Module 1: Networking Today

Introduction to Networks v7.0

(ITN)
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Module Objectives
Module Title: Networking Today

Module Objective: Explain the advances in modern technologies.

Topic Title Topic Objective

Networks Affect our Lives Explain how networks affect our daily lives.
Network Components Explain how host and network devices are used.
Network Representations and Topologies Explain network representations and how they are used in network topologies.
Common Types of Networks Compare the characteristics of common types of networks.
Internet Connections Explain how LANs and WANs interconnect to the internet.
Reliable Networks Describe the four basic requirements of a reliable network.

Network Trends Explain how trends such as BYOD, online collaboration, video, and cloud computing
are changing the way we interact.
Network Security Identify some basic security threats and solution for all networks.

The IT Professional Explain employment opportunities in the networking field.

1.1 Networks Affect Our
Lives

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Networking Today
Networks Connect Us

Communication is almost as important to us as our reliance on air, water, food, and

shelter. In today’s world, through the use of networks, we are connected like never
before.
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Networking Today
Video – The Cisco Networking Academy Learning Experience
Cisco Networking Academy: learn how we use technology to make the world a better place.
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Networking Today
No Boundaries
• World without boundaries
• Global communities
• Human network
1.2 Network Components

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Network Components
Host Roles

Every computer on a network is

called a host or end device.
Servers are computers that provide
information to end devices:
• email servers
• web servers Server Description
• file server Type

Clients are computers that send Email Email server runs email server software.
requests to the servers to retrieve Clients use client software to access email.
information: Web Web server runs web server software.
• web page from a web Clients use browser software to access web pages.
server
• email from an email server File File server stores corporate and user files.
The client devices access these files.
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Network Components
Peer-to-Peer
It is possible to have a device be a client and a server in a Peer-to-Peer Network.
This type of network design is only recommended for very small networks.

Advantages Disadvantages
Easy to set up No centralized administration
Less complex Not as secure
Lower cost Not scalable

Used for simple tasks: transferring files and sharing Slower performance
printers
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Network Components
End Devices

An end device is where a message originates from or where it is received. Data

originates with an end device, flows through the network, and arrives at an end
device.
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Network Components
Intermediary Network Devices
An intermediary device interconnects end devices. Examples include switches,
wireless access points, routers, and firewalls.
Management of data as it flows through a network is also the role of an intermediary
device, including:
• Regenerate and retransmit data signals.
• Maintain information about what pathways exist in the network.
• Notify other devices of errors and communication failures.
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Network Components
Network Media

Communication across a network is carried through a medium which allows a message to

travel from source to destination.

Media Types Description

Metal wires within cables Uses electrical impulses

Glass or plastic fibers Uses pulses of light.

within cables (fiber-optic
cable)

Wireless transmission Uses modulation of

specific frequencies of
electromagnetic waves.
1.3 Network Representations and
Topologies

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Network Representations and Topologies
Network Representations

Network diagrams, often called topology

diagrams, use symbols to represent
devices within the network.
Important terms to know include:
• Network Interface Card
(NIC)
• Physical Port
• Interface

Note: Often, the terms port and

interface are used interchangeably
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Network Representations and Topologies
Topology Diagrams

Physical topology diagrams illustrate the Logical topology diagrams illustrate devices,
physical location of intermediary devices ports, and the addressing scheme of the
and cable installation. network.
1.4 Common Types of Networks

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Common Types of Networks

Networks of Many Sizes

• Small Home Networks – connect a few

computers to each other and the Internet
• Small Office/Home Office – enables
computer within a home or remote office
to connect to a corporate network
Small Home SOHO
• Medium to Large Networks – many
locations with hundreds or thousands of
interconnected computers
• World Wide Networks – connects
hundreds of millions of computers world-
wide – such as the internet

Medium/Large World Wide

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Common Types of Networks

LANs and WANs

Network infrastructures vary greatly in

terms of:
• Size of the area covered
• Number of users connected
• Number and types of services
available
• Area of responsibility

Two most common types of networks:

• Local Area Network (LAN)
• Wide Area Network (WAN).
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Common Types of Networks
LANs and WANs (cont.)
A LAN is a network infrastructure that A WAN is a network infrastructure that spans
spans a small geographical area. a wide geographical area.

