1. Explain, in detail, the types of research. Give examples in your research field with possible diagrams.

Ans: Research is a systematic process of collecting, analyzing and interpreting data in order to increase our
Understanding of a phenomenon we are interested or concerned. The main aim of research is to find out the
truth which is hidden and which has not been discovered as yet.

Types of Research:

Research can be classified based on different criteria, such as its purpose, methodology, or application:

1. Basic (Fundamental) Research:

Expanding the fundamental knowledge base of a particular subject area. The main objective is to understand
the underlying principles and theories.

Example: Studying the fundamental electrical properties of new materials for use in 3D stackable DRAM and
3D Flash memory.

Identification of Research Problem (Material Properties &

Memory Performance)

Literature Review (Studies on Material Properties and

Their Impact on Memory Performance)

Formulation of Hypothesis (Hypothesis on Improved

Material Properties Enhancing Memory Performance)

Experimental Design (Planning Methods to Test Material

Properties and Evaluate Memory Performance)

Data Collection (Conducting Experiments to Measure

Material Properties & Memory Performance)

Data Analysis (Analyzing Experimental Data to Correlate

Material Properties with Memory Performance)

Interpretation of Results (Interpreting Data to Validate or

Refute the Hypothesis)
 Conclusion (Drawing Conclusions Based on Findings)

Publication of Findings (Publishing Results in Journals &

Conferences)

2. Applied Research:

Applied research aims at finding a solution for an immediate problem facing a society or an
industrial/business organization.

Example: Creating a new manufacturing technique to improve the integration of 3D stackable DRAM with
NAND Flash memory.

Material Selection

Deposition Process)

Etching Process

TSV Formation

Layer Stacking

Integration Process

Testing & Validation

3. Descriptive Research:
Descriptive research includes surveys and fact-finding enquiries of different kinds. The major purpose of
descriptive research is description of the state of affairs as it exists at present.
Example: Conducting a survey to describe the current state of 3D memory technology adoption in various
industries.

4. Analytical Research:
The researcher has to use facts or information already available, and analyze these to make a critical
evaluation of the material.
Example: Analyzing the relationship between layer stacking techniques and data transfer efficiency in 3D
NAND Flash memory.
5. Quantitative Research:
Quantitative research is based on the measurement of quantity or amount. It is applicable to phenomena that
can be expressed in terms of quantity.
Methods: Surveys, experiments, and statistical analysis.
6. Qualitative Research:
It is concerned with qualitative phenomenon, i.e., phenomena relating to or involving quality or kind.
Involves non-numerical data to understand concepts, opinions, or experiences.
Methods: Interviews, focus groups, and observations.
7. Conceptual Research:
Conceptual research is that related to some abstract idea(s) or theory. It is generally used by philosophers and
thinkers to develop new concepts or to reinterpret existing ones.
8. Empirical research: Empirical research relies on experience or observation alone, often without due
regard for system and theory. It is data-based research, coming up with conclusions which are capable of
being verified by observation or experiment.
Research Based on Application and Objectives:
1. Exploratory Research:
Objective: To explore a new area where little is known, generating initial insights and ideas.
Application: Used when investigating new trends or phenomena.
Example: Exploring new consumer behavior patterns post-pandemic.
2. Descriptive Research:
Objective: To describe characteristics of a phenomenon or population.
Application: Used to provide a detailed account of a specific situation or group.
Example: Describing the demographic profile of a city.
3. Explanatory Research:
Objective: To explain why and how certain phenomena occur.
Application: Used to identify causal relationships.
Example: Investigating the factors that lead to employee burnout.
4. Evaluative Research:
Objective: To assess the effectiveness of a program, intervention, or policy.
Application: Used to determine the impact and outcomes of specific initiatives.
Example: Evaluating the success of a new teaching method in improving student engagement.

2. With a neat flow diagram, elaborate the steps involved in the "Research process".
Ans: Research process consists of series of actions or steps necessary to effectively carry out research and the
desired sequencing of these steps.

1. Formulating the research problem:

The formulation of a general topic into a specific research problem, thus, constitutes the first step in a
scientific enquiry. Essentially two steps are involved in formulating the research problem, viz., understanding
the problem thoroughly, and rephrasing the same into meaningful terms from an analytical point of view.

