2 mark Question

a) What is system?
Ans= A system is a set of interrelated components that work together to achieve a
specific goal or purpose. It consists of various elements that interact and function
cohesively. Systems can be natural or artificial and can exist in any domain, such as
mechanical, biological, computer, and social systems.
b) Define software?
Ans= Software refers to a set of instructions, data, or programs used to operate a
computer and execute specific tasks. It encompasses applications, systems programs,
and all other types of programs that control the functioning of hardware.
c) Define RAD.
Ans= RAD (Rapid Application Development) is a software development
methodology that emphasizes quick development and iteration of prototypes over
rigorous planning. It involves user feedback, iterative development, and collaboration
between developers and users.
d) What is SRS.
Ans= SRS (Software Requirements Specification) is a document that outlines the
functional and non-functional requirements of a software system. It acts as a blueprint
for the design and development of the system, specifying what the system is expected
to do.
e) State the principles of Software Testing?
Ans= ome key principles of software testing include:
1. Testing shows presence of defects: Testing can show defects but cannot prove
their absence.
2. Exhaustive testing is impossible: Testing all possible inputs and paths is
impractical.
3. Early testing: Testing should begin early in the software development
lifecycle.
4. Defect clustering: A small number of modules often contain most defects.
5. Pesticide paradox: Repeating the same tests will not uncover new defects.
6. Testing is context-dependent: The testing approach varies depending on the
type of software.
f) What is software Reengineering?
Ans= Software Reengineering involves improving and modifying an existing
software system to enhance its functionality, maintainability, or performance without
altering its core features. It can include activities like code restructuring, data
reorganization, and system modernization.
g) State advantages of Waterfall model.
Ans Advantages of the Waterfall model:
1. Clear structure: Each phase has specific deliverables and a well-defined
process.
2. Easy to manage: Since each phase is completed before moving to the next,
project management becomes straightforward.
3. Documentation-heavy: Extensive documentation at each stage ensures better
understanding and clarity.

h) State any two types of coupling.

Ans= Two types of coupling are:
1. Data coupling: When modules share data through parameters. It is the least
restrictive type of coupling.
2. Control coupling: When one module controls the behavior of another by
passing control information.

i) Define an Entity.
Ans= An Entity is an object or component that exists independently within a system
and has attributes or properties that define it. In databases, an entity represents a real-
world object, like a customer or an employee.
j) What is Pseudocode
ans= Pseudocode is a method of designing algorithms using a combination of natural
language and programming-like syntax. It is a high-level description of a program’s
logic, used for planning before actual coding.
k) What is feasibility study?
Ans= A feasibility study assesses the practicality of a proposed project or solution. It
evaluates technical, operational, and financial aspects to determine if the project is
viable and worth pursuing.
l) define data dictionary ?
ans= A data dictionary is a centralized repository of information about data,
including definitions, data types, relationships, and rules. It provides details about data
structures used in a system, making it easier to manage and maintain data consistency.
m) What is requirement elicitation
ans= Requirement elicitation is the process of gathering requirements from
stakeholders, such as users, clients, and system developers, to define the needs and
expectations for a software system. It involves interviews, surveys, and workshops to
extract relevant information.
n) What is prototype?
Ans= A prototype is an early, working model of a software application or system used
to visualize its functionality. It helps gather user feedback and refine the system
requirements before full-scale development.
O) define open and close system ?
Ans=  Open system: A system that interacts with and exchanges data with its
environment. It is influenced by external factors and can adapt to changes.
 Closed system: A system that operates in isolation, with little or no interaction
with the external environment. It is self-contained.

p) define unit testing ?

