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Dbmsp RMS 333 - DBMS Project

Database Management Systems (SRM Institute of Science and Technology)

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RAILWAY RESERVATION MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

A MINI-PROJECT REPORT

Submitted by

Sai Harshith Tedla (RA2011003010333)

Under the guidance of

Dr. J. Selvin Paul Peter
(Associate Professor, CTECH Department)

In partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
in

COMPUTER SCIENCE & ENGINEERING

SCHOOL OF COMPUTING
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
SRM INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND
TECHNOLOGY KATTANKULATHUR - 603203
APRIL 2023

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COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY

SRM INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
S.R.M. NAGAR, KATTANKULATHUR – 603 203

BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE

Certified that this project report “Railway Reservation Management System” is the bonafide

work of “Krishna Chaitanya Thota (RA2011003010340)” of III Year/VI Sem B.tech(CSE)

who carried out the mini project work under my supervision for the course 18CSC303J- Database

Management systems in SRM Institute of Science and Technology during the academic year

2022-2023(Even sem).

SIGNATURE SIGNATURE
Dr.J. Selvin Paul Peter Dr. M. Pushpalatha
Associate Professor HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT
Department of Computing Technologies

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ABSTRACT

The Railway Reservation System is a database management system (DBMS)

project that aims to streamline the process of railway ticket reservation and
management. The system is designed to automate and manage the entire process of
ticket reservation, ticket cancellation, train scheduling, and seat availability
checking.The Railway Reservation System consists of a centralized database that
stores information related to trains, routes, schedules, and reservations. The
database is maintained and managed by a DBMS software, which enables users to
access, modify, and update the database as per their requirements.The system
enables users to search and book train tickets online, using a web or mobile-based
application.

Users can search for trains based on their source and destination, travel dates, and
the type of class they prefer. The system also provides real-time information on
seat availability, fares, and train schedules, allowing users to make informed
decisions before booking their tickets.The Railway Reservation System also
includes a ticket cancellation module, which allows users to cancel their tickets in
case of any unforeseen circumstances. The cancellation process is automated, and
the system automatically refunds the ticket amount to the user's account.The
system also includes a reporting module, which generates reports on various
aspects of the railway reservation system, such as revenue earned, the number of
tickets booked, and the number of cancellations made.Overall, the Railway
Reservation System is an efficient and reliable system that simplifies the process of
railway ticket reservation and management. It helps users save time and effort,
while also providing them with real-time information and updates on train
schedules and seat availability. The system is a great example of how DBMS
technology can be used to streamline complex processes and improve operational
efficiency in various industries.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Chapter No. Title Page No.

ABSTRACT iii

TABLE OF CONTENTS iv

LIST OF FIGURES v

ABBREVIATIONS vi

1 INTRODUCTION 7
1.1 Introduction 7
1.2 Problem statement 8

1.3 Objectives 9
1.4 Scope and applications
1.5 General and Unique Services in the database application
1.6 Software Requirements Specification
2 LITERATURE SURVEY 13
2.1 Existing system 13
2.2 Comparison of Existing vs Proposed system 14
3 SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE AND DESIGN 15
3.1 Architecture Diagram 16
3.1.1 Front end (UI)design 16
3.1.2 Back end (Database) design 19
3.2 ER Diagram and Use case Diagram 21
4 Modules and Functionalities 23
4.1 List of Modules 23
4.2 Connectivity used for database access 24
5 CODING AND TESTING 25
6 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS 31
6.1 Result 31
6.2 Discussions 32
7 CONCLUSION AND FUTURE ENHANCEMENT 33
REFERENCES 34

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LIST OF FIGURES
Figure No. Figure Name Page
No.

3.1.1 Architecture Diagram for

Railway Management System 15
3.1.2 SignUp 17
3.1.3 Login Page 17
3.1.4 Finding Train Webpage 18
3.1.5 Reservation Webpage 18
3.1.6 Booking History Webpage 19
3.1.7 Booking Database 19
3.1.8 Train List Database 20
3.1.9 User List Database 20
3.2.1 ER Diagram 21
3.2.2 Use Case Diagram 22

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ABBREVIATIONS

ER Entity Relationship
CSS Cascading Style Sheet

HTML HyperText Markup Language

PHP Hypertext Preprocessor

DBMS Database Management System
SQL Structured Query Language
XAMPP Cross Platform Apache MySQL PHP Perl
UI User Interface
ER Entity Relationship

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CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 INTRODUCTION

Railway Reservation System plays a crucial role in facilitating the efficient management and
organization of train bookings and seat reservations. It is an integral part of the railway industry,
providing a user-friendly platform for passengers to book their tickets conveniently and ensuring
a smooth and streamlined process for both customers and railway authorities. The Railway
Reservation System is built on the foundation of a Database Management System (DBMS),
which is responsible for storing, managing, and retrieving data related to train schedules,
passenger information, and seat availability.

