CHAPTER 4

ELECTRICAL DESIGN CALCULATION OF CURRENT TRANSFORMERS

AND VOLTAGE TRANSFORMERS OF GAS INSULATED SWITCHGEA

This chapter delves into the electrical design calculations for current
transformers and voltage transformers within Gas Insulated Switchgear used in Thaketa
Gas Turbine Substation in distribution system. To calculate that we have to calculate
the total resistance of current transformer in secondary winding and the total resistance
of voltage transformer in secondary winding. From this table, we can get the system
voltage of 33 kV (which is a system voltage of Gas Insulated Switch Gear from Thaketa
Gas Turbine Station). Its system frequency is 50 Hz and maximum system fault level
that we can withstand is 31500 A. Also the 3-phase fault current of 33 kV bus is shown
20880 A and line-to ground fault current is 23542 A. 40 A for rated short-time thermal
current of meter.
The following are the system parameter of Gas Insulated Switchgear from
Thaketa Gas Turbine Substation.

Table 4.1. System Parameter of Gas Insulated Switchgear

System Voltage 33 kV

System Frequency 50 Hz

Max. System fault level 31500 A

3 phase Fault current of 33kV Bus 20880 A

Line-to Ground Fault current of

23542 A
33kV Bus

Rated short-time thermal current of

40 A
meter
 24

The following Intelligent Electronic Device (IED) have been selected and the
input burden of each Intelligent Electronic Device is as shown.

Table 4.2. Rated Input Burden of Intelligent Electronic Device (IED)

Rated Burden
[VA]
No Name Purpose Type
CT VT
Input Input
Over-current
0.15
Feeder Management protection
1 P141/P143 0.02
Relays Earth-fault
0.2
protection
Transformer
Transformer Protection
2 differential P643 0.01 0.06
Relay
protection

Voltage Protection Over/Undervoltage

3 P94V 0.01
Relay protection

Voltage & Frequency Bay control &

4 F650 0.008 0.05
IED protection unit

Digital Disturbance
5 Fault Recorder 7KE85 0.1 0.1
Recorder

6 Multifunction Meter Multifunction meter ELITE440 1 0.5

A1800
7 Tariff Meter Tariff meter 0.1 0.1
Series

Resistivity of copper at different temperature is as follow.

Table 4.3. Resistivity of Copper at Different Temperature

Resistivity ρ (+75
Material Resistivity ρ (+20 °C)
°C)

Copper 0.0178 Ωm 0.0216 Ωm

 25

4.1. Current Transformer Calculation

The essential calculations for Current Transformers within the Gas Insulated
Switchgear are as follow.

1. Total Resistance of Current Transformer Secondary Winding

2. Transformer Incoming Feeder Current Transformer
3. Outgoing Feeder Current Transformer (33 kV)
4. Bus Coupler Feeder Current Transformer

4.1.1. Total Resistance of Current Transformer Secondary Winding

The resistance of current transformer secondary winding per meter can be
calculated from the equation.

R = ρ x L/A

Where, ρ = Resistivity of the conductor material

L = Length of the conductor in m

A = Cross-sectional area in sq.mm

Then, total resistance of secondary wiring is,

RL = R [Ω/m] x L [m]

A = 6 mm2

ρ = 0.0216 Ωm (From Table 4.3)

L =10 m (LV Compartment)

L = 110 m (Control Room)

Length Factor = 1.2, for 3ph-4wire

Total Resistance of Secondary Winding, RL =?

ρxL
R=
A

0.0216 x 1
=
6

= 0.0036 Ω (unit resistance of cable per meter)

RL = R x L x Length Factor
 26

For LV Compartment, RL = 0.0036 x 10 x 1.2

= 0.0432 Ω

For Control Room, RL = 0.0036 x 110 x 1.2

= 0.475 Ω

4.1.2. Transformer Incoming Feeder Current Transformer

The ratio and dedicated function of each core is as following.
1. Core Number.1: 2000/1 A, 5P20 for Protection
2. Core Number.2: 2000/1 A, 5P20 for Protection
3. Core Number.3: 2000/1 A, 0.2 for Metering

The data of power transformer is as following.

