
enumerating the roles of science and technology in shaping the nation. Then, choose
one from your list and explain on the spaces provided.

Role of S
& T in
Nation
Building

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 Good job! Let’s learn more as you go through this lesson.

Presentation of Contents

❖ Brief Historical Background of Science and Technology in the

Philippines

Pre – Colonial Period

Even before the Spain colonized the country, some indigenous science and technology
has already existed with regards to agriculture like farming, animal – raising, and the
utilization of plants and herbs as medicines. The use of technology is evident in the in
handicrafts, pottery, weaving, and tools used by ancient Filipinos in their everyday life.
Innovation and ingenuity were unmistakable by the way native Filipinos built the rice
terraces by hand. They also developed tools for planting, hunting, cooking, fishing, and
also for fighting enemies during tribal conflicts. They used indigenous technology in
building houses, irrigations and transportation, both on land and on waterways.
The ancient practices in science and technology by our ancestors are now considered
as indigenous science or folk science.

Colonial Period

Spanish colonization paved way to modern means of construction. Roads, bridges,

churches, and other large infrastructures were built with more sophistication using some
engineering skills and tools brought by the Spaniards. In addition, Spanish colonizers
developed health and education system in the country. The American colonial rule
modernized almost all aspects of life in the country. They established the Bureau of
Science to initiate the development in the field of science and technology.

Post – Colonial Period

After achieving independence from the colonial masters, the Philippines, under different
administrations, continued to pursue programs in science and technology. Each
leadership had its own S&T agenda. However, it is important to note that some
Philippine presidents introduced more developments in the field than others, which you
will find out soon as you course through this topic.

❖ Filipino Presidents and their Contributions in the Development of

Science
and Technology in the Philippines

Philippine Presidents and the Status of S&T during their administration

Pres. Carlos P. Garcia (1957 - 1961)

- lack of support of experimental work
- marginal budget for scientific research
- low salaries of scientists employed by the government
- established the National Science Development Board

Pres. Ferdinand Marcos (1965 - 1986)

- directed the Department of Education to revitalize the
science courses in public high schools
- channelled additional funds to support projects in applied
sciences and science education
- he proclaimed 35 hectares in Bicutan, Taguig, Rizal as the
site of the Philippine Science Community
- scholarships for graduate and undergraduate science
scholars, and workshops on fisheries and oceanography

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 - added the Philippine Coconut Research Institute to the NSDB to modernize the
coconut industry.
- support for the promotion of scientific research and invention with Presidential
Decree No. 49, s. 1972
- he enacted a law under Presidential Decree No. 1003-A, s. 1976 to establish
the National Academy of Science and Technology
- He enacted a law on the completion of the National Agriculture and Life
Sciences Research Complex at the University of the Philippines at Los Baños
(Executive Order No. 840, s. 1982)
- he established the Mindanao and Visayas campuses of the Philippine Science
High School to encourage careers in science and technology
-established other research institutes like PAGASA, National Grains Authority,
Philippine Council for Agricultural Research, Philippine National Oil
Company among others

Pres. Corazon Aquino (1986 - 1992)

-National Science and Technology Authority was replaced
by the Department of
Science and Technology
- science and technology's role in economic recovery and
sustained economic growth was highlighted
- created the Presidential Task Force for Science and
Technology which came up
with the first Science and Technology Master Plan or STMP
- Executive Order No.128 abolished R.A. No. 3859, also
known as the “Philippine Inventors Incentive Act.”
- gave assistance to Filipino inventors through giving
financial aid, patent application assistance, legal assistance, and to help
inventors market their products domestically and abroad
- R.A. 6655 or the Free Public Secondary Education Act of
1988 opened doors to free education up to the secondary level
- “Science for the Masses Program” which aimed at
scientific and technological literacy among Filipinos

Pres. Fidel V. Ramos (1992 - 1998)

-significant increase in personnel specializing in the science
and technology field
-addition of Philippine Science High Schools in Visayas and
Mindanao
- government provided 3,500 scholarships for students who
were taking up professions related to S&T
- schools were becoming more modernized and updated
with the addition of hightech equipment for student
- priority for S&T personnel increased when Magna Carta
for Science and Technology Personnel (Republic Act No. 8439) was established
- award was published in order to give incentives and
rewards for people who have been influential in the field of S&T (Inventors and
Inventions Incentives Act or Republic Act No. 7459)
- programs such as National Program for Gifted Filipino
Children in Science and Technology
-enactment of a law creating a nationwide system of high
schools specializing in the field of science and engineering (Science and
Technology Scholarship Law of 1994)
- enacted the Intellectual Property Code of the Philippines
(Republic Act No. 8293)

Pres. Joseph Estrada (1998 - 2001)

- launched a full-scale program based on cost-effective
irrigation technologies
- establishment of one science high school in every province
- advancement of industries and schools into the Internet
age,
- passage of the e-Commerce Act

Pres. Gloria Macapagal Arroyo (2001 - 2010)

- the science and technology sector of the Philippines was
dubbed as the "golden age“ during her term
- Numerous laws and projects that concerns both the
environment and science to
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 push technology as a tool to increase the country's economic level
- the term "Filipinnovation" was the coined term used in helping the Philippines to
be an innovation hub in Asia
- Science Technology and Innovations (STI) was developed further by
strengthening the schools and education system such as the Philippine
Science High School (PSHS), which focuses in science, technology and
mathematics in their curriculum
- imposes Republic Act 10601 which improves the Agriculture and Fisheries
Sector through Mechanization (AFMech)

Benigno Aquino III (2010–2016)

“lift the nation from poverty through honest and effective

governance.”
“cut red tape dramatically and implement stable economic
policies.”
“level the playing field for investors and make government an
enabler, not a hindrance to business.”
“have leaders who are ethical, honest and true public
servants.”

________________________________________________________________

Rodrigo Roa Duterte (2016-Present)

The Duterte government has lived up to the President’s

promise of a “relentless” anti-drugs campaign. While the
campaign has been modified and reorganized thrice, Duterte’s
marching orders have been to arrest drug suspects and kill
them if they “fight back.” Here are the numbers as of June 30
(as reported by the Philippine Drug Enforcement Agency

The signing then ratification of the Bangsamoro Organic Law is

a major achievement for both the Mindanaoan President and
Congress.

Duterte pushed for the enactment of the free tertiary education law, against the
advice of his economic managers. The government’s fiscalizers now face the
challenge of finding funding for this expensive law every year but it’s a welcome
development for Filipino families everywhere.

Universal health care

Cutting red tape
Aggressive infrastructure plan
Environmental policies

(Images from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_Philippines)

❖ Filipino Scientists and their Inventions

Here is a list of some Filipino scientists and inventors, together with their
contributions in shaping the science and technology of the Filipino nation.

Dr. Arturo Alcaraz

Dr. Arturo Alcaraz is a volcanologist specializing in geothermal
energy development. In 1967, Arturo Alcaraz and team powered an
electric light bulb using steam-powered electricity. This was the first
geothermal power generated in the Philippines.

Julian Banzon (1908 - 1988)

Filipino chemist, Julian Banzon researched methods of producing
alternative fuels. Julian Banzon experimented with the production
of ethyl esters fuels from sugarcane and coconut.

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 Pedro Escuro (1923 - )
Filipino scientist, Pedro Escuro is best known for his isolation of
nine rice varieties, thus was renowned by developing rice
breeding in the country. The Pedro Escuro rice varieties are:
Milpal 4, HBD-2, Azmil 26 and C-22 and C-18, C4-63, C4-137,
C-168 and C-12.

Dr. Francisco Fronda (1896 - 1986)

Dr. Francisco Fronda is known as the Father of poultry science in
the Philippines. Francisco Fronda has improved methods of
production for the poultry and livestock industry.

Felix Maramba
Felix Maramba built a coconut oil-fueled power generator. He
also is the developer of one of the world's most profitable biogas
systems.

Luz Oliveros Belardo (1906 - 1999)

Filipino chemist, Luz Oliveros Belardo researched the
phytochemical properties of plants in the Philippines for natural
products, essential oils, and the medicinal qualities.

Emerita De Guzman
Filipino scientist Emerita De Guzman researched the
propagation of pure macapuno trees. Her research led to the
faster propagation of pure macapuno trees and increased
macapuno nut production from 3-5 macapuno nuts to 14-19 nuts
(1980). She also invented tissue culture techniques for the rapid
propagation of abaca and banana plants.

Dr. Fe Del Mundo (1911 - 2011)

Filipino doctor, Fe Del Mundo is credited with studies that lead to
the invention of an improved incubator and a jaundice relieving
device.

Gregorio Zara (1902 - 1978)

Famous Filipino Scientist, Gregorio Zara invented, made
improvements to, or discovered the following: invented the two
way television telephone or videophone (1955) patented as a
"photo phone signal separator network"; discovered the physical
law of electrical kinetic resistance called the Zara effect (around
1930);invented an airplane engine that ran on plain alcohol as
fuel (1952).

(Google image result for Famous Filipino Scientists or Inventors)

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For more information, please go to the links provided below, then watch and read the
following:

Watch: 1. Juan’s Top 5 Filipino Inventions at https://youtu.be/RU21nUiKaoc

Read: 1. The Philippine Men and Women of Science.

http://spheres.dost.gov.ph/manuscript/PMWS27.pdf
2. Philippine Great Inventions

MODULE 1 - GENERAL CONCEPTS AND STS HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENTS

Application

Let’s have some practice, shall we?

Activity 1: Back Through Time

A. This activity is meant for you to revisit our country’s rich historical background on its
journey to scientific and technological progress. Complete the table below and elaborate
the development of S&T in each period and its contributions and implications to the
present society.
a. Early Filipino/ Pre – colonial period
b. Spanish Colonization
c. American Regime
d. Japanese Colonization
e. Post – colonial period

Period State of Contribution of the Science culture Implications of

S&T during period in the and S&T and
the period development of practices/ science culture
S&T Society’s of each period
norms during the to the present
period
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Post- Colonial ________________ ________________ ______________ _________________
Period ________________ ________________ ______________ _________________
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21
 ________________ ________________ ______________ _________________
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__________
______________
_____
Note: Please read the article below for additional information
A History of Science and Technology in the Philippines by Olivia C. Caoili
Link:
https://tuxdoc.com/download/history-of-science-and-technology-in-the-philippines_pdf#download-
require
MODULE 1 - GENERAL CONCEPTS AND STS HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENTS

Activity 2: New Generation Science Genius

Utilizing internet resources, find photos of modern Filipino civil engineer scientists and
their respective inventions/ discoveries and describe the inventions and their major
contributions in the development of our nation.

22
 MODULE 1 - GENERAL CONCEPTS AND STS HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENTS

Feedback

List some policies/programs of the government that steers the nation’s Science and
Technology forward. Describe these policies briefly, and give their Pros, as well as their
Cons. Support your claims by citing examples of their positive/negative impact to our
nation’s development.