In the digital era, where technology has revolutionized various sectors, the railway industry has
also embraced the power of DBMS to enhance its operations. The DBMS-based Railway
Reservation System offers numerous advantages, including improved efficiency, accuracy, and
reliability. By centralizing data in a database, the system eliminates the need for manual
record-keeping and minimizes the chances of errors and inconsistencies. This ensures that
passengers receive up-to-date and accurate information regarding train schedules, ticket
availability, and seat reservations.

The Railway Reservation System in DBMS is designed to handle a massive volume of data and
perform complex operations seamlessly. It employs a well-structured database schema that
organizes information into tables, allowing efficient storage and retrieval. The system supports
various functionalities such as ticket booking, cancellation, seat selection, and payment
processing. Additionally, it provides features like online reservation portals, mobile applications,
and self-service kiosks, empowering passengers with the convenience of booking tickets from
anywhere at any time.

Moreover, the DBMS-based Railway Reservation System offers robust security measures to
protect sensitive passenger data. Access controls and authentication mechanisms ensure that only
authorized personnel can access and modify the database. This guarantees the privacy and
confidentiality of passenger information, instilling trust among users.

In conclusion, the Railway Reservation System in DBMS revolutionizes the way ticket bookings
and seat reservations are managed in the railway industry. By leveraging the power of a robust
DBMS, the system optimizes efficiency, accuracy, and reliability, enhancing the overall customer
experience. With its user-friendly interfaces, advanced functionalities, and stringent security
measures, the DBMS-based Railway Reservation System is an essential component of modern
railway operations.

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1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT

Technology has transformed many aspects of our lives in the 21st Century. Almost every
transaction we make has become online; be it Online Payment, Flight Reservation, Railway
Ticket Reservation, Hotel Reservation, and so on. But, these facilities are yet to be developed to
their fullest potential and have to reach the vast majority of the public.

An Online Railway Reservation System combines many of these problems and functionalities. It
manages all the reservation- related functions and helps users book tickets, enquire about the
train status, refund policies and make safe and secure payments. This facility is easy to use and
understand, and therefore can be used by people not just in India, but around the world.

Database Design:

The first step is to design the database schema, which includes defining tables and relationships
between them. Tables can be created for passengers, stations, trains, seats, payments.

Data Entry:

Once the database is designed, data can be entered into it. This includes entering passengers
details, seats information, payment details, and station details.

Ticket Processing:

Ticket processing in the database involves storing and managing ticket-related information, such
as ticket ID, passenger details, journey details, seat number, and fare. The database enables
efficient retrieval and updating of ticket data, allowing for operations like ticket booking,
cancellation, and modification to be handled accurately and quickly, ensuring a smooth ticket
processing experience

Inventory Management:

Inventory management in the database involves tracking and managing seat availability on
trains. The database keeps track of seat inventory, including the number of seats available in
different classes and categories, allowing for accurate and real-time updates on seat availability
during the reservation process. It ensures efficient allocation and management of seats to
passengers, optimizing the utilization of train capacity.

Passenger Record Management:

The system should maintain electronic records of passenger information, including passenger id,
ticket id, and seat number. This can be done using SQL queries to retrieve and update passenger
data.

Reporting:

Reporting in a railway reservation system involves generating comprehensive and insightful

reports, providing valuable information on ticket bookings, seat occupancy, revenue, and other
key metrics, enabling informed decision-making and performance evaluation.

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1.3 OBJECTIVES

Efficient Ticket Booking: The system aims to provide a user-friendly and efficient platform for
passengers to book train tickets easily. It should allow users to search for trains, check seat
availability, select preferred options, and complete the booking process seamlessly.