Table 4.4. Data of Power Transformer

Primary Secondary

Voltage (kV) 230 33

Capacity (MVA) 100 100

Rated Current (A) 251 1750

%Z (%) 9.49 9.49

X/R Ratio 10.31 10.31

Estimated Fault
2909 20285
Current (A)

4.1.2.1. Core number 1 for transformer differential protection

Calculation for core number 1 of transformer incoming feeder current

transformer is as follow.
 27

Parameters of transformer incoming feeder current transformer core number 1

is as follow.
Table 4.5. Current Transformer of Incoming Feeder Parameter (Core Number 1)

Primary Secondary Accuracy Nominal Rr [Ω]

Accuracy RCT RL
current current Limit burden [P643+
Class [Ω] [Ω]
[Ipn ,A] [Isn, A] Factor [VA] DDR]

2000 1 5P 20 15 15.54 0.53 0.11

VA × ALF
Estimated knee point voltage, VK = +(RCT ×ALF × In)
In
15×20
= + (15.54×20×1)
1

= 610.8 V

Transformer fault current (IF) at CT Primary = 20285 A (From Table 4.4)

CT ratio = 2000/1 A

Transformer fault current (IF) at CT Secondary = Primary fault current / CT ratio

1
= 20285 x
2000

= 10.143 A

According to the relay manual,

𝑋
Dimensioning factor, k = 16 (In ≤ IF ≤ 40In and 5 ≤ ≤ 20)
𝑅

Required knee point voltage, VK ' = k. In. (RCT+2RL+Rr)

= 16 x 1 (15.54+ [2x0.53] +0.11)

= 267.36 V

Where, VK ' = Required knee point voltage

RCT = CT internal resistance

RL = Secondary wiring resistance, single way

 28

Rr = Relay ohmic burden

The estimated value is greater than required value. Therefore, CT Core is

correctly dimensioned.

4.1.2.2. Core number 2 for directional over-current & earth-fault protection

Calculation for core number 2 of transformer incoming feeder current
transformer is as follow.
Parameters of transformer incoming feeder current transformer core number 2
is as follow.

Table 4.6. Current Transformer of Incoming Feeder Parameter (Core Number 2)

Primary Secondary Accuracy Nominal Rp[Ω]

Accuracy RCT RL
current current Limit burden [F650+DD
Class [Ω] [Ω]
[Ipn ,A] [Isn, A] Factor [VA] R]

15.5 0.0
2000 1 5P 20 15 0.108
4 5

VA x ALF
Estimated Knee Point Voltage, VK = +(RCT x ALF x In)
In

15x20
= +(15.54 x 20 x1)
1

= 610.8 V

Required Knee Point Voltage (VK') for Phase Overcurrent Protection

3 phase fault current (IFP) at CT primary = 20880A (From Table 4.1)

3 phase fault current (IFP) at CT secondary = Primary 3 phase fault current / CT ratio

= 20880 A / (2000/1)

= 10.44 A

CT Over dimensioning factor, Ktf =1

Maximum prospective secondary fault current, Ix = 10.44 A

Required knee point voltage, VK ' = Ktf Ix. (RCT+2RL+Rp)

= 1 x 10.44A x (15.54 + 2 x 0.05 x 0.108)

 29

= 164.409 V

The estimated value is greater than required value. Therefore, CT Core is

correctly dimensioned.