ans= Unit testing is a software testing technique where individual units or
components of a software are tested in isolation to verify that each part functions
correctly. It helps in identifying and fixing issues at the earliest stage of development.
q) draw diagram of SDLC ?
ans= The Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC) consists of several stages:
1. Planning: Define the project's scope and goals.
2. Analysis: Gather and analyze requirements.
3. Design: Create the architecture and design of the system.
4. Development: Write the code and implement the design.
5. Testing: Ensure the software functions as expected.
6. Deployment: Release the software to users.
7. Maintenance: Monitor and maintain the system post-deployment
+-----------+ +----------+ +---------+ +------------+ +---------+ +-------------+
| Planning | --> | Analysis | --> | Design | --> | Development | --> | Testing | --> |
Deployment |
+-----------+ +----------+ +---------+ +------------+ +---------+ +-------------+
|
+-----------+
| Maintenance|
4 mark Question
1) Explain spiral model in detail.
Ans= he Spiral Model is a risk-driven software development process model that
combines the iterative nature of the incremental model with the systematic aspects
of the waterfall model. It was introduced by Barry Boehm in 1986. The spiral model
allows for incremental development, iterative refinement, and continuous risk
assessment throughout the life cycle of a project.
Phases of the Spiral Model:-The spiral model consists of four key phases, each of
which is repeated in a spiral or iterative fashion:
1. Planning Phase (Objective Setting):
o Goals, objectives, and constraints of the project are defined.
o Risks are identified and assessed, and the cost, schedule, and feasibility
are reviewed.
o A rough plan of the next phase is created, with an understanding of the
project's requirements.
2. Risk Analysis Phase:
o Detailed risk analysis is performed to identify potential risks and issues.
o Prototypes may be built in this phase to clarify requirements and
validate design options.
o The goal is to understand and mitigate risks, evaluating all alternatives
and addressing problems early on.
3. Engineering Phase (Development & Testing):
o Actual software engineering work is carried out, including design,
development, and implementation.
o The system is built incrementally, with each iteration developing a part
of the system that is reviewed and tested.
o The software is tested and validated, ensuring that it meets the initial
objectives and risk issues.
4. Evaluation Phase (Customer Feedback):
o The developed product is presented to stakeholders for feedback.
o The performance, risks, and design are evaluated, ensuring that the
project is on track.
2) Differentiate between White Box and Black-Box testing.
Ans=
3) What is SDLC? Describe its phases?
Ans= SDLC (Software Development Life Cycle) is a systematic process used to
develop software applications. It defines the stages of software development from
initial planning through to maintenance. The SDLC provides a structured framework
that ensures the production of high-quality software.
Phases of SDLC:
1. Requirement Gathering and Analysis:
o In this phase, requirements are collected from stakeholders and analyzed
to understand what the software needs to do.
o This phase results in a clear, comprehensive set of system requirements.
2. System Design:
o Based on the requirements, the system architecture and design are
developed.
o Design specifications are created, including both high-level and low-
level designs (like database schema, UI design, etc.).
3. Implementation (Coding):
o Developers begin the actual construction of the system based on the
design.
o Code is written, and developers follow the design specifications to
implement functionality.
4. Testing:
o After coding, the software is thoroughly tested to find and fix defects.
o Various testing levels such as unit testing, integration testing, and system
testing are carried out.
5. Deployment:
o Once the software has been successfully tested, it is deployed to the
production environment where end-users can use it.
o Deployment can be in phases (beta releases, full deployment, etc.).
6. Maintenance:
o After deployment, software enters the maintenance phase where it is
updated, patched, and modified as per user feedback or bug reports.
o Enhancements, optimizations, and minor fixes are implemented.
4) Explain fact finding methods in brief.
Ans= Fact-finding refers to the process of collecting information to understand and
define the requirements of the software project. Several methods are employed to
gather this data:
1. Interviews:
o Direct interaction with stakeholders, users, and subject-matter experts to
gather information through structured or unstructured conversations.
2. Questionnaires/Surveys:
o Written sets of questions designed to gather data from a large group of
people in a standardized format.
3. Document Review:
o Reviewing existing documentation like user manuals, system
specifications, and reports to understand the current system.
4. Observation:
o Observing users or systems in action to understand the actual workflow
and identify gaps or improvement areas.
5. Prototyping:
o Creating prototypes (mockups or early versions of the system) to clarify
requirements and get feedback from users early in the project.
6. Workshops:
o Collaborative sessions with users and stakeholders to gather
information, clarify requirements, and define the scope of the system.
5) Define software maintenance. Explain types of software maintenance.
Ans= oftware Maintenance refers to the process of updating, modifying, and
improving software after it has been deployed. The goal is to correct issues, improve
performance, or add new features while maintaining the software's operational
status.
Types of Software Maintenance:
1. Corrective Maintenance:
o Involves fixing defects or bugs identified after the software has been
released.
o Corrects errors that affect the software's functionality or performance.
2. Adaptive Maintenance:
o Involves updating the software to ensure it remains compatible with
changing environments, such as new hardware, operating systems, or
other software.
o It is important when the system needs to adapt to external changes.
3. Perfective Maintenance:
o Focuses on improving the software by adding new features or enhancing
existing features based on user feedback or evolving business needs.
o Aimed at increasing system performance and user satisfaction.
4. Preventive Maintenance:
o Focuses on making improvements to prevent future issues and ensure
system stability and longevity.
o Includes tasks like code refactoring and optimizing for scalability to
avoid future problems.
6) Draw decision tree for the following case. A company gives discount on the
purchase of goods depending on the sales and duration of payment. i) 5% discount if
order amount > 50,000. ii) iii) 3% discount if order amount between 25,000 and
50,000. No discount if order < 10,000 or payment is not done within 8 days.
Ans= Case: A company gives a discount on the purchase of goods depending on
the order amount and the payment duration.
Conditions:
1. 5% discount if the order amount is greater than 50,000.
2. 3% discount if the order amount is between 25,000 and 50,000.
3. No discount if the order amount is less than 10,000 or if the payment is not
made within 8 days.
Decision Tree:
[Order Amount > 50,000?]
/ \
Yes (5% Discount) No
|
[Order Amount >= 25,000?]
/ \
Yes (3% Discount) No
|
[Order Amount < 10,000 or Payment not done in 8 days?]
/ \
Yes (No Discount) No (No Discount)
7) Explain in detail about coupling and cohesion.
Ans= Coupling:
 Refers to the degree of interdependence between different modules in a system.
 Lower coupling means modules are independent of each other, leading to easier
maintenance and flexibility.
 Types of coupling:
o Loose Coupling: Modules interact with each other with minimal
dependencies.
o Tight Coupling: Modules are highly dependent on each other.
Cohesion:
 Refers to how closely the functions within a module are related to each other.
 High cohesion means the module performs a single task and all the functions
within the module are related to that task.
 Types of cohesion:
o High Cohesion: Good, as it indicates that a module is focused on a
single responsibility.
o Low Cohesion: Bad, as it indicates a module has multiple, unrelated
tasks.
8) What is Decision Table? Need of Decision table.
Ans= A Decision Table is a structured method for representing and analyzing decision
rules, which involve various conditions and actions.
 Columns represent conditions and actions.
 Rows represent all possible combinations of conditions.
 Each cell contains an action based on the given conditions.
Need of a Decision Table:
 Helps in handling complex decision-making processes by organizing
conditions and actions clearly.
 Minimizes ambiguity in decisions.
 Provides a systematic approach to designing and documenting business rules.
9) Draw ER-Diagram for “Hotel Management System”.
Ans= Entities:
 Guest
 Room
 Booking
 Payment
 Staff
Relationships:
 A Guest makes a Booking.
 A Booking reserves a Room.
 A Booking has a Payment.
 A Staff manages Room assignments.
[Guest]---<makes>---[Booking]---<reserves>---[Room]
| |
<makes> <has>
| |
[Payment] [Staff]