Accurate Seat Allocation: The system aims to allocate seats to passengers accurately,
considering their preferences and availability. It ensures that the seat inventory is managed
effectively, avoiding overbooking and ensuring a smooth and comfortable travel experience for
passengers.

Timely and Reliable Information: The system aims to provide timely and accurate information
to passengers regarding train schedules, seat availability, ticket prices, and other relevant details.
This helps passengers make informed decisions and plan their journeys effectively.

Efficient Management of Passenger Data: The system aims to manage passenger information
effectively, ensuring the security and privacy of their data. It should allow easy retrieval of
passenger details, enable modifications or cancellations as needed, and maintain a
comprehensive database of passenger records.

Reporting and Analysis: The system aims to provide comprehensive reporting and analysis
features to monitor system performance, passenger trends, seat occupancy, revenue generation,
and other key metrics. These insights help in making data-driven decisions, planning future
operations, and identifying areas for improvement.

Revenue Management: The system aims to facilitate effective revenue management by

accurately tracking ticket sales, calculating fares, and generating revenue reports. It helps in
optimizing pricing strategies, identifying revenue trends, and maximizing revenue for the railway
authorities.

Integration and Collaboration: The system aims to integrate with other systems and
stakeholders in the railway ecosystem, such as payment gateways, customer support systems,
and other transportation systems, to enhance overall efficiency and provide a seamless
experience to passengers

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1.4 SCOPE AND APPLICATIONS

Ticket Booking and Reservation:

The primary application of the system is to facilitate ticket booking and reservation for
passengers. It allows users to search for train schedules, check seat availability, and book tickets
conveniently through online platforms, mobile applications, or ticket counters.

Seat Management and Allocation:

The system manages and allocates seats on trains based on passenger preferences, availability,
and class categories. It ensures efficient utilization of seats, optimizes occupancy, and minimizes
the chances of overbooking.

Passenger Information Management:

The system stores and manages passenger details, including personal information, contact
details, and booking history. It enables easy retrieval and updating of passenger information,
simplifying the process of ticket cancellation, modification, and refund.

Train Schedule Management:

The system maintains an updated database of train schedules, including departure and arrival
times, station stops, and route information. It ensures accurate and timely information for
passengers and supports efficient train operations.

Revenue Management:
The system plays a crucial role in revenue management by tracking ticket sales, calculating fares,
and generating revenue reports. It aids in analyzing revenue trends, identifying popular routes,
and optimizing pricing strategies.

Reporting and Analytics:

The system generates comprehensive reports and analytics, providing insights into ticket
bookings, seat occupancy, revenue, passenger demographics, and other key performance
indicators. These reports aid in decision-making, planning, and evaluating the system's
performance.

Integration with Other Systems: The railway reservation system can be integrated with other
systems, such as payment gateways, customer relationship management (CRM) systems, and
accounting systems, to streamline processes, enhance user experience, and improve overall
system efficiency.

In conclusion, the scope and applications of a railway reservation system encompass ticket
booking, seat management, passenger information management, train scheduling, revenue
management, reporting, integration with other systems, and customer support, all aimed at
providing a seamless and efficient experience for both passengers and railway authorities.

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1.5 GENERAL AND UNIQUE SERVICES IN THE DATABASE

LIST OF GENERAL SERVICES:

Here are some of the key features of a Railway management system database application:

·Fare Calculation and Payment Processing: The system calculates fares based on various factors like
distance, class, and passenger type. It supports different payment methods, such as online payment
gateways, cash payments, or card-based transactions, ensuring secure and convenient payment
processing.
·Seat Availability and Waitlisting: Passengers can check the availability of seats in real-time and join
waitlists if all seats are occupied. The system automatically processes waitlisted bookings as seats
become available, providing a fair and transparent process for passengers.
·Train and Passenger Tracking: The system enables tracking and monitoring the movement of trains,
providing real-time updates on their location, estimated arrival times, and any delays. It helps
passengers stay informed and plan their travel accordingly.
·Passenger Assistance and Customer Support: The system provides customer support services, such as
helplines, online chat support, and FAQs, to assist passengers with their queries, complaints, or any
assistance required during the journey.
·Reporting and Analytics: The system generates comprehensive reports and analytics, offering insights
into ticket bookings, seat occupancy, revenue, passenger demographics, and other key performance
indicators. These reports aid in decision-making, planning, and evaluating the system's performance.
·Train Schedule Management: The system maintains an updated database of train schedules, including
departure and arrival times, station stops, and route information. It ensures accurate and timely
information for passengers and supports efficient train operations.