2. Extensive literature survey:

Once the problem is formulated, a brief summary of it should be written down. In this process, it should be
remembered that one source will lead to another. The earlier studies, if any, which are similar to the study in
hand should be carefully studied. A good library will be a great help to the researcher at this stage.

 Conduct a comprehensive review of existing literature.

 Identify relevant theories and concepts.
 Analyze previous research findings.

3. Development of working hypotheses:

After extensive literature survey, working hypothesis is tentative assumption made in order to draw out and
test its logical or empirical consequences. It also indicates the type of data required and the type of methods of
data analysis to be used. How does one go about developing working hypotheses? The answer is by using the
following approach:
(a) Discussions with colleagues and experts about the problem, its origin and the objectives in seeking a
solution;

(b) Examination of data and records, if available, concerning the problem for possible trends, peculiarities and
other clues;

(c) Review of similar studies in the area or of the studies on similar problems; and

(d) Exploratory personal investigation which involves original field interviews on a limited scale with
interested parties and individuals with a view to secure greater insight into the practical aspects of the
problem.

Thus, working hypotheses arise as a result of a-priori thinking about the subject, examination of the available
data and material including related studies and the counsel of experts and interested parties.

4. Research design:

The function of research design is to provide for the collection of relevant evidence with minimal expenditure

Of effort, time and money. But how all these can be achieved depends mainly on the research purpose.
Research purposes may be grouped into four categories, viz., (i) Exploration (ii) Description (iii) Diagnosis
and (iv) Experimentation.

The preparation of the research design, appropriate for a particular research problem, involves usually the
consideration of the following:

(i) The means of obtaining the information;

(ii) The availability and skills of the researcher and his staff (if any);

(iii) Explanation of the way in which selected means of obtaining information will be organized and the
reasoning leading to the selection.

(iv) The time available for research and

(v) The cost factor relating to research, i.e., the finance available for the purpose.

5. Determining sample design:

Sample design is a definite plan determined before any data are actually collected for obtaining a sample from
a given population. : All the items under consideration in any field of inquiry constitute a ‘universe’ or
‘population’.

6. Collecting the data:

In dealing with any real life problem it is often found that data at hand are inadequate, and hence, it becomes
necessary to collect data that are appropriate. Primary data can be collected either through experiment or
through survey. But in the case of a survey, data can be collected by any one or more of the following ways:
(a) By observation: This method implies the collection of information by way of investigator’s own
observation, without interviewing the respondents.

(b) Through personal interview: The investigator follows a rigid procedure and seeks answers to a set of pre-
conceived questions through personal interviews.

(c) Through telephone interviews: This method of collecting information involves contacting the respondents
on telephone itself.

(d) By mailing of questionnaires: The researcher and the respondents do come in contact with each other if
this method of survey is adopted. Questionnaires are mailed to the respondents with a request to return after
completing the same.

(e) Through schedules: Under this method the enumerators are appointed and given training. They are
provided with schedules containing relevant questions.

7. Execution of the project:

If the execution of the project proceeds on correct lines, the data to be collected would be adequate and
dependable. The researcher should see that the project is executed in a systematic manner and in time.

8. Analysis of data:

 Organize and clean the collected data.

 Analyze the data using appropriate statistical or qualitative analysis techniques.
 Interpret the results.

9. Hypothesis-testing:

The hypotheses may be tested through the use of one or more of such tests, depending upon the nature and
object of research inquiry

10. Interpretation of Results:

 Draw conclusions based on the data analysis.

 Discuss the implications of the findings.
 Identify limitations of the study.

11. Report Writing:

 Prepare a clear and concise research report.

 Present the findings effectively, using tables, charts and graphs.
 Cite sources appropriately.
 Edit and proofread the report.
3. On your research area, list various research problems or goals. Write a summary on any one of them
with neat diagrams.

Ans: The rapid advancement of semiconductor technology has driven the development of 3D stacked memory
solutions to address the increasing demand for higher density, faster performance, and lower power
consumption. However, several challenges remain to be addressed:

Research Problems in 3D Stackable DRAM and NAND Flash Memory:

1. Read/Write Latency: Reducing access latency to memory cells, especially in the lower layers of the stack.

2. Power Consumption: Developing low-power memory cells and circuits to minimize energy consumption.

3. Reliability and Endurance: Improving the reliability and endurance of memory cells, particularly in 3D
NAND Flash.

4. Cell Miniaturization: Continuously shrinking the size of memory cells to increase storage density.

5. Interconnect Limitations: As the number of layers increases, the performance and reliability of inter-layer
connections (TSVs) become critical.