Policy/ Pros (w/ positive impacts) Cons (w/ negative impacts)

Program
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26
 SUMMARY

In this module, you have learned the different contributions

to Science and Technology of each epoch of human history-
Ancient, Medieval and Modern Times. Necessity and adversity
drive people to think and invent technology to address the
needs and problems they encountered in everyday life. These
inventions paved way to major developments from ancient to
modern society and along with it, the transmission of scientific
and technological knowledge that influenced our very own
notion of the world.
The advent of technology opens the door for more
scientific endeavors in the quest of unravelling the mysteries of
the natural world, and hence the birth of scientific revolution.
The revolution had sparked human creativity and critical
thinking, and by this time, many a discovery and scientific
ideas were developed, and new scientific paradigms were
generated which had overthrown previous paradigms. This
manifests that scientific knowledge is not permanent, and
subject to constant change through careful research and
experimentation. In the Philippines, even before period of
colonization, our society has been faring on its improvement in
terms of Science and Technology especially in agriculture,
handicraft and medicine. During colonization, there was a slow
growth of S&T since majority of its sophistication is brought
about by the foreign invaders. The establishment of Bureau of
Science by Americans paved the way for the initial growth of
S&T in the country. During post-colonial period where
Philippines had given the autonomy for executive,
administrative, judicial and legislative operations, different
programs and policies of the government gear towards
reinforcing progress of S&T. Many Filipinos were renowned not
only in the national but also around the global society for their
outstanding feat.

End of Prelim

27
 Questions for Reflection

Think about these....

1. What value of a scientist have you learned from the major

revolutions? Why?
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2. What could be the consequences if these major intellectual revolutions did not
take place?
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 _________________________________________________________________
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3. Why did the people accept these new discoveries despite being contradictory to
what was widely accepted at that time?
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4. What could be the consequences if these major intellectual revolutions did not
take place?
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29
 _________________________________________________________________
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5. Did science and technology change your way of life? Was it in a good way,
otherwise, or both? Explain how.
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References:
A History of Science and Technology in the Philippines by Olivia C. Caoili
Retrieved from:
https://tuxdoc.com/download/history-of-science-and-technology-in
the-philippines_pdf#download-require

McNamara, D., Valverde, V., & Beleno, R. (2018). Science, Technology,

and Society
(1st ed., pp. 1-128). Quezon City: C&E Publishing Inc.

Ratnasiri, N., 2006. The role of Science and Technology in nation building.
Journal of
the National Science Foundation of Sri Lanka, 34(3), p.113. DOI:
http://doi.org/10.4038/jnsfsr.v34i3.3640

Web Sources:
Redirect Notice. (2019). Retrieved from https://bit.ly/2xrHBDz
Image: Hanging Gardens of Babylon - Wikipedia. (2019). Retrieved from
https://bit.ly/2XlPv0B

30
 Google Image Result for https://www.timetrips.co.uk/ep-tutmask1.jpg.
(2019).
Retrieved from https://urlzs.com/RVGm7

Google Image Result for

https://cdn.images.express.co.uk/img/dynamic/25/590x/Can
you-see-the-flaw-682241.jpg. (2019). Retrieved from
https://urlzs.com/FRWES

Image: Papyrus in Ancient Egypt | Essay | Heilbrunn Timeline of Art ...

(2019).
Retrieved from https://urlzs.com/zFc6U

Image: Hieroglyph | writing character | Britannica.com. (2019). Retrieved

from
https://bit.ly/2XjQ4b7

Image: the coliseum (greece) - YouTube. (2019). Retrieved from

https://urlzs.com/pbCTX

Image: The Olympic Games [ushistory.org]. (2019). Retrieved from

https://urlzs.com/vD5wU

Google Image Result for

http://historylearning.com/fileadmin/user_upload/roman
numerals.jpg. (2019). Retrieved from https://urlzs.com/EnPPz

Image: Roman Aqueducts— Ancient Engineering Marvels. (2019).

Retrieved from
https://urlzs.com/ePC9t

Image: Silk Road - HISTORY. (2019). Retrieved from

https://urlzs.com/ittbA

Image: Great Wall -. (2019). Retrieved from https://urlzs.com/xH83x

Image: Molecular Expressions Microscopy Primer: Museum of

Microscopy ... (2019).
Retrieved from https://urlzs.com/fAo55

Image: Ιnventor of the Telephone: Alexander Graham Bell - Learning

History. (2019).
Retrieved from https://urlzs.com/ASZiC
Redirect Notice. (2019). Retrieved from
https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&source=images&cd=&ved=2ahUKEwi
W8Kaqy5rjAh
31VEA4gKHUNtAYQjRx6BAgBEAU&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pintere
st.com%2Fpin%2F84
6606429926395000%2F&psig=AOvVaw2Sl_sc8daokDiWkZShMf4F&ust=156230
6475204989

Image: Occult Science 4.0 - Heliocentric vs. Geocentric Astrology -

YouTube. (2019).
Retrieved from https://urlzs.com/jFeHS
Redirect Notice. (2019). Retrieved from https://bit.ly/2RTR14c

Image: The 15 Presidents of the Republic of the Philippines. Retrieved

from:
https://nobert-bermosa.blogspot.com/2011/06/15-presidents-of-republic-o
f.html

Images from
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_Philippines
Science and Technology: Moving the Philippines Forward. Retrieved from
https://youtu.be/9li8S3L5p2Q

The State of Science and Technology in the Philippines. Retrieved from

https://youtu.be/_ttaqZf-SMg

Juan’s Top 5 Filipino Inventions at https://youtu.be/RU21nUiKaoc

The Philippine Men and Women of Science. Retrieved from:
http://spheres.dost.gov.ph/manuscript/PMWS27.pdf

31
1

COURSE LEARNING
OUTCOMES

At the end of this module,

you should be able to:
➢ Analyze the human
condition in order to
deeply reflect and
express philosophical
ratifications that are
meaningful to the student
as a part of society;

➢ Criticize human
flourishing vis-à-vis the
progress of science and
technology so that the
student can define for
himself/ herself the
meaning of the good life;

➢ Examine shared
concerns that make up
the good life in order to
come up with innovative,

32
 MODULE 2 - STS AND THE HUMAN CONDITION

INTRODUCTION

There can be no doubt that we are rapidly moving towards a global society, spanning
the whole earth. Yet this global society derives its unity not from philosophy or religion,
but rather from technology. Technology is improving life and improving it fast. It is
technology that is leading to the homogenization of all forms of social interaction and
communication, irrespective of their historical and cultural provenance. It is technology
that is creating a shared horizon for economic productivity, just as it is technology that
permits the limitless accumulation of public wealth. Technology is the salient social
activity of human beings as a species and, as an activity, and is both cumulative and
linear, irrespective of its consequences for human happiness.

In this chapter, we will be discussing the different conceptions of human flourishing,

which connotes the “well-being” and “happiness” of men and suggests positive
emotional experiences. Also, the development of scientific method and validity of
science, human flourishing vis-à-vis progress of science and technology. It has been
noted that human flourishing in our present societies seem dwarfed by difficulties, not
only in the developing world, but also in the developed world. Also, this chapter covers
the concept of human condition before and after the existence of science and
technology and ways on how technology aided in revealing the truth about human being.
Furthermore, we will also be discussing the meaning of a good life and the different
possibilities available in attaining a good life and happiness. It will point out how humans
strive to become happy, achieve a comfortable and convenient life and the desire to
make the work lighter, easier and faster.

Finally, we shall also be taking up the different technological advancements in society,

development of Science and Technology in the Philippines and the effects of the
interplay between technology and humanity through dilemmas where the world is
entering a period of transformative change, and many of people will be surprised by the
developments they simply hadn’t anticipated.

Topic 4: The Human Person Flourishing in terms of

Science and Technology

Learning Objectives

After successful completion of this topic, you should be able to:

➢ Analyze the steps in scientific method;

➢ Explain the concepts of human flourishing and their importance for the “common
good” and present examples;
➢ Enumerate some career jobs related to science and technology that lead to human
flourishing.

Activating Prior Knowledge

Learning Activity: SPOT THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD

Direction: Each sentence below describes a step of the scientific method.
Match each sentence with the step of the scientific method listed below.
A. Recognize the problem
B. Making Observation
C. Form a hypothesis
D. Test the hypothesis with an experiment
E. Draw conclusions
______________ 1. Mark predicted that seeds would start to grow faster if an electric
current travelled through the soil in which they were planted.
______________ 2. Scott said, “If I fertilize my orchid plants, they will blossom.”
stronger when she gave the hen feed, to which extra calcium had been added.
______________ 3. Philip’s data showed that household cockroaches moved away
from raw mangoes.

33
______________ 4. Ameera fed different diets to three groups of tilapia. Her experiment
showed that tilapias need vitamins and protein in their diet.
______________ 5. Angela’s experiment proved that earthworms move away from
light.
______________ 6. Justine wondered if dyes could be taken out of plant leaves, flowers
and stems.
______________ 7. Kathy used a survey to determine how many classmates were
left-handed and how many were right-handed.
______________ 8. Bob read about growing plants in water. He wanted to know how
plants could grow without soil.
______________ 9. Kevin said “If acid rain affects plants in a particular pond, it might
affect small animals, such as crabs, that live in the same water.”
MODULE 2 - STS AND THE HUMAN CONDITION

Presentation of Contents

Problems that you encounter could be solved by simple ways. Maria could have
solved her problem if she tried to approach it systematically. This lesson will introduce
you to the scientific method. The scientific method is a logical and systematic way of
solving a problem.

Making Observation and Stating the Problem

Different things happen around you. As you notice these, you take a mental note of what
you see, hear, feel, smell or taste. These mental notes are your observations. On the
space below, write five things that you can observe around you right now.
1.
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2.
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3.
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4.
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5.
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Choose one observation from your list above. Choose the most interesting and from that,
compose your statement of the problem. Statement of the problem:
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Formulating the Hypothesis

Your statement of the problem must have an answer. But at this point, you still do not
have a definite one, so you formulate your hypothesis. A hypothesis is a logical guess
that answers the question or problem. It could be correct or incorrect, which is what you
will find out in the next step. You could have more than one hypothesis, but you will
consider them one at a time in the succeeding steps.

Answer your statement of the problem by formulating three hypotheses.

1. ___________________________________________________________________

2. ___________________________________________________________________

3.
_____________________________________________________________________

Testing the Hypothesis with experiment

After proposing possible answer to the problem, you should prove whether your
hypotheses are true or not. This could be through experiments, test, or research. You
need to plan how you would test your hypothesis by logically writing down the steps that
you will do. Since you will be writing down steps of a procedure, your methodology
should be numbered and logically arranged. It should contain practical procedures,
which are significant to the study being conducted.

34
Choose one among the hypotheses you formulated. On the space below, write the
procedure on how you will test the hypothesis.