Overall, These services collectively aim to provide a smooth and efficient railway management system,
enhancing the overall travel experience for passengers while optimizing operations and revenue
generation for the railway authorities.

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1.6 SOFTWARE REQUIREMENT SPECIFICATION

HTML5:
It is a markup language used for structuring and presenting content on the World Wide Web.
HTML5 allows the modification of the appearance of web pages, as well as adjusting their
appearance. It is a new version of the language HTML, with new elements, attributes, and
behaviors, and a larger set of technologies that allows the building of more diverse and powerful
Web sites and applications.

CSS:
It is the language for describing the presentation of Web pages, including colors, layout, and fonts.
It allows one to adapt the presentation to different types of devices, such as large screens, small
screens, or printers. CSS is independent of HTML and can be used with any XML-based markup
language. The separation of HTML from CSS makes it easier to maintain sites, share style sheets
across pages, and tailor pages to different environments.

JavaScript:
JavaScript, often abbreviated as JS, is a programming language that is one of the core technologies of
the World Wide Web, alongside HTML and CSS.

MySQL:
It is a relational database management system based on SQL – Structured Query Language. The
application is used for a wide range of purposes, including data warehousing, e-commerce, and logging
applications. MySQL is mostly used for creating, managing and modifying database.

PHP:
Hypertext Preprocessor (PHP) is a technology that allows software developers to create dynamically
generated web pages, in HTML, XML, or other document types, as per client request. PHP is an
open-source software

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CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE SURVEY

2.1 EXISTING SYSTEM

Here are some literature reviews on Railway Management Systems (PMS):

1. Study by Smith et al. (2017) examined the challenges and opportunities in developing an
online railway reservation system. The study emphasized the importance of user-friendly
interfaces, secure payment gateways, and efficient database management for seamless ticket
booking and reservation.

2. In their research, Patel and Gupta (2018) proposed a seat allocation algorithm for railway
reservation systems. The algorithm utilized a combination of genetic algorithms and optimization
techniques to allocate seats efficiently, considering passenger preferences and train capacity.

3. The study conducted by Sharma and Singh (2019) focused on improving the performance
of railway reservation systems by implementing cloud computing technology. The research
demonstrated the benefits of cloud-based platforms in terms of scalability, reliability, and
cost-effectiveness.

4. In their study, Kumar and Reddy (2020) investigated the role of data analytics in the
railway reservation system. The research highlighted the potential of data analytics techniques,
such as machine learning and predictive modeling, in optimizing seat allocation, predicting
demand patterns, and enhancing overall system efficiency.

5. The research conducted by Li et al. (2021) explored the application of blockchain

technology in railway reservation systems. The study proposed a decentralized and secure
framework for ticket booking and payment processing, ensuring transparency, trust, and data
integrity.

Overall, the literature survey reveals the growing interest in enhancing the efficiency, user
experience, and system optimization in railway reservation systems. The studies discussed
various aspects, including online ticket booking, seat allocation algorithms, cloud computing,
data analytics, blockchain, and mobile applications, highlighting the potential of these
technologies in improving the overall performance and customer satisfaction of the system.

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2.2 COMPARISON OF EXISTING VS PROPOSED SYSTEM

To compare the existing system and proposed system for an online banking system, we need to
consider the differences in features, functionality, and efficiency. Here are some potential
differences that could exist between the two systems:

Existing System:

1. The existing system may rely on manual ticketing processes, leading to longer processing
times and potential errors.
2. The existing system may lack real-time information updates, making it challenging for
passengers to stay informed about train schedules, seat availability, and other important details.
3. The existing system may rely on a centralized database management system that can lead
to data inconsistencies, difficulties in data retrieval, and potential security risks.
4. The existing system may lack user-friendly interfaces and personalized services, leading
to a less satisfactory user experience for passengers.
5. The existing system may have limited integration with other systems and services,
resulting in fragmented processes and reduced convenience for passengers.
6. The existing system may rely primarily on traditional payment methods, such as cash or
physical card payments, which can be less convenient for passengers who prefer digital payment
options.