c) Differentiate between forward and reverse engineering.

Ans= Forward Engineering:
 Refers to the process of moving from high-level specifications to software code
or final product.
Reverse Engineering:
 Involves extracting the design and specifications from an existing software
product.
10) Design a screen layout for employees salary slip.
Ans= The screen layout for an employee salary slip should contain the following sections:

1. Employee Information:

o Employee Name

o Employee ID

o Designation

o Department

o Joining Date Reporting Manager

2. Salary Details:

o Basic Salary

o HRA (House Rent Allowance)

o Bonuses

o Deductions (Tax, Provident Fund, etc.)

o Net Salary

3. Action Buttons:

o Save

o Print

o Cancel

The layout will typically have fields for each of these details, with action buttons at the bottom.

11) Explain various types of system.

 Ans= Open System: Interacts with its environment and exchanges information.
 Closed System: Operates independently without input from the environment.
 Manual System: Relies on human effort for data processing.
 Automated System: Uses technology for data processing.
12) Material is issued to the department by considering whether the Material
Requisition Note (MRN) is signed or not. It contains valid items or not and it is given
within 8 Hours or not. Draw decision table for the above case.
Ans= Conditions:
1. MRN is signed?
2. Contains valid items?
3. Given within 8 hours?
Actions:
 Material issued.
 Material not issued.
MRN Signed Valid Items Given in 8 Hours Action
Yes Yes Yes Material Issued
Yes Yes No Material Not Issued
Yes No Yes Material Not Issued
Yes No No Material Not Issued
No Yes Yes Material Not Issued
No Yes No Material Not Issued
No No Yes Material Not Issued
No No No Material Not Issued
13) What is Data Flow Diagram? Explain benefits of DFD, Advantages of DFD,
Disadvantages of DFD.
Ans=  Processes: Represent actions or operations.
 Data Flows: Represent movement of data between processes.
 Data Stores: Represent stored data.
 External Entities: Represent sources or destinations of data (e.g., users, systems).
Benefits, Advantages, and Disadvantages of DFD
 Benefits:
o Helps visualize system processes and data flow.
o Aids in system design and analysis.
 Advantages:
o Easy to understand.
o Encourages a top-down approach for system modeling.
 Disadvantages:
o Can become complex with large systems.
o Doesn't show detailed system implementation
14) Explain different McCall’s quality factors.
Ans= McCall's model includes 11 factors that define software quality:
1. Correctness
2. Efficiency
3. Reliability
4. Integrity
5. Usability
6. Maintainability
7. Flexibility
8. Testability
9. Portability
10. Reusability
11. Interoperability
15) Discuss different fact finding techniques.
Ans=  Interviews
 Surveys/Questionnaires
 Document Analysis
 Observation
 Prototyping

16) Design a Input screen layout for creating user account on Internet (with personal
details, user-id and password, save, cancel commands etc).
ans=  Personal Details Section:
 First Name
 Last Name
 Date of Birth
 Address
 Email
 Login Information:
 User ID
 Password
 Confirm Password
 Action Buttons:
 Save
 Cancel
.
17) Draw ER-Diagram for “College Admission System”
ans = Entities:

 Student

 Course

 Admission

 Faculty

 Department

Relationships:

 A Student applies for an Admission.

 A Student is enrolled in a Course.

 A Course is taught by a Faculty.

[Student]---<applies>---[Admission]---<enrolls>---[Course]---<taught by>---[Faculty]

| |

[belongs to] [offered by]

| |

[Department] [Department]

18) First-Level DFD for Hospital Management System

Entities:

 Patient

 Doctor

 Nurse

 Admin

Processes: Register Patient

 Assign Doctor

 Generate Bill

 Record Treatment

[Patient]---<Registers>---[Admin]---<Assigns Doctor>---[Doctor]

| |

<Generates Bill> <Records Treatment>

[Nurse]
19) Draw first level DFD for Hospital Management system in which the hospital has
Inpatient Department (IPD), outpatient Department (OPD) the system maintains
patient records and bills of the patient.
Ans= +--------------------+
| Patient |
| (External Entity)|
+--------+-----------+
|
| 1. Provide details
+--------v---------+
| Hospital System | +------------------+
+------------+ | (Process) | | Billing System |
| IPD | --+------------------+-----> | (Process) |
| (External| | Patient Record & | +---------+--------+
| Entity) | | Bill Management | |
+-----+------ +-------------------+ +--------v--------+
| | | Patient Billing |
| 2. Provide Patient Details | | (Process) |
+--------v--------+ +--v------------+------------------+
| OPD System | | Patient Record Database |
| (External Entity) | +---------------------------------+
+-----------------+
|
| 3. Provide Medical History
+--------v--------+
| Medical Records |
| (Process) |
20) Identify all entities of online shopping system.
Ans= Entities in an online shopping system include:
1. Customer: A person who purchases goods online.
2. Product: An item available for sale in the store.
3. Shopping Cart: A container that stores selected products before checkout.
4. Order: A record of a customer's purchase, including payment and shipping
details.
5. Payment: The transaction or method used for payment.
6. Shipping Address: The destination address for the product delivery.
7. Supplier: The entity providing the products for sale.
8. Inventory: A list of available products in stock.
9. Review: A customer's review for a purchased product.
10. Admin: Manages product listings, orders, and customers.
21) Draw context level diagrams for online shopping system.
Ans= +-------------------------+
| Customer |
| (External Entity) |
+-----------+-------------+
|
+------------v-------------+
| Online Shopping |
| System (Process) |
+------------+-------------+
|
+-------------------v-------------------+
| Product Database | Payment Gateway|
| (Data Store) | (External) |
+---------------------+-------------------+
 External Entities: Customer
 Processes:
 Online Shopping System: The main process that handles browsing, orders, and
payments.
 Data Stores:
 Product Database: Contains product information and inventory.
22) Draw first level DFD for customer Order system
Ans= This DFD focuses on managing customer orders, including product selection,
order processing, and payment. +-------------------+
| Customer |
| (External Entity)|
+---------+---------+
|
| 1. Place Order
+---------v----------+
| Customer Order |
| System (Process) |
+---------+----------+
|
+--------------------v------------------+
| Order Database & Inventory System |
| (Data Store) |
+----------------+----------------------+
|
+-----v-------+
| Payment |
| Gateway |
| (Process) |
+-------------+
 External Entities: Customer
 Processes:
 Customer Order System: Manages the customer’s order.
 Payment Gateway: Handles payment transactions.
 Data Stores:
 Order Database: Stores customer orders and details.
23)Material is issued to the department by considering whether the Material
Requisition Note (MRN) is signed or not. It contains valid items or not and it is given
within 8 hours or not. Draw decision table for the above case.
Ans= This decision table considers if the Material Requisition Note (MRN) is signed,
contains valid items, and is issued within 8 hours.
24) Design an screen layout for employees salary slip
Ans= ------------------------------------------------------
| Employee Salary Slip |
------------------------------------------------------
| Employee ID: ________________ Date: _________ |
------------------------------------------------------
| Employee Name: _________________________________ |
| Department: _________________________________ |
------------------------------------------------------
| Basic Salary: _________________________________ |
| Allowances: _________________________________ |
| Deductions: _________________________________ |
------------------------------------------------------
| Net Salary: _________________________________ |
------------------------------------------------------
| Signature of HR Representative: _______________ |
------------------------------------------------------
| (Footer with company details) |
------------------------------------------------------
. This layout includes:
 Employee ID, Name, and Department.
 Breakdown of salary components (Basic Salary, Allowances, and Deductions).
 Final Net Salary after deductions.
 Signature of the HR representative for authenticity.
 Footer with company details.