Required knee point voltage (VK') for Earth-fault Overcurrent Protection,

Ground fault current (IFN) at CT Primary = 23542 A (From Table 4.1)

Ground fault current (IFN) at CT Secondary = Primary Ground fault current / CT ratio

1
= 23542 x
2000

= 11.78 A

CT Over dimensioning factor, Ktf =1

Maximum prospective secondary fault current, Ix = 11.78 A

Required knee point voltage, VK ' = Ktf Ix. (RCT+2RL+Rp)

= 1 x 11.78 x (15.54 + 2 x 0.05 x 0.108)

= 185.511 A

The estimated value is greater than required value. Therefore, CT Core is

correctly dimensioned.

4.1.2.3. Core number 3 for feeder measuring

Calculation for core number 3 of transformer incoming feeder current
transformer is as follow.

Parameters of transformer incoming feeder current transformer core number 3

is as follow.

Table 4.7. Current Transformer of Incoming Feeder Parameter (Core Number 3)

Primary Secondary Instrument Nominal

Accuracy
Current Current Security burden RCT [Ω]
Class
[Ipn ,A] [Isn, A] Factor [FS] [VA]

2000 1 0.2 5 15 15.54

 30

Rated short-time thermal current of meter, Imax = 40 A (From Table 4.1)

Secondary wiring burden = RL x I2sn

= (0.05 + 0.48) x 12

= 0.53 VA

Bay control & protection unit = 0.008 VA (From Table 4.2)

Multifunction meter = 1.000 A (From Table 4.2)

Tariff meter = 0.100 VA (From Table 4.2)

Total Effective Connected Burden, Ptotal = 0.53 + 0.008 + 1.000 + 0.100

= 1.638 VA

CT internal burden, Pct = RCT x I2sn = 15.54 A

Pn+Pct
Operating Instrument security factor, FS' = FS x
Ptotal+Pct

15+15.54
=5x
1.638+15.54

= 8.889

Imax ≥ Isn x FS'

Imax = 40 A

40 ≥ 1 x 8.889

The requirement is satisfied. Therefore, CT Core has been correctly

dimensioned.
In order to assure the measuring accuracy, the total connected burden has to be
between 25% and 100% of nominal burden. Therefore, the following equation shall be
additionally satisfied;

0.25Pn ≤ Ptotal ≤ Pn

3.75 ≤ Ptotal ≤ 15

Total effective connected burden is 1.638 VA. Therefore, the accuracy can be
assured with additional burden of at least 2.0 VA.
 31

4.1.3. Outgoing Feeder Current Transformer (33 kV)

The ratio & dedicated function of each core is as following;

1. Core No.1: 1200/1 A, 600/1 A, 5P20 for Protection, Spare

2. Core No.2: 1200/1 A, 600/1 A, 5P20 for Protection & Control
3. Core No.3: 1200/1 A, 600/1 A, CL.0.2 for Metering

4.1.3.1. Core number 2 for directional over-current & earth-fault protection

Calculation for core number 2 of Outgoing Feeder Current Transformer is
follow.
Parameters of outgoing feeder current transformer core number 2 is as follow.
Table 4.8. Current Transformer of Outgoing Feeder Parameter (Core Number 2)

Rp[Ω]
Primary Secondary Accura Accuracy Nominal
RCT RL
Current Current cy Limit burden [F650+
[Ω] [Ω]
[Ipn ,A] [Isn, A] Class Factor [VA] DDR]

High
1200 1 5P 20 30 9.32 0.05 0.108
tap

Low
600 1 5P 20 15 4.66 0.05 0.108
tap

VA x ALF
Estimated Knee Point Voltage at high tap; VK = +(RCT x ALF x In)
In

30 x 20
= +(9.32 x 20 x 1)
1

= 786.4 V

Required Knee Point Voltage for Phase Overcurrent Protection at high tap,

3 phase fault current (IFP) at CT primary = 20880 A (From Table 4.1)

3 phase fault current (IFP) at CT secondary = Primary 3 phase fault current / CT ratio

1
= 20880 x
2000
 32

= 17.40 A

CT Over dimensioning factor, Ktf =1

Maximum prospective secondary fault current, Ix = 17.40 A

Required knee point voltage, VK ' = Ktf Ix. (RCT+2RL+Rp)

= 1 x 17.40 x (9.32 + 2 x 0.05 + 0.108)

= 165.787 V
The estimated value is greater than required value. Therefor CT Core is
correctly dimensioned.

Required Knee Point Voltage (VK') for Earth-fault Overcurrent Protection at high tap,

Ground Fault current (IFN) at CT Primary = 23542 A (From Table 4.1)

Ground Fault current (IFN) at CT Secondary = Primary Ground Fault current / CT ratio

1
= 23542 x
2000

= 19.62 A

CT Over dimensioning factor, Ktf =1

Maximum prospective secondary fault current, Ix = 19.62 A

Required knee point voltage, VK ' = Ktf Ix. (RCT + 2RL + Rp)

= 1 x 19.62 x (9.32 + 2 x 0.05 x 0.108)

= 186.939 A

The estimated value is greater than required value. Therefor CT Core is

correctly dimensioned.
VA x ALF
Estimated Knee Point Voltage at low tap, VK= +(RCT x ALF x In)
In

15x20
= +(4.66 x 20 x 1) = 393.2 V
1

Required Knee Point Voltage for Phase Overcurrent Protection at low tap,

3 ph. fault current (IFP) at CT primary = 20880 A (From Table 4.1)

 33

3 ph. fault current (IFP) at CT secondary = Primary fault current / CT ratio

1
= 20880 x = 34.80 A
600
CT Over dimensioning factor, Ktf = 1

Maximum prospective secondary fault current, Ix = 34.8 A

Required knee point voltage, VK ' = Ktf Ix. (RCT+2RL+Rp)

= 1 x 34.8 x (4.66 + 2 x 0.05 + 0.108)

= 169.406 V

The estimated value is greater than required value. Therefor CT Core is

correctly dimensioned.

Required knee point voltage (VK') for Earth-fault Overcurrent Protection at low tap,

Ground Fault current (IFN) at CT Primary = 23542 A (From Table 4.1)

Ground Fault current (IFN) at CT Secondary = Primary fault current / CT ratio

1
= 23542 x
600

= 39.2327 A

CT Over dimensioning factor, Ktf =1

Maximum prospective secondary fault current, Ix = 39.237 A

Required knee point voltage, VK ' = Ktf Ix. (RCT + 2RL + Rp)

= 1 x 39.237 x (4.66 + 2 x 0.05 x 0.108)

= 191.006 A

The estimated value is greater than required value. Therefor CT Core is

correctly dimensioned.

4.1.3.2. Core number 3 for feeder measuring

Calculation for core number 3 of outgoing feeder current transformer is as
follow.
Parameters for the outgoing feeder current transformer core number 3 is as
follow.
 34

Table 4.9. Current Transformer of Outgoing Feeder Parameter (Core Number 3)

Primary Instrument Nominal

Secondary Accuracy
Current Security burden RCT [Ω]
Current[Isn, A] Class
[Ipn ,A] Factor [FS] [Pn, VA]

1200 1 0.2 5 30 9.32

600 1 0.2 5 15 4.66

Rated short-time thermal current of meter, Imax = 40 A (From Table 4.1)

Secondary wiring burden = 0.53 VA

Multifunction meter = 1.000 VA (From Table 4.2)

Tariff meter = 0.100 VA (From Table 4.2)

CT internal burden, Pct = 9.32 A

Total Effective Connected Burden, Ptotal = 0.53 + 1.000 + 0.100

= 1.63 VA
For high tap,
Pn + Pct
Operating Instrument security factor at high tap, FS' = FS x
Ptotal + Pct
30 + 9.32
=5x
1.630 + 9.32

= 17.954

Imax ≥ Isn. FS'

40 ≥ 1 x 17.954

The requirement is satisfied. Therefore, CT Core has been correctly

dimensioned.
For low tap,
CT internal burden, Pct = 4.66 A
Operating Instrument security factor at low tap,

Pn + Pct
FS' = FS x
Ptotal + Pct
 35

15 + 4.66
=5x
1.630 + 4.66

= 15.628

Imax ≥ Isn. FS'

40 ≥ 1 x 15.628
The requirement is satisfied. Therefore, CT Core has been correctly
dimensioned.
0.25Pn ≤ Ptotal ≤ Pn

7.5 ≤ 1.63 ≤ 30; at high tap

3.75 ≤ 1.63 ≤ 15; at low tap

Total effective connected burden is 1.63VA. Therefore, the accuracy can be

assured with additional burden of at least 6.0VA at high tap and least 2.5VA at low tap.

4.1.4. Bus Coupler Feeder (33kV)

The ration & dedicated function of each core is as following;

1. Core No.1: 2000/1 A, 5P20 for Protection

2. Core No.2: 2000/1 A, 5P20 for Protection
3. Core No.3: 2000/1 A, 0.2 for Metering

4.1.4.1. Core number1 for directional over-current & earth-fault protection

Calculation for core number 1 of Bus Coupler feeder current transformer is as

follow.
Parameters of bus coupler feeder current transformer core number 1 is as follow.
Table 4.10. Current Transformer of Bus Coupler Feeder Parameter (Core Number 1)

Primary Secondary Accuracy Nominal Rp [Ω]

Accuracy RCT RL
current current Limit burden [F650+DD
class [Ω] [Ω]
[Ipn, A] [Isn, A] Factor [VA] R]

2000 1 5P 20 15 15.54 0.05 0.108

 36

VA x ALF
Estimated Knee Point Voltage, VK = +(RCT x ALF x In)
In
15x20
= +(15.54 x 0.05 x 1)
1

= 610.8 V

Required Knee Point Voltage (VK') for Phase Overcurrent Protection,

3 phase fault current (IFP) at CT primary = 20880 A (From Table 4.1)

3 phase fault current (IFP) at CT secondary = Primary 3 ph. Fault current / CT ratio

1
= 20880 x
1200

= 10.44 A

CT Over dimensioning factor, Ktf =1

Maximum prospective secondary fault current, Ix = 10.44 A

Required knee point voltage, VK ' = Ktf Ix. (RCT+2RL+Rp)

= 1 x 10.44A x (15.54 + 2 x 0.05 x 0.108)

= 164.409 V

The estimated value is greater than required value. Therefor CT Core is

correctly dimensioned.

Required Knee Point Voltage (VK') for Earth-Fault Overcurrent Protection,

Ground Fault current (IFN) at CT Primary = 23542 A (From Table 4.1)

Ground Fault current (IFN) at CT Secondary = Primary Ground Fault current / CT ratio

1
= 23542 x
1200

= 11.78 A

CT Over dimensioning factor, Ktf =1

Maximum prospective secondary fault current, Ix = 11.78 A

Required knee point voltage, VK ' = Ktf Ix. (RCT+2RL+Rp)

 37

= 1 x 11.78 x (15.54 + 2 x 0.05 x 0.108)

= 185.511 A

The estimated value is greater than required value. Therefor CT Core is

correctly dimensioned.

4.1.4.2. Core number 2 for directional over-current & earth-fault protection

Calculation for core number 2 of Bus Coupler feeder current transformer is as
follow.
Parameters of bus coupler feeder current transformer core number 1 is as follow.
Table 4.11. Current Transformer of Bus Coupler Feeder Parameter (Core Number 1)

Primary Secondary Accuracy Nominal

Accuracy RCT
current current [Isn, Limit burden RL [Ω]
Class [Ω]
[Ipn ,A] A] Factor [VA]

2000 1 5P 20 15 8.8 0.05

Total IED ohmic burden (Rrp, 67, P141) = 0.15 Ω

Total IED ohmic burden (Rrp, 67N, P141) = 0.20 Ω

VA x ALF
Estimated Knee Point Voltage, VK = +(RCT x ALF x In)
In

15x20
= +(8.80 x 20 x 1)
1

= 476 V

Required Knee Point Voltage (VK') for Phase Overcurrent Protection,

3 phase fault current (IFP) at CT primary = 20880 A (From Table 4.1)

3 phase fault current (IFP) at CT secondary = Primary 3 ph. Fault current / CT ratio

1
= 20880 x
1200

= 10.44 A
 38

CT Over dimensioning factor, Ktf =1

Maximum prospective secondary fault current, Ix = 10.44 A

Ifn
Required knee point voltage, VK ' = x (RCT + RL + Rr)
2

10.44
= x (8.8+0.05+0.15 )
2

= 46.98 V

The estimated value is greater than required value. Therefor CT Core is

correctly dimensioned.

Required Knee Point Voltage (VK') for Earth-fault Overcurrent Protection,

Ifn
Required knee point voltage, VK ' = x (RCT + RL + Rrp + Rrn)
2

= 54.19 V

The estimated value is greater than required value. Therefor CT Core is

correctly dimensioned.

4.1.4.3. Core number 3 for feeder measuring

Calculation for core number 3 of Bus Coupler feeder current transformer is as
follow.
Table 4.12. Current Transformer of Bus Coupler Feeder Parameter (Core Number 3)

Primary Secondary Instrument Nominal

Accuracy RCT
Current Current [Isn, Security burden
Class [Ω]
[Ipn ,A] A] Factor [FS] [VA]

2000 1 0.2 5 15 15.54

Secondary wiring burden = 0.53 VA

Bay control & protection unit = 0.008 VA (From Table 4.2)

Multifunction meter = 1.000 A (From Table 4.2)

CT internal burden, Pct = 15.54 A

 39

Rated short-time thermal current of meter, Imax = 40 A (From Table 4.1)

Total Effective Connected Burden, Ptotal = 0.53 + 0.008 + 1.000

= 1.538 VA

Pn + Pct
Operating Instrument security factor, FS' = FS
Ptotal + Pct

15+15.54
= 5x
1.538+15.54

= 8.941

Imax ≥ Isn. FS'

40 ≥ 1 x 8.941

The requirement is satisfied. Therefore, CT Core has been correctly

dimensioned.

In order to assure the measuring accuracy, the total connected burden has to be
between 25% and 100% of nominal burden. Therefore, the following equation shall be
additionally satisfied;

0.25. Pn ≤ Ptotal ≤ Pn

3.75 ≤ Ptotal ≤ 15

Total effective connected burden is 1.538 VA. Therefore, the accuracy can be
assured with additional burden of at least 2.5 VA.

4.2. Voltage Transformer Calculation

The essential calculations for voltage transformers of the Gas Insulated
Switchgear are as follow;

1. Total Resistance of Voltage Transformer Secondary Winding

2. Transformer Incoming Feeder Voltage Transformer

3. 33kV Outgoing Feeder Voltage Transformer

4.2.1. Total Resistance of Voltage Transformer Secondary Winding

The resistance of voltage transformer secondary winding per meter can be
calculated as follow.
 40

A = 4mm2

ρ = 0.0216 Ωm (From Table 4.3)

L = 10m (LV Compartment)

L = 110m (Control Room)

Length Factor = 1.2, for 3ph-4w

Total Resistance of Secondary Winding, RL =?

ρxL
R =
A

0.0216 x 1
=
4
= 0.0054 Ω (unit resistance of cable per meter)

RL = R x L x Length Factor

For LV Compartment, RL = 0.0054 x 10 x 1.2 = 0.0648 Ω

For Control Room, RL = 0.0036 x 110 x 1.2 = 0.7128 Ω

4.2.2. Transformer Incoming Feeder Voltage Transformer (VT)

Calculation for transformer incoming feeder voltage transformer is as follow.
Table 4.13. Voltage Transformer of Incoming Feeder Parameter

Nominal
Primary Secondary
Burden
Voltage Accuracy class Remark
(Vpn, V) voltage [Vsn, V] [Pn, VA]

33000/√3 110/√3 0.2 30 Metering

33000/√3 110/√3 3P 30 Protection

 41

For Metering,

This winding has been dedicated to measuring & bay control. The secondary
connected burden is as below;

Secondary wiring burden = 0.18 VA

Multifunction meter = 0.50 VA

Tariff meter = 0.10 VA

Total effective connected burden, Ptotal = 0.18 + 0.50 + 0.10

= 0.78 VA

In order to assure the measuring accuracy, the total connected burden has to be
between 25% and 100% of nominal burden. Therefore, the following equation shall be
satisfied

0.25 Pn ≤ Ptotal ≤ Pn

7.50 ≤ Ptotal ≤ 30

Total effective connected burden is 0.78VA. Therefore, the VT has not been
correctly dimensioned but the accuracy class is assured with additional burden of at
least 6VA.

For Protection,

This winding has been dedicated for voltage source of protection relay. The
secondary connected burden is as below.

Secondary wiring burden = 0.18 VA

Main Protection IED (F650) = 0.05 VA

DDR = 0.10 VA

Total effective connected burden, Ptotal = 0.18 + 0.05 + 0.10

= 0.33 VA

In order to assure the measuring accuracy, the total connected burden has to be
between 25% and 100% of nominal burden. Therefore, the following equation shall be
satisfied.
 42

0.25 Pn ≤ Ptotal ≤ Pn

7.50 ≤ Ptotal ≤ 30

Total effective connected burden is 0.33VA. Therefore, the VT has not been
correctly dimensioned but the accuracy class is assured with additional burden of at
least 7.5 VA.

4.2.3. Bus Voltage Transformer (33 kV)

Calculation for bus voltage transformer is as follow.
Table 4.14. Bus Voltage Transformer Parameter

Nominal
Primary Secondary
Burden
Voltage Accuracy class Remark
(Vpn, V) voltage [Vsn, V] [Pn, VA]

33000/√3 110/√3 0.2 30 Metering

33000/√3 110/√3 3P 30 Protection

For Metering,

This winding has been dedicated to measuring. The secondary connected

burden is as below;

Secondary wiring burden = 0.18 VA

Tariff meter (10sets) = 0.50 x 10 = 5 VA

Total effective connected burden, Ptotal = 0.18 + 5

= 5.18 VA

In order to assure the measuring accuracy, the total connected burden has to be
between 25% and 100% of nominal burden. Therefore, the following equation shall be
satisfied.

0.25 Pn ≤ Ptotal ≤ Pn
 43

7.50 ≤ Ptotal ≤ 30

Total effective connected burden is 5.18 VA. Therefore, the VT has not been
correctly dimensioned but the accuracy class is assured with additional burden of at
least 2.5 VA.
For Protection,
This winding has been dedicated for measuring. The secondary connected
burden is as below;

Secondary wiring burden = 0.02 VA

Protection IED (2xP94V & 12xF650) = (2 x 0.01) + (12 x 0.05)

= 0.62 VA

Digital Disturbance Recorder, DDR = 0.10 VA

Total effective connected burden, Ptotal = 0.02 + 0.62 + 0.10

= 0.74 VA

In order to assure the measuring accuracy, the total connected burden has to be
between 25% and 100% of nominal burden. Therefore, the following equation shall be
satisfied

0.25Pn ≤ Ptotal ≤ Pn

7.50 ≤ Ptotal ≤ 30

Total effective connected burden is 0.74VA. Therefore, the VT has not been
correctly dimensioned but the accuracy class is assured with additional burden of at
least 7 VA.