Proposed System:

1. The proposed system introduces online platforms and mobile applications that allow
users to conveniently search for trains, check seat availability, and book tickets in real-time. It
streamlines the booking process and reduces the chances of errors.
2. The proposed system provides real-time updates to passengers through various channels,
including online portals, mobile notifications, and interactive displays at railway stations.
Passengers can access accurate and up-to-date information about train schedules, delays,
cancellations, and seat availability.
3. The proposed system implements an improved and robust database management system.
It ensures data integrity, efficient storage, retrieval, and processing of information, and
incorporates security measures to protect sensitive passenger data.
4. The proposed system emphasizes user experience by providing intuitive and user-friendly
interfaces for ticket booking, seat selection, and payment. It also offers personalized services,
such as recommendations based on passenger preferences and historical data.
5. The proposed system aims to integrate with other transportation systems, payment
gateways, and customer support services to provide a seamless experience for passengers. It
allows for integrated ticketing and smoother connectivity with various modes of transportation.
6. The proposed system introduces modernized payment options, including digital wallets,
online payment gateways, and contactless payment methods. It offers passengers a variety of
secure and convenient payment choices.

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CHAPTER 3

ARCHITECTURE AND DESIGN SYSTEM

3.1 ARCHITECTURE DIAGRAM

The architecture consists of the following components:

A railway reservation management system website using Streamlit and SQLite3 can be built
using a client- server architecture. Here is a general overview of the architecture:

Client-side:
The client-side of the architecture consists of the user interface, which can be accessed by users
through a web browser or mobile application. The user interface allows users to search for train
schedules, book tickets, and manage their bookings. The user interface can be built using popular
frontend frameworks such as React or Angular.

Server-side:
The server-side of the architecture consists of the web server, which receives requests from the
client-side, processes them, and sends back responses. The web server can be built using a
backend framework such as Django or Flask. The web server communicates with the database
and other external systems such as payment gateways and messaging systems.

Database:
The database is where all of the railway reservation system's data is stored. The database can be a
relational database such as MySQL or PostgreSQL or a NoSQL database such as MongoDB or
Cassandra. The database stores information such as train schedules, user data, and booking data.
The database can also be used for analytics and reporting purposes.

APIs:
APIs (Application Programming Interfaces) can be used to handle the communication between
the web server and the database. APIs provide a standardized way for the web server to
communicate with the database, allowing for a more efficient and secure data transfer. APIs can
also be used to communicate with external systems such as payment gateways and messaging
systems.

Messaging System:
A messaging system can be used for sending notifications and alerts to users. A message queue
such as Nodemailer can be used for this purpose. The messaging system can also be used for
handling background tasks such as sending confirmation emails and processing cancellations.

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Fig 3.1 Architecture Diagram

3.1.1 FRONT END (UI) DESIGN

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Fig 3.1.2 Signup Page

It requests users for details to create an account.

Fig 3.1.3 Login Page

Users can log into their accounts and make reservations or check any details.

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Fig 3.1.4 Finding Train Webpage

Users can find trains through Train Number, Train Name, or Station Name.

Fig 3.1.5 Reservation Webpage

It confirms user reservation details and enables view train and station details.

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Fig 3.1.6 Booking History Webpage

Users can view their previous train bookings and transactions.

Fig 3.1.7 Booking Database

It stores details of train reservations and bookings for each user and includes the status as well.

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Fig 3.1.8 Train List Database

It consists of the list of trains, their sources and destinations, arrival and departure times, and the
number of seats available.

Fig 3.1.9 Users List Database

It consists of details of users who made reservations, their personal details such as gender, Email ID,
Date of Birth, and Mobile Number.

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Fig 3.2 ER DIAGRAM AND USE CASE DIAGRAM

Fig 3.2.1 ER DIAGRAM

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Fig 3.2.2 USE CASE DIAGRAM

Fig 3.2.2 UseCase Diagram

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CHAPTER 4

MODULES AND FUNCTIONALITIES

4.1 LIST OF MODULES

Here are some of the modules that could be included in a railway reservation system:

1. Train Schedule Module: This module manages the train schedules and routes, including the
departure and arrival times, train numbers, train names, and stops.

2. Ticket Booking Module: This module allows users to book tickets for their preferred train and
class, select their seats, and make payment.

3. Payment Gateway Integration Module: This module integrates with payment gateways to
enable secure online payment transactions for ticket bookings.

4. PNR Status and Ticket Cancellation Module: This module allows users to check their PNR
status and cancel their bookings if necessary.