1. ___________________________________________________________________

2. ___________________________________________________________________

3. __________________________________________________________________

4.____________________________________________________________________

Stating the Conclusion

At this point, you now know if your hypothesis answered your question. If it did, you just
restate your hypothesis as your conclusion. If it did not, then you need to test other
hypotheses.
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MODULE 2 - STS AND THE HUMAN CONDITION

❖ Human Flourishing

According to Aristotle, there is an end of all of the actions that we perform which we
desire for itself. This is what is known as eudaimonia, flourishing, or happiness, which is
desired for its own sake with all other things being desired on its account. Eudaimonia is
a property of one's life when considered as a whole. Flourishing is the highest good of
human endeavors and that toward which all actions aim. It is success as a human being.
The best life is one of excellent human activity.

For Aristotle, the good is what is good for purposeful, goal-directed entities. He defines
the good proper to human beings as the activities in which the life functions specific to
human beings are most fully realized. For Aristotle, the good of each species is
teleologically immanent to that species. A person's nature as a human being provides
him with guidance with respect to how he should live his life. A fundamental fact of
human nature is the existence of individual human beings each with his own rational
mind and free will. The use of one's volitional consciousness is a person's distinctive
capacity and means of survival.

One's own life is the only life that a person has to live. It follows that, for Aristotle, the
"good" is what is objectively good for a particular man. Aristotle's eudaimonia is formally
egoistic in that a person's normative reason for choosing particular actions stems from
the idea that he must pursue his own good or flourishing. Because self-interest is
flourishing, the good in human conduct is connected to the self-interest of the acting
person. Good means "good for" the individual moral agent. Egoism is an integral part of
Aristotle's ethics.

Application

Activity 1: Applying the Scientific Method

Direction: Follow the scientific method focusing on what you can immediately observe
that is happening in the environment at 8 o’clock in the morning. Use the data sheet
below to write down your answers. For the data analysis, assume that you performed
the test and were able to prove that your hypothesis is an answer to the problem.

Location of Observation:
_____________________________________________________________________
_________________

I. Making Observations and stating the Problem

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_________________
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35
_____________________________________________________________________
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II. Formulating Hypothesis

1. ___________________________________________________________________
2. ___________________________________________________________________

III. Testing the Hypothesis with an experiment

1.____________________________________________________________________
2.____________________________________________________________________

3.____________________________________________________________________

4. ___________________________________________________________________

5.____________________________________________________________________

IV. Stating the Conclusion

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Guide Questions:
1. What do you think will happen if the steps in scientific method are in different order?
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________

2. If you would be adding more steps to the scientific method, what would be these
steps? Discuss the additional steps you are proposing.
_____________________________________________________________________
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36
Activity 2: G-R-E-A-T-W-O-R-K

Complete the mind map below by writing words that come to your mind when you hear
the word science and technology.

SCIENCE AND
TECHNOLOGY

MODULE 2 - STS AND THE HUMAN CONDITION

Feedback

From the picture below describe the evolution and development of science and
technology along fields of medicine, agriculture, education, information and technology
and many more.

(Source: Fundamentals of Science and Technology, www.tutorialspoint.com)

Figure: 4.1

37
 MODULE 2 - STS AND THE HUMAN CONDITION

Topic 5: Technology as a Way of Revealing

Learning Objectives

After successful completion of this topic, you should be able to:

➢ Explain the concept of human condition before science and technology;

➢ Identify the change that happened in human condition after science and
Technology; and
➢ Name ways on how technology aided in revealing the truth about the human being

Activating Prior Knowledge

Make a reaction on the saying “Comparing the lives of people before and now
will make anyone realize the changes that happened in society not just in terms
of culture, language or rights, but more importantly, changes in people’s way of
life due to the existence of science and technology”.

38
 MODULE 2 - STS AND THE HUMAN CONDITION

Film Viewing
You will be asked to view the Film: Akiro Kurosawa’s Dreams “Village of the Watermills”
After the film viewing, you are now directed to make illustrations that will demonstrate
human condition before the common era and the human condition during the common
era and. You may include their day to day activities, their ways of achieving survival and
their strategies to attain high productivity. (You may opt to make a collage)

39
 MODULE 2 - STS AND THE HUMAN CONDITION

After making the illustration, you may list down notable human conditions before the
common era and during the common era and briefly discuss these conditions.

1. Before the Common Era

2. During the Common Era

Presentation of Contents

Our early ancestors’ primal need to survive paved the way for the invention of several
developments. As we always claim that humans are gifted with wisdom and more
advanced than any other creatures, our ancestors were able to utilize available
materials to make their life more comfortable.

In your own perspective, how has technology affected the following aspects given the
two-time frames? Fill out the table below.

Human Before the common era During the common era

Conditions
Mortality Rate

Average Life
Span

Literacy Rate

Gross Domestic
Product

40
 Application

Activity 2: What if?

Science and technology have aided us in survival and helped us outsmart our
adversaries, provided us comfortable life, allowed us to explore the world and
assisted us in discovering more about ourselves and the truth.
-Unknown

You are now dependent on the comforts of what technology has brought to us. This time,
try to imagine our world without technology? How do you think our daily routine would be
like? Illustrate a scenario where certain technological innovation does not exist. Use the
space provided.

MODULE 2 - STS AND THE HUMAN CONDITION

Feedback

Activity 3: Hear Their Voice

Make a survey from different person aside from your classmate with a maximum of 5
interviewees. You can interview them through phone call or email or messenger.

You should elicit their answers to the following questions below.

Summarize their responses below.

1. What would have happened to humankind if technology did not exist?

2. Do you agree with Martin Heidegger in his idea that technology should only be seen
as one of the approaches in perceiving truth? What other approaches you know that can
be considered?

MODULE 2 - STS AND THE HUMAN CONDITION

Topic 6: The Good Life

Learning Objectives

After successful completion of this topic, you should be able to:

➢ Examine what is meant by a good life in various philosophies;

➢ Examine what you consider to be the good life and determine which philosophy
that represents;
➢ Identify how humans attempt to attain what is deemed to be a good life;
➢ Recognize possibilities available to human beings to attain the good life; and

41
 ➢ Examine shared concerns that make up the good life in order to come up with
innovative, creative solutions and ethical solutions.

Activating Prior Learning

“The truth is the aim of the theoretical sciences, the good is the end goal of the
practical ones. Every attempt to know is connected in some way in an attempt to
find the good”. -Aristotle

Materials
You will be needing the following materials in the activity below.
Coloring pens/crayons, Pentel pen, Pencil, Colored old magazines, Pictures
from the web, Scissors, Glue

Using the materials listed above, make a good life collage by cutting pictures in
magazines or newspapers that demonstrate how technology has made the man’s desire
for a happy life more realizable. You may opt to print pictures using the web. Use the
space provided in the next page.

Presentation of Contents

What is Good Life as Perceived by different schools of thought?

Aristotle and Good Life

It is interesting to note that the first philosopher who approached the problem of reality
from scientific lens is Aristotle who is also the first thinker who dabbled into the complex
problematization of the end goal of life: happiness.
Compared to his predecessor and teacher, Plato, Aristotle embarked on different
approach in figuring out reality. Plato thought that things in this world are not real and
are only copies of the real in the world of forms. While Aristotle puts everything back to
the ground in claiming that this world is all there and that this world is the only reality, we
can all access.
Aristotle also forwarded the idea that there is no reality over and above what the senses
can perceive. As such, it is only by observation of the external world that one can truly
understand what reality is all about. Change is a process that is inherent in things. We,
along with all other entities in the world start as potentialities and move towards
actualities. The movement, of course,
entails change.

https://wellbeingmagazine.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/seedlinggrowth.jpg
Figure 6.1

GOOD LIFE COLLAGE

Look at the seed in the picture. It eventually germinates and grows into a plant. The seed
that turned to become the plant underwent change from the potential plant that is the seed to
its full actuality.

This can be likened to what Aristotle says that every human person aspires for an end.
This end is happiness or human flourishing. And no one resists happiness because we
all want to be happy.

42
 Materialism
The first materialists were the atomists in Ancient Greece. Democritus and Leucippus
led a school whose primary belief is that the world is made up of and is controlled by the
tiny indivisible units in the world called atomos or seeds. Accordingly, the world including
human beings, is made up of matter and there is no need to possess immaterial entities
as sources of purpose. Atoms simply comes together randomly to form the things in the
world. As such, only material entities matter.

https://zenfulspirit.com/2018/02/16/materialism/
Figure 6.2

In terms of human flourishing, matter is what makes us attain happiness. The material
things we possess give us ultimate happiness. We see this at work with most people
who are clinging on to material wealth as the primary source of meaning of their
existence.

Hedonism
The Hedonists see the end goal of life in acquiring pleasure. Pleasure has always been
the priority of hedonists. For them life is obtaining and indulging in pleasure because life
is limited. They believe that pleasure give meaning to their life without thinking of the
future. The mantra of this school of thought is the famous, “Eat, drink and merry for
tomorrow we will die.

https://australianluxuryboatsales.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/boat- 1024x683.jpg
Figure 6.3

Stoicism
Another school of thought led by Epicurus, the stoics, exposed the idea that to generate
happiness, one must learn to distance oneself and be apathetic. The original term
apatheia, precisely means to be indifferent. These group believe that they can do things
at their own and believe that happiness can only be attained by a careful practice of
apathy.

43
 MODULE 2 - STS AND THE HUMAN CONDITION

http://lyfetainment.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/1.-Can-Loneliness-Kill-You-Why-You-
Feel-Lonely.jpg
Figure 6.4

Theism
Most people find the meaning of their lives using God as the fulcrum of their existence.
The Philippines, as predominantly country, is witness to how people base their life goals
on beliefs that hinged on some form of supernatural reality called heaven. The ultimate
basis of happiness for theists is the communion with God.

https://coffeewiththelord.files.wordpress.com/2019/04/god-alone.jpg?w=350&h=200&crop=1
Figure 6.5

Humanism

Humanism as another school of thought espouses the freedom of man to carve his own
destiny and to legislate his own laws, free from the shackles of a God that monitors and
controls. For humanists, man is literally the captain of his own ship. They see
themselves not merely as stewards of the creation but as individuals who are in control
of themselves and the world outside them. As a result of the motivation of the humanist
current, scientists eventually turned to technology in order to ease the difficulty of life.
Scientists of today meanwhile are ready to confront more sophisticated attempts at
altering the world for the benefit of humanity. Some people now are willing to tamper
with time and space in the name of technology.

https://soheefit.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/Screenshot-2014-04-10- 13.04.01.png
Figure 6.5

44
 MODULE 2 - STS AND THE HUMAN CONDITION

Application

Acitivity2: Fill in the blanks

Using the table below, list down the different advantages and disadvantages of
the different schools of thought in attaining good life and happiness.