LAN WAN
Interconnect end devices in a limited area. Interconnect LANs over wide geographical areas.
Administered by a single organization or Typically administered by one or more service
individual. providers.
Provide high-speed bandwidth to internal Typically provide slower speed links between LANs.
devices.
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Common Types of Networks

The Internet

The internet is a worldwide collection of

interconnected LANs and WANs.
• LANs are connected to each other using
WANs.
• WANs may use copper wires, fiber optic
cables, and wireless transmissions.
The internet is not owned by any individual
or group. The following groups were
developed to help maintain structure on
the internet:
• IETF
• ICANN
• IAB
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Common Types of Networks

Intranets and Extranets

An intranet is a private collection of LANs

and WANs internal to an organization that
is meant to be accessible only to the
organizations members or others with
authorization.
An organization might use an extranet to
provide secure access to their network for
individuals who work for a different
organization that need access to their
data on their network.
1.5 Internet Connections

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Internet Connections
Internet Access Technologies

There are many ways to connect users

and organizations to the internet:
• Popular services for home
users and small offices include
broadband cable, broadband
digital subscriber line (DSL),
wireless WANs, and mobile
services.
• Organizations need faster
connections to support IP
phones, video conferencing
and data center storage.
• Business-class
interconnections are usually
provided by service providers
(SP) and may include:
business DSL, leased lines,
and Metro Ethernet.
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Internet Connections
Home and Small Office Internet Connections

Connection Description

Cable high bandwidth, always on, internet

offered by cable television service
providers.

DSL high bandwidth, always on, internet

connection that runs over a
telephone line.
Cellular uses a cell phone network to connect
to the internet.

Satellite major benefit to rural areas without

Internet Service Providers.
Dial-up an inexpensive, low bandwidth
telephone option using a modem.
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Internet Connections
Businesses Internet Connections

Corporate business connections may require:

Type of Description
• higher bandwidth Connection
• dedicated connections Dedicated These are reserved circuits within
• managed services Leased Line the service provider’s network that
connect distant offices with private
voice and/or data networking.

Ethernet This extends LAN access technology

WAN into the WAN.

DSL Business DSL is available in various

formats including Symmetric Digital
Subscriber Lines (SDSL).

Satellite This can provide a connection when

a wired solution is not available.
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Internet Connections
The Converging Network

Before converged networks, an

organization would have been
separately cabled for telephone, video,
and data. Each of these networks
would use different technologies to
carry the signal.
Each of these technologies would use a
different set of rules and standards.
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Internet Connections
The Converging Network (Cont.)

Converged data networks carry

multiple services on one link including:
• data
• voice
• video
Converged networks can deliver data,
voice, and video over the same
network infrastructure. The network
infrastructure uses the same set of
rules and standards.
1.6 Reliable Networks

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Reliable Network
Network Architecture

Network Architecture refers to the

technologies that support the infrastructure
that moves data across the network.
There are four basic characteristics that the
underlying architectures need to address to
meet user expectations:
• Fault Tolerance
• Scalability
• Quality of Service (QoS)
• Security
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Reliable Network
Fault Tolerance

A fault tolerant network limits the impact of

a failure by limiting the number of affected
devices. Multiple paths are required for
fault tolerance.
Reliable networks provide redundancy by
implementing a packet switched network:
• Packet switching splits traffic into
packets that are routed over a
network.
• Each packet could theoretically
take a different path to the
destination.
This is not possible with circuit-switched
networks which establish dedicated
circuits.
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Reliable Network
Scalability

A scalable network can expand

quickly and easily to support
new users and applications
without impacting the
performance of services to
existing users.
Network designers follow
accepted standards and
protocols in order to make the
networks scalable.
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Reliable Network
Quality of Service

Voice and live video transmissions require

higher expectations for those services being
delivered.