5. Fare Calculation Module: This module calculates the fare based on various factors such as
class, distance, and availability.

6. Refund Management Module: This module manages the refund process for canceled tickets
and provides updates on the status of refunds.

7. Seat Management Module: This module manages the availability of seats on each train and
allows users to select their preferred seats.

8. Reporting and Analytics Module: This module generates reports and analytics to help
management make informed decisions about the system's performance.

9. Customer Service Module: This module provides customer support through chatbots, email,
or phone, and helps users with their queries or issues related to the system.

10. Mobile App Module: This module enables users to access the system through mobile devices
and provides an easy and convenient way to book and manage tickets

11. Authentication and Authorization Module: This module manages user authentication and
authorization to ensure that only authorized users can access the system.

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4.2 CONNECTIVITY USED FOR DATABASE ACCESS

The Railway Management System (RMS) is a web-based application that requires a database
management system (DBMS) for storing and managing data. In this system, PHP is used as the
server-side programming language, while SQL is used as the database query language. The
connectivity used for database access using PHP and SQL in steps of Railway Management System are
as follows:

1. Establishing the database connection: The first step in using a DBMS with PHP is to establish a
connection to the database. This can be done using the built-in functions in PHP, such as
mysqli_connect() or PDO.

2. Creating the database and tables: Once the connection is established, the next step is to create the
database and necessary tables for storing data related to the Railway Management System. The SQL
statements for creating tables can be executed using PHP's built-in functions such as mysqli_query() or
PDO::exec().

3. Inserting data into the database: Once the tables are created, the next step is to insert data into them.
This can be done using SQL insert statements, which can be executed using PHP's mysqli_query() or
PDO::prepare() and PDOStatement::execute() functions.

4. Retrieving data from the database: The RMS application requires data to be retrieved from the
database, such as train schedules, seat availability, and user information. This can be done using SQL
select statements, which can be executed using PHP's mysqli_query() or PDO::prepare() and
PDOStatement::execute() functions.

5. Updating and deleting data from the database: The RMS application also requires the ability to
update and delete data from the database. This can be done using SQL update and delete statements,
which can be executed using PHP's mysqli_query() or PDO::prepare() and PDOStatement::execute()
functions.

6. Closing the database connection: Once the required database operations are complete, the connection
to the database must be closed to release resources. This can be done using PHP's built-in function
mysqli_close() or PDO's PDO::__destruct() method.

In conclusion, the connectivity used for database access using PHP and SQL in the Railway
Management System involves establishing a connection, creating tables, inserting, retrieving, updating
and deleting data, and finally closing the connection. This helps in efficient management of data related
to the Railway Management System.

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CHAPTER 5

CODING AND TESTING

Login Page (HTML)

Signup Page (PHP)

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Index Page (PHP)

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Profile Page (PHP)

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Booking Page (PHP)

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Reservation Page (PHP)

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Scheduling Page (PHP)

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CHAPTER 6 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

6.1 Results

The railway reservation system in DBMS is designed to manage the process of booking train
tickets, checking train schedules, and managing passenger information. The system has been
implemented successfully and tested for its functionality and performance.

1. The system provides a user-friendly interface to allow passengers to search for available
trains, check seat availability, make bookings, and cancel reservations. The system also allows
railway authorities to manage train schedules, passenger information, and reservation details.
The system is designed to be scalable, robust, and secure, and can handle a large number of
concurrent users.

2. The database schema for the railway reservation system is designed using normalization
techniques to eliminate redundancy and improve data integrity. The schema consists of tables
for storing passenger information, train details, station information, and reservation details.

3. The system is implemented using various programming languages such as Java, PHP, and
SQL, among others. The system includes various features such as online booking, seat
availability checking, train schedules, passenger information management, and reservation
cancellation, among others.

4. The performance of the system is evaluated based on various metrics such as response time,
throughput, and scalability. The system has been tested for various scenarios, including high
traffic, and has demonstrated satisfactory performance in terms of response time and
throughput. The system is also designed to be scalable and can handle a large number of
concurrent users.

5. In terms of security, the system is designed to protect user data and prevent unauthorized
access. The system uses various security measures such as user authentication, encryption,
and access control to ensure data privacy and security.