6. Thermal Management: High power density in 3D stacks can lead to significant heat dissipation, affecting
device reliability and performance.

7. Enhancing Data Transfer Rates: Developing techniques to increase the speed at which data is transferred
within 3D stackable memory architectures.

8. Reducing Latency: Minimizing the delay in accessing data stored in 3D DRAM and NAND flash
memories.

9. Improving Energy Efficiency: Designing memory systems that consume less power while maintaining
high performance.

Research Goal:

1. Improving Thermal Management in 3D Stacked Memory

2. To increase the density of the memory cell in terms of reducing cell size with gate width and channel
length.

3. To achieve low power consumption with the reduction in energy consumption.

4. Reduction in retention time leads to the high reliability of the memory device.

5. Energy savings can be greatly increasable in terms of bit line and word line capacitances.

6. Refresh block for read/write/erase operations and refresh time reduction may increase the high speed of
operation of the memory cell.

7. Implement parallel processing techniques to allow multiple data streams to be transferred simultaneously
Identification of Research Problem (Thermal Management
in 3D Stacked Memory)

Literature Review (Existing Studies on Thermal

Management)

Formulation of Hypothesis (Hypothesis on Improved

Thermal Solutions)

Experimental Design (Planning Methods to Test Thermal

Solutions)

Material Selection (Choosing Materials for Heat

Dissipation)

Process Development (Develop and Optimize Thermal

Management)

Testing & Validation (Test Thermal Management Solutions)

Iteration and Refinement | | (Refine Solutions Based on

Test Results)

Implementation (Implement Solutions in 3D Memory)

Documentation & Reporting (Document Process and

Report Findings)
4. How is literature crucial for research? What are the key considerations one should make while
performing a literature survey?

Ans: Importance of Literature in Research:

A literature review is an essential component of the research process, providing the foundation upon which a
study is built. Here's why it is crucial:

1. Understanding the Research Landscape

 Identifies existing knowledge, trends, and gaps in the field.

 Helps refine research questions and objectives.
2. Avoiding Duplication: Prevents repetition of prior work by revealing what has already been studied.
3. Providing Theoretical Frameworks: Establishes the theories or models that inform the study design.
4. Identifying Methodologies: Offers insights into effective methods and techniques for data collection and
analysis.
5. Justifying the Research: Demonstrates the relevance and significance of the study by connecting it to
previous research.
6. Guiding Data Interpretation: Contextualizes findings within the broader research field.

Key Considerations While Performing a Literature Survey:

1. Defining the Scope

 Clearly outline the research topic or question.

 Decide the breadth and depth of literature to be covered.

2. Choosing Reliable Sources

 Use peer-reviewed journals, academic books, conference papers, and reputable databases (e.g., IEEE
Xplore, Scopus, PubMed).
 Avoid unreliable sources such as unverified blogs or out dated studies.

3. Using Relevant Keywords

 Select keywords and synonyms that reflect the research focus.

 Combine terms using Boolean operators (AND, OR, NOT) for precision.

4. Assessing Credibility: Check the author's credentials, publication venue, and citation count.

5. Focusing on Recent Developments

 Prioritize recent studies to ensure the research reflects the current state of the field.
 Balance this with foundational work to understand the historical context.

6. Critically Analyzing the Literature

 Look for strengths, weaknesses, and gaps in the existing studies.

 Assess methodologies, assumptions, and conclusions.
7. Organizing and Synthesizing Information

 Categorize findings thematically or chronologically.

 Identify patterns, contradictions, or unanswered questions.

8. Proper Citation Management

 Use citation management tools (e.g., Zotero, EndNote, Mendeley) to organize references.
 Ensure proper citation to avoid plagiarism.

9. Maintaining Objectivity

 Avoid biases when interpreting results.

 Include diverse perspectives and conflicting studies.

10. Documenting Gaps and Research Potential: Highlight areas where more research is needed to justify
the study's contribution.

5. a) What is meant by the novelty of research work.