School of Thought Advantages Disadvantages

1. Materialism

2. Hedonism

3. Stoicism

4. Theism

5. Humanism

45
 MODULE 2 - STS AND THE HUMAN CONDITION

Feedback

Activity 3: Think about these questions

1. What is a good life? Elaborate your answer.

2. What is the relationship between good life and science?

3. Does technology always lead us to the good life? Support your answer.

MODULE 2 - STS AND THE HUMAN CONDITION

Topic 7: When technology and humanity cross

Learning Objectives
After successful completion of this topic, students will be able to:

➢ List examples of technology and give their risks and benefits to humanity;
➢ Examine some technological advancements and ethical issues they entail; and
➢ Discuss the interplay between technology and humanity.

Activating Prior Learning

Are you ready for your next topic? I’m sure you are! As a start, let’s do this preparatory
activity especially prepared for you. Happy learning!

List down engineering technology that you can see in the internet and give the use or
function of each machine/gadget/device.

Great work! Now let’s proceed to the next section of this module.

46
 MODULE 2 - STS AND THE HUMAN CONDITION

Presentation of Contents

https://www.google.com.ph/search?q=technology+and+humanity
Figure 7.1.
When technology and humanity cross… Will it be a convergence or a clash between
man and machine?

Television sets, Mobile phones, Computers, and Humanity

A number of technological devices can be easily found inside the home, the most
accessible place to anyone. Having said that, it can also be easily inferred that these
technological devices are some of the most popular and most commonly used types of
devices across all age groups. To be more specific, these “celebrities” in the field of
technology are television sets, mobile phones, and computers. People all over the world
use these technologies every day to accomplish different purposes.

In television, used mainly as a platform for

advertisements and information dissemination. It
remains to be the most used avenue by different
advertisement companies not only in the Philippines
but also all over the world. Various advertising
companies trust that television is still one of the most
used technological devices up until today. It also
serves as a recreational activity and good stress
reliever to most families, specifically to Filipino
families. Television also is a good platform for different propagandas and advocacies.
Lastly, it can also be a good way to bond with one’s family members.

In mobile phones, used primarily for

communication. It offers services like texting
and calling. In the past, these were the only
functions of the mobile phone but as
technology progressed, there have been
many additional features included on mobile
phones. In the present, people use their
mobile phones to surf the Internet and to
take pictures more than text or to call people.
This is the reason why more and more
people all over the world prefer to buy
smartphones over the old models where
such features are not available. These make this particular technological device very
appealing to the masses. Additionally, it is very portable and convenient because it can
fit into any space, may it be inside the pocket or bag.

Computers and laptops, on the other

hand, can be used to surf the Internet
and communicate. For a lot of people,
they prefer to do their job using either a
personal computer or a laptop than a
mobile phone. Personal computer or a
laptop has wide keyboard, wide screens
and separate keyboards than mobile
phones. Another reason is that the
availability of a mouse or a touchpad

47
made these two technological devices easier to maneuver than mobile phones. Lastly,
for the youth and those who love to play
different computer games, personal computers or laptops are really the better choice
because these allow them play with comfort and convenience.

Ethical Dilemma Faced by these technological advancements

It is true that these technological devices are useful and beneficial, the fact remains that
there are several dilemmas faced by these “necessities”. First, most parents would
argue that these devices make their children lazy and unhealthy. This is because of the
fact that people who are fixated on these technological advancements start and end
their day by using such devices. For example, those who love to watch television shows
stay in front of the television for more than six hours a day while those who love to surf
the Internet or play computer games stay on their laptops, computers, or mobile phones
for more than half a day. These people have the tendency to be unaware of the time
because they are so engrossed with the use of technological device. Also, there are the
same people who are more likely to experience alienation because they no longer take
time to get out their houses and mingle with other people. It is really concerning to know
that there are people who develop different kinds of sickness because of too much use
of technological devices. The agents using the devices are the ones to be blamed for
the undesirable consequences, namely, laziness and unhealthiness. In terms of
alienation, it can be concluded that the people in the scientific-technological world are
blameworthy because they tell the people something that seems positive but when
examined closely, brings worse than good.

Another dilemma faced by these technological devices is the moral dilemma. People,
especially the children who are not capable yet of rationally deciding for themselves
what is right or wrong, are freely exposed to different things on television, mobile
phones, laptops, or computers. Because of the availability and easy access to the
Internet, they can just easily search the web and go to different websites without
restrictions. This allows them to see, read, or hear things which are not suitable for their
very young age. This makes them very vulnerable to character change and can greatly
affect the way they view the world and the things around them. The people in the
scientific world nor the children are blameworthy because first, the children are not yet
capable of rationally deciding for themselves what is good and what is bad. Second,
even if creators of these technologies went out of their way to inform children of the pros
and cons of these technological contributions, it would still be useless because the
children have no capacity to understand them yet. So, the ones to be blamed are the
adults who allowed the children to have access to such devices in first place without any
supervision.

❖ Robotics and Humanity

Another great product of the innovative minds of the people is the robot which are now
widely used. For example, there
are so -called service robots
that do specific tasks but focus
mainly in assisting their masters
in their everyday tasks.

Germany was one of the first

countries to develop service
robots. As part of the German
Federal Ministry of Education
and Research’s “Service
Robotics Innovation Lead
Initiative,” it sponsored a
collaborative project called
DESIRE (Deutsche Service
robotik Initiative Germany
Service Robotics Initiative) which was launched on October 1, 2005. Some of the
expected work to be performed by DESIRE are the following: (1) “Clear up the kitchen
table” – all objects on top of the kitchen table will be moved to where they belong; (2)
“Fill the dishwasher” – the dirty dishes will be sorted correctly into the dishwasher; and
(3) “Clear up this room” – all objects that are not in their proper places will be moved to
where they belong.

48
❖ Roles played by Robotics

Robots play different roles not only in the lives of the people but also in the society as a
whole. They are primarily used to ease the workload of mankind. They were invented to
make life more efficient and less stressful. They perform complicated activities which
human beings are incapable of doing. On the other hand, they perform the simplest
tasks at home so that their masters can perform the complex ones without stressing
themselves over the simple tasks. There are also robots which are made for pleasure.
To be more
specific, these types of robots perform activities to entertain people. They can usually be
found in amusement parks or exhibits. In addition, there are also some robots which
were made to serve as toys. They also perform different activities but they are usually
child-friendly.

❖ Ethical Dilemma/s faced by Robotics

Just like any other technological advancements, robotics also faces different problems
and dilemmas. Although the idea is to help people and make their lives a lot easier than
before, it is still not immune to different ethical dilemmas and possible undesirable
outcomes. One of the dilemmas faced by robots is safety. Who should be held
accountable if someone’s safety is compromised by a robot? It is important to know who
should be blamed and who should be held responsible if such thing happens.

Another dilemma is the emotional component. This may seem a little absurd as of the
moment, but looking at how fast technology progresses nowadays, it is not completely
impossible for robots to develop emotions. So here, the questions become, “What if
robots become sentient? Should they be granted robot right? Should they have their
own set of rights to be upheld, respected, and protected by humans?” It is just right for
the robots to be given their own set of rights should they develop the ability to feel
different kinds of emotion.

❖ Moral and Ethical Issues in Advanced Technology

Individuals and organizations use technology to enhance their daily operations, be it

business, learning, construction, or medical activities. Advancement in technology does
not elicit ethical or moral issues, but it is the use of technological inventions that raises
these issues.

Ethical dilemmas arise when there are competing goods and competing evils. In regard
to IT, the sharing of private information within an organization raises the question of
whether the action is moral or immoral. Information systems enable people to
manipulate records within a short period, thus raising questions on whether the
information is genuine or vague.
In addition, will genetic engineering improve the quality of life or destroy it? These are
some of ethical dilemmas that are yet to be solved. Furthermore, biotechnology raises
some moral issues. It is difficult to justify the use of living organisms during research and
other technological discoveries. For instance, vitro fertilization enables women who are
not in a position to have their own children to undergo the process. Religious groups are
opposed to such practices because their beliefs do not agree with them.

Similarly, the uses of technology have the capability of making many innocent people to
suffer; this is a moral concern. For example, nuclear technology has the potential of
killing many people, and consequently destroying the environment. This raises some
health problems. People affected by nuclear emissions, such as those witnessed in
Hiroshima and Nagasaki, are deemed to be genetically impaired. Such effects can
affect the next generations of affected individuals.

The use of computers also raises health issues. Even though computer makes our work
easier, it is evident that prolonged use of computers results to repetitive stress injuries.

In regard to job displacement, machines have enabled companies to cut down their
labor force. Many companies use technological tools and knowledge, such as robots
and computer to run their business operations. Some people are forced to take different
roles other than their qualification requirements and others are faced with stress related
to work difficulties.

The idea that the quest for strong AI would ultimately succeed was long thought of as
science fiction, centuries or more away. However, thanks to recent breakthroughs,
many AI milestones, which experts viewed as decades away merely five years ago,
have now been reached, making many experts take seriously the possibility of super
intelligence in our lifetime. Because AI has the potential to become more intelligent than
any human, we have no surefire way of predicting how it will behave. People now
control the planet, not because we’re the strongest, fastest or biggest, but because
we’re the smartest. If we’re no longer the smartest, are we assured to remain in control?

49
 But there are other examples of potential ethical dilemmas in scientific research and
technology. There are things like genetic engineering, where people worry that we might
one day create super-humans that will outcompete regular humans. There is
surveillance technology, making people wonder how human rights could be violated.
People ask questions about whether we're going where only God should tread, and
whether we should do something just because we can. The implications of many of
these technologies are complex and philosophical.

The biggest risk to our future is not that technology will take over but that we will become
too much like technology. Let’s think about where it’s going. Let’s balance the EQ with
the IQ. We should think of technology not as what we seek but rather how we seek – it is
a tool we should embrace, not one we should become.

Application

From the graphic organizer you completed at the very start of this section, choose one
technology in each category and give their risks and benefits as regards to their purpose.
Explain briefly each point you included.

Technology Benefits Risks

1.

2.

3.

50
4.

MODULE 2 - STS AND THE HUMAN CONDITION

Feedback

“My Ideal Technology”

3. Think of an issue (be it environmental, economical, transportation, etc.), and come up

with a technology that would somehow address the issue. Give a description of the
features of your technology. What are its benefits and drawbacks to the society?

51
 Summary

While it is true that science equips its knowers some details

about the world, its main claim to objectivity and systematic
methodology is at the very least flawed. Science and
technology has aided us in our survival and helped us outsmart
our adversaries, provided us comfortable living, allowed us to
explore the world, and assisted us in discovering more about
ourselves and the truth.
However, it also leads us to the paradox in which we are only
able to see the world in the lenses of technological innovations
leaving behind other aspects which are deemed important. In
our pursuit of growth, we had conveniently forgotten that
technology only presents one approach in viewing the world,
thus leading us to evaluate objects or not.
It is undeniably true that man constantly aims for good life and
has worked hard in pointing out what amounts to be good and
what happiness means to them. Science and technology has
been at the forefronts of man’s attempts at finding this
happiness and attaining good life for many if not all of us. In
our modern times, there are different advancements given by
science and technology. However, there are still problems
faced by these technological advancements specifically on the
ethical aspects in nature and mankind. It is now impossible for
technology and humanity not to cross paths and it is necessary
that ethics be enforced in the field of technology to ensure
safety and morality of these advancements to living things.