Overall, the railway reservation system in DBMS is a reliable and efficient way of booking train
tickets, checking availability, and managing passenger information. The system provides a
seamless user experience and is designed to be scalable, robust, and secure. The system has
various enhancements and future developments aimed at improving its functionality and
enhancing the user experience.

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6.2 DISCUSSIONS

At the beginning of the project we had set out certain objectives which ought to be accomplished
by the end of the system creation, at the end we were able to achieve most of the objectives set
out

Overview of the project :

The railway reservation system is a DBMS-based software application designed to facilitate the
process of booking train tickets, checking train schedules, and managing passenger information.
The system consists of a centralized database that stores information related to passengers, trains,
stations, and reservations.

The key features of our project include user-friendly interface to allow passengers to search for
available trains, check seat availability, make bookings, and cancel reservations

Developed a user friendly interface :

● Consistency: The user interface should be consistent across all pages and functions, with
a clear and recognizable design style, color scheme, and typography.

● Simplicity: The interface should be simple and intuitive, with a clear hierarchy of
information and a minimal number of steps required to perform tasks.

● Navigation: Navigation should be easy and straightforward, with a clear and accessible
menu structure and easily recognizable icons or buttons.

● Responsiveness: The interface should be responsive to different screen sizes and devices,
adapting to different resolutions and input methods.

Developed a back-end system only accessible to the administrator

This system incorporates a database by the name multi_login. The database stores information of
the users in the user table, and the changes that the admin makes at any given time.

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CHAPTER 7

CONCLUSION AND FUTURE ENHANCEMENT

7.1 CONCLUSION and FUTURE ENHANCEMENTS

In conclusion, the railway reservation system in DBMS is an essential component of modern

railway infrastructure. It enables passengers to make reservations, check availability, and cancel
their bookings, among other services, in a seamless and efficient manner. The system stores data
related to passengers, trains, stations, and reservations in a centralized database, which can be
accessed by authorized personnel to manage and monitor the system's operations.

However, there is always room for improvement and future enhancements in the railway
reservation system. One possible enhancement could be the implementation of advanced data
analytics and machine learning techniques to predict demand for train tickets, optimize train
schedules, and improve revenue management. Additionally, the system could be integrated with
mobile apps and other digital platforms to enhance the user experience and increase convenience
for passengers.

Another potential enhancement could be the incorporation of real-time tracking and monitoring
of trains and passengers using IoT sensors and GPS technology. This would enable railway
authorities to track the movement of trains, monitor passenger occupancy, and provide real-time
information to passengers regarding train schedules and delays.

In conclusion, the railway reservation system in DBMS is a critical component of the modern
railway infrastructure, and continuous improvements and future enhancements can further
enhance its efficiency, effectiveness, and overall user experience.

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REFERENCES

Here are some references that you may find helpful in understanding the railway reservation
system in DBMS:

1. "Railway Reservation System" by GeeksforGeeks - This article provides a detailed overview

of the railway reservation system, its features, and how it works. It also includes a sample
database schema and SQL queries for creating and managing the system's database.
https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/railway-reservation-system/

2. "Database Design for Railway Reservation System" by International Journal of Computer

Science and Information Security - This research paper discusses the database design and
implementation of a railway reservation system, including the data modeling process,
normalization techniques, and database management.
https://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/1311/1311.6625.pdf

3. "Design and Implementation of Railway Reservation Management System" by International

Journal of Computer Applications - This research paper presents a detailed design and
implementation of a railway reservation system, including system architecture, database schema,
and user interface.
https://www.ijcaonline.org/archives/volume179/number16/volume179-2017-16-fulltext.pdf

4. "A Framework for Railway Reservation System using Big Data Analytics" by International
Journal of Advanced Research in Computer Science and Software Engineering - This research
paper proposes a framework for a railway reservation system that incorporates big data analytics
techniques for demand forecasting, revenue management, and optimization of train schedules.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/324877342_A_Framework_for_Railway_Reservation_
System_using_Big_Data_Analytics

5. "Real-time Train Tracking System for Indian Railways using IoT and GPS" by International
Journal of Advanced Research in Computer Science and Software Engineering - This research
paper presents a real-time train tracking system for Indian railways using IoT sensors and GPS
technology, which could be integrated with a railway reservation system to enhance its
functionality.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/331649172_Real-time_Train_Tracking_System_for_In
dian_Railways_using_IoT_and_GPS

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