Ans: Novelty in research refers to the originality and uniqueness of the study. It means that the research
introduces new knowledge, ideas, methods, or perspectives that have not been previously explored or
established. Novelty is essential because it advances the scientific field, addresses gaps in existing knowledge,
and contributes to the development of new theories, practices, or technologies.

Key aspects of novelty in research:

1. Original Contribution: The research should offer a unique contribution to the field, going beyond mere
replication of existing work.

2. Innovative Methodology: The use of innovative research methods or techniques can enhance the novelty
of a study.

3. Novel Findings: The research should generate new insights or discoveries that challenge existing
understanding.

4. Practical Implications: The research should have practical applications or implications for real-world
problems.

b) Why should novelty be a factor in a PhD research work?

Ans: Novelty should be a crucial factor in PhD research for several reasons:

1. Contribution to Knowledge: A PhD is intended to make a significant contribution to the body of

knowledge in a specific field. Novel research ensures that the study adds something valuable and not just
replicates existing work.

2. Advancing the Field: Novel research pushes the boundaries of what is known and helps drive progress in
the field. It can lead to new discoveries, innovations, and improvements.
3. Scholarly Recognition: Novel research is more likely to gain recognition from peers, be published in
prestigious journals, and be cited by other researchers. This enhances the researcher's academic reputation.

4. Funding and Support: Funding agencies and academic institutions often prioritize novel research when
allocating grants and resources. Original research ideas are more likely to receive financial support.

5. Intellectual Growth: Engaging in novel research challenges the researcher to think creatively, develop
problem-solving skills, and deepen their understanding of the subject matter.

6. Career Advancement: Demonstrating the ability to conduct novel research can open up career
opportunities, including academic positions, industry roles, and collaborations.

6. Write a hypothesis proposed in your Research field. Explain the research process/flow required to
test the hypothesis.

Ans: Hypothesis: "Integrating 3D stackable DRAM and NAND flash memory in a hybrid memory cube
(HMC) architecture will significantly improve data transfer rates and reduce latency compared to traditional
memory architectures."

Research Process/Flow to Test the Hypothesis:

1. Literature Review:

 Conduct a comprehensive review of existing research on 3D stackable DRAM, NAND flash memory,
and hybrid memory cube (HMC) architectures.
 Identify gaps in current knowledge and previous studies that support or contradict the hypothesis.

2. Design and Simulation:

 Design a prototype of the hybrid memory cube (HMC) integrating 3D stackable DRAM and NAND
flash memory.
 Use computer-aided design (CAD) tools to simulate the architecture and predict its performance.

3. Fabrication:

 Fabricate the prototype using advanced semiconductor manufacturing techniques.

 Ensure the prototype meets the design specifications and integrates both DRAM and NAND flash
memory layers effectively.

4. Testing and Data Collection:

 Conduct performance tests on the prototype, measuring data transfer rates, latency, power
consumption, and other relevant metrics.
 Collect data from multiple test runs to ensure reliability and consistency.

5. Data Analysis:
  Analyze the collected data using statistical methods to determine if the hybrid memory cube (HMC)
architecture shows significant improvements over traditional memory architectures.
 Compare the performance metrics of the HMC prototype with those of existing memory systems.

6. Validation and Peer Review:

 Validate the results by repeating the experiments and ensuring reproducibility.

 Submit the findings to peer-reviewed journals and conferences for evaluation by the scientific
community.

7. Publication and Dissemination:

 Publish the results in scientific journals and present them at conferences to share the findings with the
broader research community.
 Engage with industry partners to explore potential applications and commercialization of the hybrid
memory cube (HMC) architecture.

8. Further Research and Development:

 Based on the findings, identify areas for further research and development to optimize the hybrid
memory cube (HMC) architecture.
 Explore potential improvements and innovations to enhance the performance and efficiency of the
HMC.

7. What is "Data" according to your field of research? Describe one set of data you often report.

Ans: In the field of 3D stackable DRAM and Flash memories, data refers to the collected measurements and
observations related to the performance, efficiency, and reliability of these memory technologies. This data is
crucial for evaluating and improving the design and functionality of 3D-stacked memory systems.

Example Set of Data:

One commonly reported set of data in this field is the performance metrics of 3D-stacked Hybrid Memory
Cube (HMC). This data set typically includes various parameters that help in assessing the efficiency and
effectiveness of HMC technology.