52
 MODULE 2 - STS AND THE HUMAN CONDITION

Reflection

1. What do you think will happen if human person did not

flourish in terms of science and technology?

2. From among the different schools of thought presented above, which among them
describe you as a person or as a member of the community? Do you think it can
develop you better and attain a good life? Why or why not?

References
Blitz, M. (2014). “Understanding Heidegger on Technology,” The New Atlantis, Number
41, Winter, pp 63-80
Mcnamara et al., (2018). Science, Technology and Society. C & E Publishing, Inc. Patria,
Javier et al. Science, Technology and Society, pp 63-74

Serafica et al., (2018). Science, Technology and Society. Rex Bookstore Macat
Thinking News. (2006) Aristotle’s Secret to Happiness: What will make us happy now?
Accessed February 3, 2017. https://www.macat.com/blog/aristotle’s - secret-happiness

The Basics of Philosophy. (2008). Theism. Accessed February 3,2017.

http://www.philosophybasics.com/branch_theism.html.

53
 COURSE LEARNING OUTCOMES

At the end of this module, you should be

able to:

➢ Link learned concepts to the

development of the information age and
its impact on society;
➢ Illustrate how the social media and
the information age have impacted our
lives;
➢ Determine the interrelatedness of
society, environment and health;
➢ Discuss the ethics and implication of
GMOs and potential future impacts;
➢ Discuss the major impacts (both
potential and realize) of nanotechnology
on society;
➢ Analyze the issue through the
conceptual STS lenses;
➢ Critique the issue and its cause and
benefits to the society;
➢ Describe gene therapy and its various
forms;
➢ Identify the causes of climate change;
➢ Assess the various impacts of climate
change including economic, geopolitical,
biological, meteorological, and etc.; and
➢ Apply STS concepts to the issues of
climate change.

MODULE 3 - SPECIAL TOPICS IN STS

54
 Introduction

Biological diversity is the foundation for livelihoods and sustainable development,

supplying basic needs such as food, energy, medicine, recreational and cultural benefits.
However, population growth, industrialization and urbanization have accelerated the
decline and extinction of species as well as the degradation of ecosystems. The losses
are due to a range of pressures driven by socio-economic factors, including climate
change, ecosystem degradation, illegal trade and unsustainable use.

Biotechnology can help conserve biodiversity and help protect some species from going
extinct. Modern biotechnology provides breakthrough products and technologies to
combat debilitating and rare diseases, reduce our environmental footprint, feed the
hungry, use less and cleaner energy, and have safer, cleaner and more efficient
industrial manufacturing processes. With the development of genetic engineering,
research in biotechnology developed rapidly because of the new possibility to make
changes in the organisms' genetic material (DNA). Through genetic engineering farmers
can raise more food for a growing world population while reducing agriculture’s impact
on the environment. Genetically modified crops enable farmers to grow more crops
using less land while applying fewer chemicals and conserving water and energy
allowing farmers to be more productive and efficient. Nanotechnology is also
increasingly being used to create new foods and food packaging by breaking matter
down into microscopic nanoparticles that are just atoms wide and “programming” them
to perform specific tasks. A range of nanotech applications for food have been used and
proposed, from packaging (e.g., forming an air-tight vacuum seal) to taste (e.g.,
mimicking the flavor and texture of familiar foods).

The Nano world is perhaps the fastest growing world in the twenty-first century. Global
competition among nations in nanotechnology research, development and marketing is
on the rise. Advantages of nanotechnology towards improving the quality of life are
many. However, disadvantages of nanotechnology especially related to human health,
genetic disorders and climate change are only beginning to surface raising serious
concerns. The Nano world will continue influence science and technology.

Topic 8: Information Age

Learning Objectives

At the end of this topic, students will be able to:

➢ Discuss the history of Information Age

➢ Determine the human and social impacts of developments in the Information Age

Activating Prior Learning

Situation:

Imagine that you are at lost in the wilderness and there is a substitution cypher (a
method of encrypting message in which the letters of the original text are systematically
replaced by different alphabet) that you need to answer to solve your dilemma.

A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
S T U V W X Y Z A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R

Hint: This is the first thing that you will be doing when you are at lost

Encrypted word: AFXGJESLAGF KWSJUZAFY

Answer: __________________________________

55
 MODULE 3 - SPECIAL TOPICS IN STS

Presentation of Contents

Information plays an important role in understanding the truth and reality. If there are
information available, our lives might be enigmatic and chaotic. The development of our
system of acquiring, storing and retrieving information had spurt with the advent of
science and technology and now we are in the century which is considered by many as
the Information Age.

Information Age is the period starting in the last quarter of the 20th century when
information became effortlessly accessible through publication and through the
management of information by computers and computer networks. It is a true new age
based upon the interconnection of computers via telecommunications, with these
systems operating on both real-time and as needed basis- Theory of Information Age
(Messenger, 1982).

Before it has reached its current state, constant change has taken place in the
form of information revolution. By 1960’s to 1970’s, rapid growth of information resulted
to difficulty in collecting and managing them1980’s there was Information Anxiety
(Richard Wurman). In 1990’s, information became the currency of the business world.
At present, information turned out to be a commodity, an over developed product, mass
produced and unspecialized.

Robert Harris has outlined the truths about Information Age. He described it as follows:

1. Information must complete

2. Newer is equated to truer
3. Selection is a viewpoint
4. The media sells what the culture buys
5. The early word gets the perm
6. You are what you eat and so is your brain
7. Anything in great demand will be counterfeited
8. Ideas are seen as controversial
9. Undead information walks ever on
10. Media presence creates the story
11. The medium selects the message
12. The whole truth is a pursuit

Accessibility of information was made faster and easier with the aid of computer. One of
the significant applications of computers for science and research is evident in the field
of bioinformatics. Bioinformatics is the application of information technology to store,
organize and analyze vast amount of biological data which is available in the form
sequences and structures of proteins – the building blocks of organisms and nucleic
acids- the information carrier (Madan, n.d.) Such was established because of the need
to
create databases of biological sequences. Application includes the Human Genome
Project, Pharmacogenomics Drug Discovery, Gene Finder and Annotator.

Application

Activity 1

Arrange the photos chronologically by writing numbers 1-12 below each photo and
explain the manner by which information is being acquired, stored, retrieve and utilize.

56
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MODULE 3 - SPECIAL TOPICS IN STS

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 MODULE 3 - SPECIAL TOPICS IN STS

Activity 2

Problems on fake news have surfaced different multimedia platform, with these, users
must be knowledgeable on how to verify the authenticity of a source. Create a checklist
on how to check on the reliability and authenticity of information found in websites and
journals.

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 MODULE 3 - SPECIAL TOPICS IN STS

Feedback

Create a poster on the advantages and disadvantages of Technology.

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 MODULE 3 - SPECIAL TOPICS IN STS

Topic 9: Biodiversity and the Health Society

Learning Objectives

After successful completion of this topic, you should be able to:

➢ Define biodiversity;
➢ Determine the interrelatedness of biodiversity, environment, and health;
➢ Discuss the ethics, implications, and potential future impacts of GMOs; and
➢ Propose a plan or make a stand that would show the relatedness of species in
forming up a diverse and healthy society without compromising each other.

Activating Prior Knowledge

All living things exist in balance with other living things and physical factor.
Unknown

Bio diversity
Look at the word “biodiversity”. It’s actually two words combined together.
Breakdown the meaning of the two words in biodiversity.

Bio means___________________________________________________

Diversity means__________________________________________________

Now, combine the two words and try to come up with your own definition of biodiversity:

Biodiversity means
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________

Let us compare your definition with the following definitions provided:

Biodiversity is defined as the vast variety of life forms in the entire earth which includes
the simplest unicellular organism to the most complex multicellular organism. (Serafico,
2018).

Another definition of biodiversity is the variability of organisms including species thriving

in different ecosystems like marine, freshwater or any aquatic and terrestrial and the
ecological complexes of which they are part; this includes diversity between, within and
of ecosystems. (Villago Globale, 2009).

Biodiversity comprises abiotic and biotic factors. Several biomes have diverse
characteristics in terms of their abiotic factors that dictate the biotic factors that thrives
on it. The aquatic biome can be divided into two, the freshwater biome and the marine
biome. The freshwater biome includes ponds and lakes,
streams and rivers, and wetlands. It is usually less than one (1 % ) of the earth’s
resources. Marine regions include oceans, coral reefs and estuaries. It comprises about
three fourths of the earth’s surface. Terrestrial biomes include deserts, forest,
grasslands, and tundra.

After you are done defining biodiversity, ask your pair to take a walk around the campus
and note of the different organisms present as well as the characteristics of their habitat.
Write your answers on Table 9.1. Don’t for to enumerate the organisms and their

61
 corresponding density. Synthesize data into any graphical presentation that you can
illustrate in Figure 9.1.

Now that you have shared your knowledge of local biodiversity, it’s time to think about
biodiversity on a bigger scale. Research on the biodiversity of the country as well as the
global scale and illustrate them using the same graphical representation that you have
used in your local biodiversity on Figures 9.2 and 9.3.

MODULE 3 - SPECIAL TOPICS IN STS

Here are some questions to think about.

1. What do you think scientist expect to discover more species?

_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________

2. Why do you think these organisms would thrive more as the time pass by?
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________

3. What patterns have you observed from the graphs that you have drawn?
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________

Species Taxon Representative Population Type of

Species Count Environment

62
Table 9.1 Local Biodiversity of ____________________________________

63
 Figure 9.1 _____________________ showing the biodiversity
of______________________

Figure 9.2 _____________________ showing the biodiversity of the Philippines

64
Figure 9.3 _____________________ showing the biodiversity of the World

65
 MODULE 3 - SPECIAL TOPICS IN STS

Presentation of Contents

Symbol Your comment or reason for marking this passage

66
Your answer in the above questions actually explains that biotic factors (living things)
are related to the abiotic factors (non-living things). For example, your answer is an
increase in the population of rats in a rice field or decrease in the number of dragonflies
in the area; therefore, there must be changes in the environment. Thus, a change in the
environment can cause a change in the biodiversity. And a change in the biodiversity
could have erratic effects in not only in wildlife and marine but also in human beings.

Download the following articles and proceed to Activity 1.

1. “The politics of golden Rice” (Dubock, Adrian GM Crops & Food. Jul
Sep2014, Vol5 Issue 3 p 210-222 13p.)