Have you ever watched a live video with

constant breaks and pauses? This is caused
when there is a higher demand for
bandwidth than available – and QoS isn’t
configured.

• Quality of Service (QoS) is the primary

mechanism used to ensure reliable
delivery of content for all users.

• With a QoS policy in place, the router can

more easily manage the flow of data and
voice traffic.
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Reliable Network
Network Security
There are two main types of network security
that must be addressed:
• Network infrastructure security
• Physical security of network
devices
• Preventing unauthorized
access to the devices
• Information Security
• Protection of the
information or data
transmitted over the
network
Three goals of network security:
• Confidentiality – only intended
recipients can read the data
• Integrity – assurance that the
data has not be altered with
during transmission
• Availability – assurance of timely
and reliable access to data for
authorized users
1.7 Network Trends

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Network Trends
Recent Trends

The role of the network must adjust

and continually transform in order to
be able to keep up with new
technologies and end user devices
as they constantly come to the
market.
Several new networking trends that
effect organizations and
consumers:
• Bring Your Own Device
(BYOD)
• Online collaboration
• Video communications
• Cloud computing
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Network Trends
Bring Your Own Device
Bring Your Own Device (BYOD)
allows users to use their own
devices giving them more
opportunities and greater flexibility.
BYOD allows end users to have the
freedom to use personal tools to
access information and
communicate using their:
• Laptops
• Netbooks
• Tablets
• Smartphones
• E-readers
BYOD means any device, with any
ownership, used anywhere.
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Network Trends
Online Collaboration

▪ Collaborate and work with others over

the network on joint projects.

▪ Collaboration tools including Cisco

WebEx (shown in the figure) gives
users a way to instantly connect and
interact.

▪ Collaboration is a very high priority for

businesses and in education.

▪ Cisco Webex Teams is a

multifunctional collaboration tool.
• send instant messages
• post images
• post videos and links
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Network Trends
Video Communication

• Video calls are made to anyone, regardless of where they are located.
• Video conferencing is a powerful tool for communicating with others.
• Video is becoming a critical requirement for effective collaboration.
• Cisco TelePresence powers is one way of working where everyone,
everywhere.
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Network Trends
Video – Cisco Telepresence
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Network Trends
Video – Cisco WebEx for Huddles
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Network Trends
Cloud Computing

Cloud computing allows us to store personal files or backup our data on servers over the
internet.
• Applications can also be accessed using the Cloud.
• Allows businesses to deliver to any device anywhere in the world.

Cloud computing is made possible by data centers.

• Smaller companies that can’t afford their own data centers, lease server and storage
services from larger data center organizations in the Cloud.
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Network Trends
Cloud Computing (Cont.)
Four types of Clouds:
• Public Clouds
• Available to the general public through a pay-per-use model or for free.
• Private Clouds
• Intended for a specific organization or entity such as the government.
• Hybrid Clouds
• Made up of two or more Cloud types – for example, part custom and part public.
• Each part remains a distinctive object but both are connected using the same
architecture.
• Custom Clouds
• Built to meet the needs of a specific industry, such as healthcare or media.
• Can be private or public.
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Network Trends
Technology Trends in the Home
• Smart home technology is a
growing trend that allows
technology to be integrated
into every-day appliances
which allows them to
interconnect with other
devices.
• Ovens might know what
time to cook a meal for you
by communicating with your
calendar on what time you
are scheduled to be home.
• Smart home technology is
currently being developed
for all rooms within a house.
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Network Trends
Powerline Networking
• Powerline networking
can allow devices to
connect to a LAN where
data network cables or
wireless
communications are not
a viable option.
• Using a standard
powerline adapter,
devices can connect to
the LAN wherever there
is an electrical outlet by
sending data on certain
frequencies.
• Powerline networking is
especially useful when
wireless access points
cannot reach all the
devices in the home.
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Network Trends
Wireless Broadband
In addition to DSL and cable, wireless is
another option used to connect homes and
small businesses to the internet.
• More commonly found in
rural environments, a
Wireless Internet Service
Provider (WISP) is an ISP
that connects subscribers to
designated access points or
hotspots.
• Wireless broadband is
another solution for the home
and small businesses.
• Uses the same cellular
technology used by a
smart phone.
• An antenna is installed
outside the house
providing wireless or
wired connectivity for
devices in the home.
1.8 Network Security