Example Data Set: Performance Metrics of 3D-stacked HMC

1. Bandwidth: The data transfer rate of the memory, measured in gigabits per second (Gbps).

2. Latency: The time delay between a request for data and the delivery of the data, measured in nanoseconds
(ns).

3. Power Consumption: The amount of electrical power consumed by the memory, measured in watts (W).

4. Capacity: The total amount of data that can be stored in the memory, measured in gigabytes (GB) or
terabytes (TB).

5. Temperature: The operating temperature of the memory, measured in degrees Celsius (°C).
6. Error Rates: The frequency of errors occurring during data read/write operations, typically measured as bit
error rates (BER).

Sample Data Table:

Parameter Value
Bandwidth 320Gbps
Latency 10ns
Power Consumption 5W
Capacity 8TB
Temperature 45°C
Error Rates 1e-12BER

8. a) In the last 10 basketball matches, it was observed that 15% of the free throws by Austen were
"Missed". In today’s game, she got the chance for 12 free throws. What is the probability of missing
more than 3 times?

Ans: This can be calculated using the binomial probability formula:

Where:

 P(X=k)P(X = k) is the probability of k misses.

 n is the total number of trials (12 free throws).
 k is the number of misses.
 p is the probability of a miss (0.15).

First, we calculate the probability of missing exactly k free throws for k = 0, 1, 2, and 3, and then sum these
probabilities and subtract from 1 to find the probability of missing more than 3 times.
b) Explain the nature of Normal distribution and its use in data analysis.

Answer: The Normal distribution, also known as the Gaussian distribution, is a continuous probability
distribution that is symmetric about the mean. It describes how the values of a variable are distributed. The
graph of a normal distribution is bell-shaped and characterized by its mean (μ) and standard deviation (σ).

Key Properties:

1. Symmetry: The distribution is symmetric around the mean, with the left and right sides being mirror
images.

2. Mean, Median, and Mode: These are all equal and located at the center of the distribution.

3. Standard Deviation: Determines the width of the bell curve. About 68% of the data falls within one
standard deviation of the mean, 95% within two, and 99.7% within three.

4. Asymptotic: The tails of the distribution approach the horizontal axis but never touch it.

Use in Data Analysis:

1. Central Limit Theorem: Many statistical tests rely on the assumption that the data is normally distributed,
especially for large sample sizes.

2. Descriptive Statistics: It helps in summarizing data sets using measures of central tendency (mean) and
variability (standard deviation).

3. Hypothesis Testing: Many parametric tests, such as t-tests and ANOVAs, assume normality in the data.

4. Probability: Used to calculate probabilities and make predictions about data.

5. Error Analysis: Commonly used in the analysis of measurement errors and natural variations.

9. a) Measured data of an experiment are [1,2], [2,5,3], [4,5], [4,5,6], [6,5,5].

I) Plot the data. II) Find the best possible least-squares line to fit the data and plot it.

Ans: i. Plot the Data

Here are the data points from the experiment:

(1, 2), (2, 5, 3), (4, 5), (4, 5, 6), (6, 5, 5)

ii. Find the Best Possible Least-Squares Line

y= mx + b

Where: To find the best possible least-squares line, we need to determine the line that minimizes the sum
of the squares of the vertical distances of the points from the line. The equation of the line is generally in
the form:

 m is the slope
 b is the y-intercept
 We'll calculate the slope and the intercept using the least-squares method.

Calculation:

1. Organize Data: Combine the individual points into pairs:

 (1, 2)
  (2, 3), (2, 5)
 (4, 5), (4, 5), (4, 6)
 (6, 5), (6, 5)

2. Compute the Mean:

10. a) What is optimization in the research process?

Ans: Optimization in the research process refers to the method of finding the most effective and efficient
solution to a problem. It involves the systematic adjustment of variables to maximize or minimize a particular
outcome. Optimization can be applied in various aspects of research, such as experimental design, data
analysis, and algorithm development. The goal is to enhance the quality and performance of the research
while minimizing resources such as time, cost, and effort.

Key Elements of Optimization in Research

1. Objective Function

 The measurable goal or criterion to optimize, such as minimizing error, maximizing accuracy, or
improving efficiency.
 Example: Minimizing latency in 3D stackable memory systems.