2. “Ethics in Research with Vulnerable Populations and Emerging

Countries: The Golden Rice Case.” (Duguet, Anne Marie et. al., Journal
of International Law and Commercial Regulations. Summer 2013, Vol. Issue 4,
p979-1013, 35p)

3. Agro-ecology: What it is and what it has to offer? Is this the future of

farming?
_____________________________________________________________________
________

Activity 1:

Directions:
You were tasked to read the different articles above. The first time you read your
hand-out, you placed your pencil down and just read to understand. Today, it’s time to
mark your hand-outs by using the symbol asterisk (*) to mark key ideas, exclamation
point (!) symbol to mark surprising ideas and check mark (√) symbol to mark things you
connect with. Write a quick comment about why you picked that sentence, word or idea.
Be sure to identify the quote or passage you selected. Then, share your comment using
a “Sample Language Support” to get your discussion flowing.

Symbol Comment Sample Language and Support

* - Key ideas - “One significant idea in the lecture is....”
expressed - The article is trying to convey
- Main points
! - Surprising - “ I was surprised to know that...”
details/claims - “How can anyone claim that...”
✓ - Ideas/ sections - “This section reminded me of...”
you connect with - “This connects with my experience in
67
 - What this that...”
reminds you of

Use this part as your answer sheet

68
 MODULE 3 - SPECIAL TOPICS IN STS

Here is a gist of what you have read…

Life here on earth is affected by changes in the environment. Life represented by the
various species face threats every day that leads to evolution and gene modification.
There are major threats to biodiversity that were identified by the United Nations’
Environment Programme (WHO,n.d.). These threats include habitat loss and
destruction, alterations in ecosystem composition, over-exploitation, pollution and
contamination and global climate change. Given those threats to biodiversity, different
aspects in the society, health, biology and environment are at risk. Researchers have
been discovering new ways to improve crop production, address health illness and
decrease biodiversity loss.

Application

Activity 2: Biodiversity Saver in the Making

BIG IDEA:
“We should preserve every scrap of biodiversity as priceless while we learn
to use it and come to understand what it means to humanity.” -E.O. Wilson

Complete the table below:

Place a check mark on your opinion whether you agree or disagree then look for
evidences that may support and not support the statements.

Statements My Opinion Evidences/ Findings

Agree Disagree Support No
support

1.Environmental changes
caused by humans can
always be reversed.

69
2. We can learn from
previous environmental
disasters so that we will
not repeat the same
mistake

3. All scientific
experiments do not affect
biodiversity

4. One organism becoming

extinct does not hurt
nature because there are
millions of organisms on
earth.

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 MODULE 3 - SPECIAL TOPICS IN STS

BIG IDEA:
Based on evolutionary theory, organisms’ innate characteristic in its genome dictates its
ability to survive. Breakthroughs in modern technology lead to what we call genetically
modified organisms or GMOs which has changed the concept of survival.

Feedback

BIG IDEA:
We should preserve every scrap of biodiversity as priceless while we learn to
use it and come to understand what it means to humanity. E.O. Wilson

Activity 4: Think about these questions

1. How would you reconcile the emerging needs of human beings regarding their health
and the need to protect the biodiversity?

2. Do you think scientific researches that modify the genes of organisms bring more
advantages than disadvantages?

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 MODULE 3 - SPECIAL TOPICS IN STS

Topic 10: The Nanoworld

Learning Objectives

After successful completion of this topic, you should be able to:

➢ Define nanotechnology;
➢ Characterize nanoscale;
➢ Describe the various use of nanotechnology;
➢ Discuss concerns on the uses of nanotechnology; and
➢ Explain the status on the use of nanotechnology in the Philippines.

Activating Prior Knowledge

Before we begin your journey to the smallest possible scale in the realm of science, try
answering these questions:

Can you think of fields where size or weight of materials or products is important?

Can you build a statue from a pile of dust?

Can you think of situations were scientist have to make assumptions because they
couldn’t see what they were studying?

Do you think we are capable in unlocking the key to how natural elements are designed
and created?

Presentation of Contents

“Nanotechnology is the sixth truly revolutionary technology introduced in

the modern world…”-D. Allan Bromley

Figure 10.4 Timeline of Technological Advancements

Photo credits to Dr. Iwona Turlik

MODULE 3 - SPECIAL TOPICS IN STS

Nanotechnology is defined as the study and use of structures between 1 nanometer and
100 nanometers in size. These include the design, characterization, production and
application of structures, devices and controlling shape and size on a nanometer scale.
(Royal Society, 2004). It is just like studying eight hundred 100 nanometer particles side
by side to match the width of a human hair. Nanoscience is the study of phenomena and
manipulation of materials at atomic, molecular and macromolecular scales. This
includes the study of materials 100nm own to the size of atoms which is approximately

72
0.2nm. For comparison, a red blood cell is approximately 7, 000nm wide and a water
molecule is almost 0.3 nm across. (K. Ban et.al, 2011.)

Studying nanoparticles has been an interest of scientist for centuries and the field
flourished with the development of microscopes capable of displaying particles called
nanomaterial. A nanomaterial is an object that has at least one dimension on the
nanometer scale (app. 1-100nm); material can be in one dimension (very thin surface
coatings, films, layers), in two dimensions (nanowires, nanotubes and fibers) or in all
three dimensions (nanoparticles, quantum dots, nanoshells, nanorings, micro).
(Nanoyou, 2011). Nanomaterials are of two types. Inorganic nanomaterial which
includes gold nano clusters, fullerenes and carbon nanotubes. Organic nanomaterials
on the other hand are made up of carbon compounds. To build such, nanotechnologists
employ self organization using the molecules that can be assembled house in an
environment suitable for physical and chemical assembly. This type of nanomaterial
results in the growth of artificial layers of skin, liver tissues and other organs. (Lohith,
2014).

As shown on Figure 10.5, the term “nano” is equivalent to one billionth of a meter (10-9 )
hence it expresses a very tiny amount or size. In nanotechnology, you will be able to
manipulate matter in atomic or subatomic scale. Some of the uses of nanotechnology
include the production of microprocessors and strain-resistant fabrics.

Photo credits to https://www.understandingnano.com/introduction.html

Figure 10.4: The Scale of Things- Nanometers and More

The study of nanomaterial becomes interesting with the use of different equipment like
electron microscope, atomic force microscope, and scanning tunneling microscope.
Electron microscope was built by Ernst Ruska and Max Knoll during 1930s. There are
two general types of electron microscopes namely scanning electron microscope and
transmission electron microscope. The former directs a high voltage electron beam
towards the specimen to illuminate it and create a magnified image of the sample while
the latter directs a focused electron beam across the rectangular area of the specimen,
which loses energy as it passes through. The resolution of scanning electron
microscopes tends to be poorer than that achieved from the transmission electron
microscope. Atomic force microscope was developed BY Gerd Binig, Calvin Quate and
Chrisoph Gerber in 1986. It makes use of mechanical probe that gathers information
from the surface of a material. Scanning Tunneling microscope enables scientists to
view and manipulate nanoscale particles, atoms, and small molecules. This invention

73
gave a Nobel Prize Awards in Physics to their inventors, Gerd Binigand Rohrer.
(Javier.et.al, 2018).

Numerous innovations in development as well as those under investigations are now

the focus of nanotechnology. Nanotechnology impacts many industries like
transportation, environment, energy, electronics, manufacturing, agriculture and
pharmaceuticals. In the field of health care, nanotechnologists work on chemical and
biological sensors, drugs and delivery devices, prosthetics and biosensors. They have
created the quantum dots that glow in UV light to locate as few as 10 to 100 cancer cells.
They are also trying to grow laboratory tissues to repair heart tissue or even replace
them. In technology, they are looking for solutions for a better data storage and
computation (e.g. a DVD that could hold a million movies) while in environment,
nanotechnology plays a big role in the quest for clean energy and clean air (Nano Solar
Cells). (Bennewitz, 2000).

In the Philippines, PCAS TRD-DOST ha funded most of the nanotech projects which
includes ICT and semiconductors, Health and biomedical, energy, environment,
agriculture and food, health and environmental risk nanometrology and education and
public awareness. (Serafica, 2018).

Nanotechnologist faced a lot of issues since nanoscale-sized objects are very delicate.
Radiation particles can cause fatal defects during manufacturing thus development
requires very clean environments making only a few, out of many produced, are perfect.
Aside from manufacturing issues, there are also potential risks of nanotechnology in
health and environment. Nanoparticles can be swallowed, inhaled, absorbed through
the skin, or deliberately injected. If this happens, inflammation can be triggered and
weaken the immune system. Nanoparticles can also accumulate in soil, water and
plants
(www.trnmage, 2004).

Application

Be Informed!
Watch the video on YouTube entitled “The Next Step in Nanotechnology” by George
Tule ski, TED Talks.

Here’s the link:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ds_rzoyyfF0https://www.youtube.com/watch
?v=Ds_rzoyyfF0.

Then answer the following questions:

1. What are the possible innovations can nanotechnology offer?

2. Why do you think few scientists works on nanotechnology?

3. Do you think nanotechnology be applicable to solve environmental problems?

4. In the world of medicine, nanotechnology can play a big role in the repair of cells, cure
diseases and even delay aging, if this happens, what would this mean to our society?

74
 MODULE 3 - SPECIAL TOPICS IN STS

Feedback
Think of a product or output that is made up of nanomaterial that has an impact in
various aspects (health, environment, economy etc.) that you want to create. Write your
response here.

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 MODULE 3 - SPECIAL TOPICS IN STS

Topic 11: The Aspects of Gene Therapy

Learning Objectives

After successful completion of this module, you should be able to:

➢ Describe gene therapy and its related processes;
➢ Compare and contrast vectors of gene delivery;
➢ Enumerate the pros and cons of gene therapy in the society.

Activating Prior Knowledge

Learning Activity: W-O-R-D-U-P

Directions: Using the grid below, find words related to gene therapy. You may use the
statements that follow as your clues to identify the words. Write your answer on the
space provided after each statement.

E Q Z X L E L L Q S T Y C WM
C G V C H T S I P K I K I U E
G O E B K H U N T I N G T O N
V L C R H O R U F H R A A N I
V W T Y M P I H C E T U M R O
J Q O K A L V F L I T E O R T
B L R L U L I R D W E T S E A
O E S M T T A N Q N T Y U O I
L S I C K L E C E L L A N E M
P S V E O U Q G A A E I O Z P
1. A disorder of the nervous system that usually occurs after the age of 45.
________________

2. A disorder in the blood caused by an inherited abnormal hemoglobin (the

oxygen-carrying protein within the red blood cells).
______________________
3. Are plasmid or viruses that are used to move recombinant DNA from one cell to
another. _________________
4. Is the alteration of the nucleotide sequence of the genome of an organism, virus or
extrachromosomal DNA. ____________________
5. A unit of DNA that is usually located on a chromosome and that controls the
development of one or more traits. ______________
6. Gene therapy that targets the reproductive cells meaning any changes made to the
DNA will be passed on to the next generation. _________________
7. It is when the DNA is transferred into body tissues. It specifically targets cells in the
body which are not passed on to the person’s children. ___________________

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 MODULE 3 - SPECIAL TOPICS IN STS

Presentation of Contents

Gene therapy has become an increasingly important topic in science-related news. The
aim of gene therapy is the successful integration of corrected, therapeutic DNA into the
genomes of cells to alter gene expression and, in turn, protein synthesis to correct
genetic diseases.

Two Types of Gene Therapy

1. Somatic gene therapy, which involves introducing a "good" gene into targeted cells
to treat the patient — but not the patient's future children because these genes do not
get passed along to offspring.
2. Germline gene therapy, involves the introduction of corrective genes into
reproductive cells (sperm and eggs) or zygotes, with the objective of creating a
beneficial genetic change that is transmitted to the offspring.

Vectors for Gene Delivery

Appropriate methods to deliver DNA used in gene therapy are vital, as the targeted
tissues must properly receive the appropriate genes. Gene therapy can be carried out
using naked DNA delivered directly Vectors for Gene Delivery.

(Source: www.biologydiscussion.com)

Fig: 11.1 Structure of Adenovirus

Adenoviruses - are a group of common viruses that infect the lining of your eyes,
airways and lungs, intestines, urinary tract, and nervous system. They're common
causes of fever, coughs, sore throats, diarrhea, and pink eye.

77
Fig: 11.2 Structure of Retrovirus

MODULE 3 - SPECIAL TOPICS IN STS

Retrovirus is a type of RNA virus that inserts a copy of its genome into the
DNA of a host cell that it invades, thus changing the genome of that cell.
i 89Source: http://m.wikipedia.org

Fig. 11.3 Structure of Adeno-associated virus

Adeno-associated virus (AAV) - is a non-enveloped virus that can be engineered to
deliver DNA to target cells, and has attracted a significant amount of attention in the field,
especially in clinical-stage experimental therapeutic strategies.

(Source: https:// study.com)

Fig. 11.4 Structure of Herpes Simplex

Herpes simplex type 1 causes sores around the mouth and lips (sometimes called fever
blisters or cold sores). HSV-1 can cause genital herpes, but most cases of genital
herpes are caused by herpes type 2. In HSV-2, the infected person may have sores
around the genitals or rectum.

Source: library.open.oregonstate.edu Fig. 11.5 Structure of Naked DNA

78
 MODULE 3 - SPECIAL TOPICS IN STS

Naked DNA refers to DNA that is not associated with proteins, lipids, or any other
molecule to help protect it. Naked DNA is the result of release of genetic information into
the surrounding environment, such as from bursting cells.

Bioethical Issues of Gene Therapy

The first death associated with gene therapy occurred on September 18, 1999, at the
University of Pennsylvania. Jesse Gelsinger was participating in a clinical trial, a
biomedical experiment for evaluation of safety and efficiency of a therapy for a disease.
Gelsinger, who was 18 years old at the time of the treatment, had a deficiency of
ornithine transcarboamylase, an important enzyme in the metabolism of ammonia.
Patients with this rare metabolic disorder must maintain a low-protein diet and take a
series of medicines to avoid ammonia poisoning in the blood stream. The gene therapy
Gelsinger
took triggered a chain reaction in his immune system, resulting in hepatic and
respiratory failure, and consequently, his death four days after being treated.

Effects on the Environment

Although the positive impacts of gene therapy could be enormous, there are many
questions raised that needs to be answered. New organisms created by genetic
engineering could present an ecological problem. One cannot predict the changes that a
genetically engineered species would make on the environment. The release of a new
genetically engineered species would also have the possibility of causing an imbalance
in the ecology of a region just exotic species would do. An accident or an unknown
result could cause several problems. An accident in engineering the genetics of a virus
or bacteria for example could result in a stronger type, which could cause a serious
epidemic when released. This could be fatal in human genetic engineering creating
problems ranging from minor medical problems, to death.

Effects on Human
Looking at the fact that genetic engineering employs viral vector that carries functional
gene inside the human body; the repercussion are still unknown. There are no clues as
to where functional genes are being placed. They may even replace the important
genes, instead of mutated genes. Thus, this may lead to another health condition or
disease to human. Also, as defective genes are replaced with functional gene, then it is
expected that there will be a reduction in genetic diversity and if human beings will have
identical
genomes, the population as a whole will be susceptible to virus or any form of diseases.

Antibiotic Resistance
Genetic engineering often uses genes for antibiotic resistance as "selectable markers."
Early in the engineering process, these markers help identify cells that have taken up
foreign genes. Although they have no further use, the genes continue to be expressed in
plant tissues. Most genetically engineered plant foods carry fully functioning
antibiotic-resistance genes. The presence of antibiotic-resistance genes in foods could
have lethal effects. Therefore, eating these foods could reduce the effectiveness of
antibiotics to fight disease when these antibiotics are taken with meals. More so, the
resistance genes could be transferred to human or animal pathogens, making them
impervious to antibiotics. If transfer were to occur, it could aggravate the already serious
health problem of antibiotic resistant disease organisms

Ethical and Social Issues

"Playing God" has become a strong argument against genetic engineering. Several
issues have also been raised as regards the acceptance of this technology. These
concerns range from ethical issues to lack of knowledge on the effects genetic
engineering may have. One major concern is that once an altered gene is placed in an
organism, the process cannot be reversed. The production of medicines through the use
of genetically altered organisms might develop extremely infectious forms that could
cause worldwide epidemics.

Application

Activity 1:

Answer the following questions:

1. Is gene therapy safe to cure genetic disorder?
2. If you are the patient suffering from a genetic disease are you willing to undergo gene
therapy? Why?
3.

79
 Activity 2: Vector Voyage
Direction: Using online resources, complete the table below.

Retrovirus Adenovirus Adeno Herpes Naked

associated Simplex DNA
Virus Virus

How the
vector
carries
the
genetic
material

Maximum
length of
DNA that
can
be
inserted
in the
vector

Advantag
es

Disadvant
ages

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 Activity 3: GENETIC DISORDERS
Direction: Complete the table below. List down ten common genetic disorders.
Genetic Disorder Gene/ Defect Clinical Features

Genetic Disorder Gene/ Defect Clinical Features

Activity 4: Pros and Cons

Direction: Write the Pros and Cons of the effects of gene therapy to health and to the
society.

Pros Cons
Human Health

Society

Guide Questions:
81
 1. Do you think the Food and Drug Administration should or should not approve gene
therapy treatments for use in the Philippines? Why?

2. Do you think the government should or should not fund scientific researches on
changing the genes of unborn babies that aims to improve their characteristics such as
intelligence or physical traits such as athletic ability or appearance?

Feedback

What does the picture show?

Source: www.tutorialspoint.com

MODULE 3 - SPECIAL TOPICS IN STS

Topic 12: Climate Change (Mandated Topic)

Learning Objectives
At the end of this topic, students will be able to:
➢ Identify the causes of climate change;
➢ Discuss various impacts of climate change including economical, geopolitical,
biological and meteorological aspects; and
➢ Create a simple climate change advocacy through poster, slogan, and infomercial.

Activating Prior Learning

You might have already heard of “Climate Change” in some social platforms as a hot
issue and advocacy that calls for biological, economical, sociological and political
concerns. Below is a concept map, with the word climate change at the center, write
something out of what you know and understand about this issue.

Climate Change

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 MODULE 3 - SPECIAL TOPICS IN STS

Presentation of Contents

“There is no question that climate change is happening; the only arguable

point is what part humans are playing in it.” - David Attenborough

Climate Change

Climate change is a change in the statistical properties of the climate system that
persists for several decades or longer. Climate change may be due to natural processes,
such as changes in the Sun’s radiation, volcanoes or internal variability in the climate
system, or due to human influences such as changes in the composition of the
atmosphere or land use.

Many lines of evidence demonstrate that human activities, especially emissions of

heat-trapping greenhouse gases from fossil fuel combustion, deforestation, and
land-use change, are primarily responsible for the climate changes observed in the
industrial era, especially over the last six decades. The atmospheric concentration of
carbon dioxide, the largest contributor to humancaused warming, has increased by
about 40% over the industrial era. This change has intensified the natural greenhouse
effect, driving an increase in global surface temperatures and other widespread
changes in Earth’s climate that are unprecedented in the history.

Let’s take a look at how interrelated and interconnected the following phenomena that
ultimately leads to climate change.

Greenhouse Effect
The greenhouse effect is a natural process that warms the Earth’s surface. When the
Sun’s energy reaches the Earth’s atmosphere, some of it is reflected back to space and
the rest is absorbed and re-radiated by greenhouse gases. This blanket of greenhouse
gases serves as the Earth’s insulator, of which without it, ours will be a called dead
planet.

Figure12.1. Trapping of heat by the Greenhouse gases

Greenhouse gases include water vapour, carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, ozone
and some artificial chemicals such as chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs). Carbon dioxide and
methane in particular, trap the heat radiated by the sun.

The problem we now face is that human activities are increasing the concentrations of
greenhouse gases. From NASA’s observation, the increase and too much concentration
of these greenhouse gases can cause Earth's atmosphere to trap more and more heat
that warms up the planet leading to a phenomenon called global warming.

Global Warming
Global warming is the term used to describe a gradual increase in the average
temperature of the Earth's atmosphere and its oceans, a change that is believed to be
permanently changing the Earth’s climate.

The increased volumes of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases released by the
burning of fossil fuels, land clearing, agriculture, and other human activities, are

83
believed to be the primary sources of the global warming that has occurred over the past
50 years. Scientists from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate carrying out global
warming research have recently predicted that average global temperatures could
increase between 1.4 and 5.8 °C by the year 2100. Changes resulting from global
warming may include rising sea levels due to the melting of the polar ice caps, as well as
an increase in occurrence and severity of storms and other severe weather events – all
of which are signs of a changing climactic patterns.
MODULE 3 - SPECIAL TOPICS IN STS

Credit:VladisChern/Shutterstock.com
Figure12.2. The rise in global temperature

Impacts of Climate Change on Society

Credit: Left - Mellimage/Shutterstock.com, center - Montree

Hanlue/Shutterstock.com.
Figure12.3. Catastrophic effects of Climate Change: From left to right: Forest Fire,
Drought,
Typhoon

According to the U.S. Global Change Research Program, the aspects of climate change
are having increasingly complex and important impacts on all the nations’ economy and
quality of life. Impacts related to climate change are evident across regions and in many
sectors important to society—such as human health, agriculture and food security,
water supply, transportation, energy, ecosystems, and others—and are expected to
become increasingly disruptive throughout this century and beyond.

Climate change affects human health and wellbeing through more extreme weather
events and wildfires, decreased air quality, and diseases transmitted by insects, food,
and water. Climate disruptions to agriculture have been increasing and are projected to
become more severe over this century, a trend that would diminish the security of the
world’s food supply. Surface and groundwater supplies in some regions are already
stressed, and water quality is diminishing in many areas, in part due to increasing
sediment and contaminant
concentrations after heavy downpours. In some regions, prolonged periods of high
temperatures associated with droughts contribute to conditions that lead to larger
wildfires and longer fire seasons. For coastal communities, sea level rise, combined with
coastal storms, has increased the risk of erosion, storm surge damage, and flooding.
Extreme heat, sea level rise, and heavy downpours are affecting infrastructure like
roads, rail lines, airports, and all other infrastructures. The capacity of ecosystems like

84
forests, barrier beaches, and wetlands to buffer the impacts of extreme events like fires,
floods, and severe storms is being overwhelmed. The rising temperature and changing
chemistry of ocean water is combining with other stresses, such as overfishing and
pollution, alter marine-based food production and harm fishing communities. Some
climate changes currently have beneficial effects for specific sectors or regions. For
example, current benefits of warming include longer growing seasons and longer ice –
free period for agriculture.

MODULE 3 - SPECIAL TOPICS IN STS

Application

1. After learning about climate change, what natural processes and human activities
causes it and the possible consequences brought about this phenomenon, the question
that comes next is, as a concerned citizen and a student, what can you do about it?
What ways can you think of to mitigate the hazards caused by climate change?

2. Nature’s Advocates
Create an advocacy campaign by making a poster and a slogan that tells how
community will help mitigate the effects of climate change. Upload your work in social
media, and try to elicit comments from the viewers.

Feedback

Congratulations for making this far. Now, let’s test your understanding of our topic on
climate change. Answer the following questions and follow the procedure on each item.

1. It is an important heat – trapping greenhouse gas, which is released through human

activities such as deforestation and burning of fossil fuels, as well as natural processes
such as respiration and volcanic eruption.
__ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __

2. It is a change in global climate, and patterns, attributed largely to the increased levels
of atmospheric carbon dioxide.
__ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __

3. It is a critical solution to climate change, by renewing the forest cover that will absorb
and reduce the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.
__ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __

3. The burning of natural fuel by humans is the largest source of emission of carbon
dioxide. These natural fuels were formed from the remains of living organisms million
years ago. The name given to natural fuel is ___. __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __

4. This is a process that occurs when gases in the Earth’s atmosphere trap the Sun’s
heat making the Earth much warmer.
__ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __

5. This is a long – term rise in the overall temperature of the Earth’s climate system,
generally attributed to greenhouse effect.
__ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __

6. It is a permanent destruction of forest in order to make the land available for other
uses, which consequently add more atmospheric carbon dioxide as a result of large –
scale removal of trees that will absorb this harmful gas.
__ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __

8. It is the process by which fertile land becomes desert, typically as a result of drought
or deforestation, and leading to shortage of food supply.
__ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __

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9. It is the average weather in a given area over a longer period of time.
__ __ __ __ __ __ __

10. This is a disaster of below – average precipitation, resulting in prolonged shortages

in water supply that could cause reduced crop yield, and potentially loss of harvest and
or of livestock.
__ __ __ __ __ __ __

You did a great job!

Summary

The last module of Science, Technology and Society discussed the special
topics that would allow you to reflect on the role of science and technology not
only in the community where you are living but to the whole world.
The advent of information age has played a big role in cascading vital
information to the society. With the advance technological devices like
computers, laptops, cellular phones, personal digital assistants, servers,
mainframes and internet that lets us access social media and online resources,
and even microchips and other high technologies, the life that we are living
today is easy. Information age has affected and transformed the lives we have.
From communicating through simple ways like papyrus, letter writing etc., we
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 have shifted to calling through mobile phones, sending files through email,
chatting with our love ones through video calls, etc. Highly modernized,
automated, data-driven and technologically advanced-these is how we describe
our society nowadays. This era of our life offers us a lot for the development of
noble researchers but it also entails responsible use. You must learn how to
check the reliability of the sources you are accessing before dissemination for
those information poses both positive and negative impacts. You must always
consider that the information you share could be of great help to our lives and
others.

Advances in science and technology have also affected our biodiversity. Some
efforts have been made by the government to conserve all species. Threats like
habitat loss and destruction, alterations in ecosystem composition,
overexploitation, pollution, contamination, and global climate change has cause
drastic decrease in the population of species all over the world. The decrease
has led to environment-related illnesses, nutritional, health and biological
problems. Together we must be all biodiversity savers to have a better
environment.

Scientist has made advances in technology through the field of nanotechnology.

Through this, products can be manufactures to help improve health,
environment, food, water, and agriculture. Though this field promises a lot, you
must take into account the social, ethical, and environmental concerns of using
such.

Another breakthrough in science is gene therapy. Gene therapy is a method that

may treat or cure genetic related human illness. As this science flourish, many
ethical issues were raised. Thus, as a future researcher, you must be able to
distinguish what is vital if you wished to venture in the field of nanotechnology.

Climate change is a worldwide issue that each of us must face. Several factors
like natural processes and persistent human activities have statistically
increased the percentage of climate change for a period of time. The continuous
climate change has affected the biotic and abiotic aspects of the earth.

Reflection

Now that you have reached this far, it is time to reflect and make a
move by answering the following questions.

1. Is information age a boon or a bane? Why?

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2. How does Information Age influence our society?
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3. As a part of the planet earth, what can you do in your own simple way to
help in the advancement of science and technology for the improvement of the
society?
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4. Reflect on this “Gene therapy is still in its infancy, but it is believed that as it
matures, it will become an effective treatment for the myriad of genetic
diseases that affect humanity”
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5. Imagine a product called multi-replicator was developed by a

nanotechnologist and made available to anyone. This replicator could allow people
to simply produce any item they need themselves without the help of any
manufacturer or a company. What would this do to our economy as we know it
today? Can ou think of some impacts of these breakthrough on employment,
science, politics, society and other sectors. What are some of the social and ethical
considerations scientist must consider in conducting researches in
nanotechnology?
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References
Lohith, M. (2014) Nanotechnology. https//www.researchgate.net
Macat Thinking News (2016), Aristotkle’s Secret to Happiness: What will make
us
happy now? Accessed February 3, 2017
Nano memory scheme handles defects:
http://www.trnmag.com/Stories/2004/090804/Nano_memory_scheme_handles
_defec
ts_Brief_090804.html
Nanooyou, (2011). Nanotechnology for Youth.http//nanoyou.eu
Nano memory scheme handles defects:
http://www.trnmag.com/Stories/2004/090804/Nano_memory_scheme_handles
_defec
ts_Brief_090804.html
R. Benefits et al., "Atomic scale memory at a silicon surface" Nanotechnology
13, 499 (2002)
Report Nanoscience and Nanotechnologies: Opportunities and Uncertainties.
The Royal Society, 16-17 (2004).
Science, Technology and Society, (2018) Janice Patria Javier Serafica et al.
Macat Thinking News (2016), Aristotkle’s Secret to Happiness: What will make
us
happy now? Accessed February 3, 2017.
UnderstandingNanotechnology. www.understanding
nano.com/introduction.html

Web sources
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https://bit.ly/2XjQ4b7
Image: Codex - Wikipedia. (2019). Retrieved from https://bit.ly/3080HuB
Image: Papyrus in Ancient Egypt | Essay | Heilbrunn Timeline of Art ... (2019).
Retrieved from https://urlzs.com/zFc6U
Google Image Result for https://images-na.ssl-images
amazon.com/images/I/41P0JwP7c5L._SX466_.jpg. (2019). Retrieved from
https://bit.ly/2J5wFly
Image: USB 3.1 Flash Drive DUO Plus 256GB Memory & Storage -
MUF-256DB/AM
... (2019). Retrieved from https://bit.ly/2Yrf2Sl
Image: VP4 - Four-Line Alphanumeric pager for in-house wireless paging ...
(2019).
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Image: Best Retro Style Big Brother Mobile Phone Antenna Good Signal ...
(2019).
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Image: Johannes Gutenberg Printing Press Stock Photos & Johannes ...
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107Image: Typewriter: The History · The Machines · The Writers: Tony Allan ...
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(2019).
Retrieved from https://urlzs.com/m1wb8

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 Basic Essay Writing Rubric
Description: This rubric will help you know exactly what I am expecting to find in an
essay.

5 / 4 / Very 3 / Average 2 / Needs 1/

Excellent Good Improvemen Unacceptab
t le
Ideas This paper This paper The writer is Topic is not As yet, the
is clear and is mostly beginning to well-defined paper has
focused. It focused, define the and/or there no clear
holds the and has topic, even are too many sense of
reader's some though topics. purpose or
attention. good development central
Relevant details and is still basic theme. To
details and quotes. or general. extract
quotes meaning
enrich the from the
central text, the
theme. reader must
make
inferences
based on
sketchy or
missing
details
Organizati The Paper The Sentences The writing
on organization (and organizationa within lacks a clear
enhances paragraph l structure is paragraphs sense of
and s) are strong make sense, direction.
showcases mostly enough to but the order Ideas,
the central organized, move the of details, or
idea or in order, reader paragraphs events seem
theme. The and through the does not. strung
order, makes text without together in a
structure of sense to too much loose or
information the reader. confusion. random
is fashion;
compelling there is no
and moves identifiable
the reader internal
through the structure.
text.
Sentence The writing The The text The text The reader
Fluency has an easy writing hums along seems has to
flow, mostly with a steady choppy and practice
rhythm, and flows, and beat, but is not easy to quite a bit in
cadence. usually tends to be read orally. order to give
Sentences invites oral more this paper a
are well reading. businesslike fair
built, with than musical, interpretive
strong and more reading.
varied mechanical
structure than fluid.
that invites
expressive
oral
reading.
Conventio The writer The write The writer The writer Errors in
ns demonstrat understan shows seems to spelling,
es a good ds good reasonable have made punctuation,
grasp of writing control over a little effort to capitalizatio
standard conventio limited range use n, usage,
writing ns and of standard conventions: and
conventions usually writing spelling, grammar
(e.g., uses them conventions. punctuation, and/or
spelling, correctly. Conventions capitalization, paragraphin
punctuation, Paper is are usage, g repeatedly
capitalizatio easily read sometimes grammar distract the
n, grammar, and errors handled well and/or reader and
usage, are rare; and enhance paragraphing make the
paragraphin minor readability; at have multiple text difficult
g) and uses touch-ups other times, errors. to read.
conventions would get errors are
effectively this piece distracting
to enhance ready to and impair
readability. publish. readability.
Presentati The form The format The writer's The writer's The reader
on and only has a message is message is receives a
presentatio few understanda only garbled
n of the text mistakes ble in this understanda message
enhances and is format. ble due to
the ability generally occasionally, problems
for the easy to and paper is relating to
reader to read and messily the
understand pleasing to written presentation
and connect the eye. of the text,
with the and is not
message. It typed.
is pleasing
to the eye.

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