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Network Security
Security Threats • Network security is an
integral part of networking
regardless of the size of
the network.
• The network security that is
implemented must take
into account the
environment while securing
the data, but still allowing
for quality of service that is
expected of the network.
• Securing a network
involves many protocols,
technologies, devices,
tools, and techniques in
order to secure data and
mitigate threats.
• Threat vectors might be
external or internal.
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Network Security
Security Threats (Cont.)
External Threats:
• Viruses, worms, and
Trojan horses
• Spyware and adware
• Zero-day attacks
• Threat Actor attacks
• Denial of service
attacks
• Data interception and
theft
• Identity theft

Internal Threats:
• lost or stolen devices
• accidental misuse by
employees
• malicious employees
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Network Security
Security Solutions

Security must be implemented in multiple

layers using more than one security solution.
Network security components for home or
small office network:
• Antivirus and antispyware
software should be installed on
end devices.
• Firewall filtering used to block
unauthorized access to the
network.
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Network Security
Security Solutions (Cont.)

Larger networks have additional security

requirements:
• Dedicated firewall system
• Access control lists (ACL)
• Intrusion prevention systems
(IPS)
• Virtual private networks (VPN)
The study of network security starts with a clear
understanding of the underlying switching and
routing infrastructure.
1.9 The IT Professional

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The IT Professional
CCNA The Cisco Certified Network Associate
(CCNA) certification:
• demonstrates that you
have a knowledge of
foundational technologies
• ensures you stay relevant
with skills needed for the
adoption of next-generation
technologies.
The new CCNA focus:
• IP foundation and security
topics
• Wireless, virtualization,
automation, and network
programmability.
New DevNet certifications at the associate,
specialist and professional levels, to validate
your software development skills.
Specialist certification validate your skills in
line with your job role and interests.
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The IT Professional
Networking Jobs

At www.netacad.com you can click the Careers

menu and then select Employment
opportunities.
• Find employment opportunities
by using the Talent Bridge
Matching Engine.
• Search for jobs with Cisco,
Cisco partners and distributors
seeking Cisco Networking
Academy students and alumni.
1.10 Module Practice and
Quiz

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Module Practice and Quiz
What did I learn in this module?
• Through the use of networks, we are connected like never before.
• All computers that are connected to a network and participate directly in
network communication are classified as hosts.
• Diagrams of networks often use symbols to represent the different devices and
connections that make up a network.
• A diagram provides an easy way to understand how devices connect in a large
network.
• The two types of network infrastructures are Local Area Networks (LANs), and
Wide Area Networks (WANs).
• SOHO internet connections include cable, DSL, Cellular, Satellite, and Dial-up
telephone.
• Business internet connections include Dedicated Leased Line, Metro Ethernet,
Business DSL, and Satellite.
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Module Practice and Quiz
What did I learn in this module? (Cont.)
• Network architecture refers to the technologies that support the infrastructure and
the programmed services and rules, or protocols, that move data across the
network.
• There are four basic characteristics of network architecture: Fault Tolerance,
Scalability, Quality of Service (QoS), and Security.
• Recent networking trends that affect organizations and consumers: Bring Your
Own Device (BYOD), online collaboration, video communications, and cloud
computing.
• There are several common external and internal threats to networks.
• Larger networks and corporate networks use antivirus, antispyware, and firewall
filtering, but they also have other security requirements: Dedicated firewall
systems, Access control lists (ACL), Intrusion prevention systems (IPS), and
Virtual private networks (VPN)
• The Cisco Certified Network Associate (CCNA) certification demonstrates your
knowledge of foundational technologies.
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