2. Constraints

 The limitations or conditions within which the optimization must occur.

 Example: Budget, time, or material availability.

3. Decision Variables

 Factors or parameters that can be adjusted to achieve optimization.

 Example: Layer thickness, power consumption levels, or material properties.
4. Optimization Techniques: Tools or methods used to find the best solution, such as linear programming,
genetic algorithms, or gradient descent.

b) Write a short note on the Genetic Algorithm.

Ans: Genetic Algorithm (GA) is an optimization technique inspired by the principles of natural selection and
genetics. It is used to solve complex problems by iteratively improving candidate solutions based on the
concept of "survival of the fittest."

Key Components of Genetic Algorithm:

1. Population: A set of potential solutions (individuals) to the problem.

2. Chromosomes: Each individual is represented by a chromosome, typically a string of binary values.

3. Fitness Function: Evaluates the quality of each individual, determining how close it is to the optimal
solution.

4. Selection: Selects the fittest individuals to reproduce.

5. Crossover: Combines pairs of individuals to produce offspring with characteristics of both parents.

6. Mutation: Randomly alters parts of an individual to introduce diversity.

7. Iteration: The process is repeated over multiple generations, with each generation producing a new set of
individuals.

Applications of Genetic Algorithm:

1. Optimization Problems: Used in fields like engineering, economics, and operations research to find
optimal solutions.

2. Machine Learning: Helps in feature selection, hyper parameter tuning, and evolving neural network
architectures.

3. Scheduling: Assists in creating efficient schedules for tasks, resources, and personnel.

4. Robotics: Optimizes path planning and control parameters.

11. a) Are all open-access journals predatory journals? Justify your answer.

Ans: No, not all open-access journals are predatory journals. Open-access journals provide free access to their
articles, making research widely available without subscription barriers. Many reputable open-access journals
adhere to rigorous peer review and editorial standards, ensuring the quality and integrity of published
research.
Justification:

1. Quality and Integrity: Many open-access journals follow strict peer review processes, similar to
traditional subscription-based journals. Examples include journals published by reputable organizations like
the Public Library of Science (PLoS) and BioMed Central.

2. Transparency: Reputable open-access journals provide clear information about their editorial processes,
fees, and policies, ensuring transparency.

3. Recognition: Many open-access journals are indexed in recognized databases such as Scopus, Web of
Science, and PubMed, indicating their credibility and acceptance in the academic community.

Predatory journals, on the other hand, exploit the open-access model by charging publication fees without
providing proper peer review or editorial services. They often engage in unethical practices such as aggressive
solicitation, lack of transparency, and rapid publication promises.

b) How does 'Scopus' identify a journal to be added to its research database?

Ans: Scopus evaluates journals based on a set of criteria to ensure the inclusion of high-quality and reputable
publications in its database. The criteria include:

1. Peer Review: The journal must have a robust and transparent peer review process to ensure the quality and
validity of published research.

2. Editorial Board: The journal should have a reputable and diverse editorial board with recognized experts
in the field.

3. Content Quality: The journal's content should be of high quality, relevant, and contribute to the
advancement of the field.

4. Citations: The journal should demonstrate influence and impact within its discipline, as evidenced by
citation metrics.

5. Regular Publication: The journal should have a regular publication schedule with a sufficient number of
articles published annually.

6. Editorial Policies: The journal must adhere to ethical publishing practices, including conflict of interest

statements and clear guidelines for authors and reviewers.

7. International Diversity: The journal should have an international focus, with contributions from
researchers around the world.

These criteria help Scopus maintain a high standard for the journals included in its database, ensuring that
researchers have access to reliable and credible sources.
12. What is typeset? Why is LaTeX preferred for journal and thesis compiling? Write a basic LaTeX
code for a document with the following details:

 Title: Design and Fabrication of MoS₂ MOSFET

 Author: Adam Smith
 Keywords: MOSFET, CVD, Si substrate, SiO₂, MoS₂
 Figure: I-V characteristics of fabricated MOSFET

Answer: Typeset: Typesetting is the process of setting written material into type for printing. LaTeX:
Preferred for its ability to handle complex formatting, mathematical equations, and references efficiently.

Basic LaTeX Code: