FAA-G-8082-17

RECREATIONAL PILOT
AND
PRIVATE PILOT
KNOWLEDGE TEST GUIDE

U.S. Department of Transportation

Federal Aviation Administration
 RECREATIONAL PILOT
AND
PRIVATE PILOT
KNOWLEDGE TEST GUIDE

1999

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION

FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION
Flight Standards Service
 PREFACE

FAA-G-8082-17, Recreational Pilot and Private Pilot Knowledge Test Guide, provides information for obtaining
authorization to take the recreational pilot or private pilot knowledge tests. Appendix 1 provides lists of reference
materials and subject matter knowledge codes, and a list of computer testing designees (CTD’s).

Changes to the subject matter knowledge codes will be published in AC 60-25, Reference Materials and Subject
Matter Knowledge Codes for Airman Knowledge Testing.

The current Flight Standards Service airman training and testing material, questions banks, and subject matter knowledge
codes for all airman certificates and ratings can be obtained from the Regulatory Support Division, AFS-600, home
page on the Internet.

The Regulatory Support Division’s Internet address is: http://www.mmac.jccbi.gov/afs/afs600

FAA-G-8082-17 supersedes Advisory Circular (AC) 61-117, dated 1995, and can be purchased from the Superintendent
of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office (GPO), Washington, DC 20402-9325, or from U.S. Government
Bookstores located in major cities throughout the United States. For an explanation of why the Recreational Pilot and
Private Pilot Knowledge Test Guide was taken out of the AC system, refer to AC 60-29, Renumbering of Airman
Training and Testing Publications.

Comments regarding this guide should be sent to the Federal Aviation Administration, Airman Testing Standards
Branch, AFS-630, Attn: Private Pilot Certification Area Manager, P.O. Box 25082, Oklahoma City, OK 73125.

iii
 CONTENTS

Preface .................................................................................................................................................. iii

Contents ................................................................................................................................................. v

Introduction ............................................................................................................................................ 1
Knowledge Test Eligibility Requirements ................................................................................................ 1
Knowledge Areas on the Tests ................................................................................................................ 1
Descriptions of the Tests ......................................................................................................................... 1
Process for Taking a Knowledge Test ...................................................................................................... 2
Use of Test Aids and Materials .............................................................................................................. 3
Cheating or Other Unauthorized Conduct ............................................................................................... 4
Validity of Airman Test Reports .............................................................................................................. 4
Retesting Procedures ............................................................................................................................. 4

Sample Test Questions and Answers:

Recreational Pilot—Airplane (RPA) ....................................................................................................... 5
Recreational Pilot—Rotorcraft/Helicopter (RPH) .................................................................................... 6
Recreational Pilot—Rotorcraft/Gyroplane (RPG) ................................................................................... 7
Private Pilot—Airplane/Recreational Pilot–Transition (PAT) ................................................................... 8
Private Pilot—Helicopter/Recreational Pilot–Transition (PHT) ............................................................... 9
Private Pilot—Gyroplane/Recreational Pilot—Transition (PGT) ........................................................... 10
Private Pilot—Airplane (PAR) .............................................................................................................. 11
Private Pilot—Rotorcraft/Helicopter (PRH) .......................................................................................... 12
Private Pilot—Rotorcraft/Gyroplane (PRG) .......................................................................................... 13
Private Pilot—Glider (PGL) ................................................................................................................. 14
Private Pilot—Balloon–Hot Air (PBH) ................................................................................................. 15
Private Pilot—Balloon–Gas (PBG) ....................................................................................................... 16
Private Pilot—Lighter -Than-Air–Airship (PLA) .................................................................................. 17

APPENDIX 1

List of Reference Materials and Subject Matter Knowledge Codes ....................................................... 1-1
Computer Testing Designees ................................................................................................................ 1-5

APPENDIX 2

FIGURE 1.—Time Conversion Table ...................................................................................................... 2-1

FIGURE 2.—Gyroplane Rotor Blade Position ........................................................................................ 2-2
FIGURE 3.—VOR ................................................................................................................................. 2-3

v
 RECREATIONAL PILOT AND PRIVATE PILOT
KNOWLEDGE TEST GUIDE

INTRODUCTION K NOWLEDGE TEST ELIGIBILITY

REQUIREMENTS
What is required to become a skilled and effective
recreational pilot or private pilot? Although some If you are pursuing a recreational pilot or private pilot
individuals possess more knowledge and skills than certificate, you should review: Title 14 of the Code of
others, no one is a natural-born pilot. Competent pilots Federal Regulations (14 CFR) part 61, section 61.23,
become so through study, training, and experience. Medical Certificates: Requirements and Duration; 14
CFR section 61.35, Knowledge Test: Prerequisites and
This knowledge test guide will answer most of your Passing Grades; and 14 CFR section 61.83, Eligibility
questions about taking a recreational pilot or private Requirements for Student Pilot, for detailed information
pilot knowledge test by covering the following areas: pertaining to prerequisites and eligibility.
knowledge test eligibility requirements; knowledge areas
on the tests; descriptions of the tests; process for taking If you are pursuing a recreational pilot certificate, you
a knowledge test; use of test aids and materials; should review 14 CFR section 61.96, Applicability and
cheating or other unauthorized conduct; validity of Eligibility Requirements: General, for additional
Airman Test Reports; and retesting procedures. detailed information pertaining to eligibility.

This guide will help in preparing you to take one or all If you are pursuing a private pilot certificate, you should
of the following tests. review 14 CFR section 61.103, Eligibility
Requirements: General, for additional detailed
Q Recreational Pilot—Airplane information pertaining to eligibility.
Q Recreational Pilot—Rotorcraft/Helicopter
Q Recreational Pilot—Rotorcraft/Gyroplane
KNOWLEDGE AREAS ON THE TESTS
Q Private Pilot—Airplane/Recreational Recreational pilot and private pilot tests are
Pilot–Transition comprehensive because they must test your knowledge
Q Private Pilot—Helicopter/Recreational in many subject areas.
Pilot–Transition
Q Private Pilot—Gyroplane/Recreational If you are pursuing a recreational pilot certificate or
added rating, you should review 14 CFR section 61.97,
Pilot–Transition
Aeronautical Knowledge, for the knowledge areas on
Q Private Pilot—Airplane the tests.
Q Private Pilot—Rotorcraft/Helicopter
Q Private Pilot—Rotorcraft/Gyroplane If you are pursuing a private pilot certificate or added
rating, you should review 14 CFR section 61.105,
Q Private Pilot—Glider Aeronautical Knowledge, for the knowledge areas on
Q Private Pilot—Balloon–Hot Air the tests.
Q Private Pilot—Balloon–Gas
Q Private Pilot—Lighter-Than-Air–Airship DESCRIPTIONS OF THE TESTS
This guide is not offered as an easy way to obtain the All test questions are the objective, multiple-choice type.
necessary information for passing the knowledge tests. Each question can be answered by the selection of a
Rather, the intent of this guide is to define and narrow single response. Each test question is independent of
the field of study to the required knowledge areas other questions; therefore, a correct response to one
included in the tests. does not depend upon, or influence, the correct response
to another.

1
The following tests each contain 50 questions, and you • Read each question carefully before looking at the
are allowed 2 hours to complete each test. possible answers. You should clearly understand the
problem before attempting to solve it.
Q Recreational Pilot—Airplane • After formulating an answer, determine which
Q Recreational Pilot—Rotorcraft/Helicopter
choice corresponds with that answer. The answer chosen
should completely resolve the problem.
Q Recreational Pilot—Rotorcraft/Gyroplane • From the answers given, it may appear that there
is more than one possible answer; however, there is
The following tests each contain 30 questions, and you only one answer that is correct and complete. The other
are allowed 1.5 hours to complete each test. answers are either incomplete, erroneous, or represent
common misconceptions.
Q Private Pilot—Airplane/Recreational • If a certain question is difficult for you, it is best to
Pilot–Transition mark it for review and proceed to the next question.
Q Private Pilot—Helicopter/Recreational
After you answer the less difficult questions, return to
those which you marked for review and answer them.
Pilot–Transition The review marking procedure will be explained to you
Q Private Pilot—Gyroplane/Recreational prior to starting the test. Although the computer should
Pilot–Transition alert you to unanswered questions, make sure every
question has an answer recorded. This procedure will
The following tests each contain 60 questions, and you enable you to use the available time to maximum
are allowed 2.5 hours to complete each test. advantage.
• When solving a calculation problem, select the
Q Private Pilot—Airplane answer closest to your solution. The problem has been
checked with various types of calculators; therefore, if
Q Private Pilot—Rotorcraft/Helicopter you have solved it correctly, your answer will be closer
Q Private Pilot—Rotorcraft/Gyroplane to the correct answer than any of the other choices.
Q Private Pilot—Glider
Q Private Pilot—Balloon–Hot Air PROCESS FOR TAKING A KNOWLEDGE
Q Private Pilot—Balloon–Gas TEST

Q Private Pilot—Lighter-Than-Air–Airship The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) has

available hundreds of computer testing centers
Communication between individuals through the use worldwide. These testing centers offer the full range of
of words is a complicated process. In addition to being airman knowledge tests including military competence,
an exercise in the application and use of aeronautical instrument foreign pilot, and pilot examiner
knowledge, a knowledge test is also an exercise in predesignated tests. Refer to appendix 1 of this guide
communication since it involves the use of the written for a list of computer testing designees (CTD’s).
language. Since the tests involve written rather than
spoken words, communication between the test writer The first step in taking a knowledge test is the
and the person being tested may become a difficult registration process. You may either call the central
matter if care is not exercised by both parties. 1-800 numbers (refer to appendix 1 for 1-800 numbers)
Consequently, considerable effort is expended to write or simply use the walk-in basis. If you choose to use
each question in a clear, precise manner. Make sure the 1-800 number to register, you will need to select a
you carefully read the instructions given with each test, testing center, schedule a test date, and make financial
as well as the statements in each test item. arrangements for test payment. You may register for
tests several weeks in advance, and you may cancel
When taking a test, keep the following points in mind: your appointment according to the CTD’s cancellation
policy. If you do not follow the CTD’s cancellation
• Answer each question in accordance with the latest policies, you could be subject to a cancellation fee.
regulations and guidance publications.

2
The next step in taking a knowledge test is providing Report and to complete an endorsement of this
proper identification. You should determine what instruction. The Airman Test Report must be presented
knowledge test prerequisites are necessary before going to the examiner prior to taking the practical test. During
to the computer testing center. Your instructor or local the oral portion of the practical test, the examiner is
Flight Standards District Office (FSDO) can assist you required to evaluate the noted areas of deficiency.
with what documentation to take to the testing facility.
Testing center personnel will not begin the test until Should you require a duplicate Airman Test Report due
your identification is verified. A limited number of tests to loss or destruction of the original, send a signed
do not require authorization. request accompanied by a check or money order for $1
payable to the FAA. Your request should be sent to the
Acceptable forms of authorization: Federal Aviation Administration, Airmen Certification
Branch, AFS-760, P.O. Box 25082, Oklahoma City,
• A certificate of graduation or a statement of
OK 73125.
accomplishment certifying the satisfactory completion
of the ground school portion of a course from an FAA-
certificated pilot school. USE OF TEST AIDS AND MATERIALS
• A certificate of graduation or a statement of
accomplishment certifying the satisfactory completion Airman knowledge tests require applicants to analyze
of the ground school portion of a course from an agency the relationship between variables needed to solve
such as a high school, college, adult education program, aviation problems, in addition to testing for accuracy of
U.S. Armed Force, ROTC Flight Training School, or a mathematical calculation. The intent is that all
Civil Air Patrol. applicants are tested on concepts rather than rote
• A written statement or logbook endorsement from calculation ability. It is permissible to use certain
an authorized instructor certifying that you have calculating devices when taking airman knowledge tests,
accomplished a ground training or home study course provided they are used within the following guidelines.
required for the rating sought and you are prepared for The term “calculating devices” is interchangeable with
the knowledge test. such items as calculators, computers, or any similar
• Failed Airman Test Report, passing Airman Test devices designed for aviation-related activities.
Report, or expired Airman Test Report (pass or fail),
provided that you still have the original Airman Test 1. Guidelines for use of test aids and materials.
Report in your possession. The applicant may use test aids and materials within
the guidelines listed below, if actual test questions or
Before you take the actual test, you will have the option answers are not revealed.
to take a sample test. The actual test is time limited;
however, you should have sufficient time to complete a. Applicants may use test aids, such as
and review your test. scales, straightedges, protractors, plotters, navigation
computers, log sheets, and all models of aviation-
Upon completion of the knowledge test, you will receive oriented calculating devices that are directly related to
your Airman Test Report, with the testing center’s the test. In addition, applicants may use any test
embossed seal, which reflects your score. materials provided with the test.

The Airman Test Report lists the subject matter b. Manufacturer’s permanently inscribed
knowledge codes for questions answered incorrectly. instructions on the front and back of such aids listed in
The total number of subject matter knowledge codes 1(a), e.g., formulas, conversions, regulations, signals,
shown on the Airman Test Report is not necessarily an weather data, holding pattern diagrams, frequencies,
indication of the total number of questions answered weight and balance formulas, and air traffic control
incorrectly. Appendix 1 contains a list of subject matter procedures are permissible.
knowledge codes that refer to the knowledge areas.
Study these knowledge areas to improve your c. The test proctor may provide calculating
understanding of the subject matter. devices to applicants and deny them use of their
personal calculating devices if the applicant’s device
Your instructor is required to provide instruction on does not have a screen that indicates all memory has
each of the knowledge areas listed on your Airman Test been erased. The test proctor must be able to determine

3
the calculating device’s erasure capability. The use of CHEATING OR OTHER UNAUTHORIZED
calculating devices incorporating permanent or
continuous type memory circuits without erasure CONDUCT
capability are prohibited.
Computer testing centers must follow strict security
d. The use of magnetic cards, magnetic tapes, procedures to avoid test compromise. These procedures
modules, computer chips, or any other device upon are established by the FAA and are covered in FAA
which prewritten programs or information related to Order 8080.6, Conduct of Airman Knowledge Tests.
the test can be stored and retrieved are prohibited. The FAA has directed testing centers to terminate a
Printouts of data will be surrendered at the completion test at any time a test proctor suspects a cheating
of the test if the calculating device used incorporates incident has occurred. An FAA investigation will then
this design feature. be conducted. If the investigation determines that
cheating or unauthorized conduct has occurred, then
e. The use of any booklet or manual any airman certificate or rating that you hold may be
containing instructions related to the use of the revoked, and you will be prohibited for 1 year from
applicant’s calculating device is not permitted. applying for or taking any test for a certificate or rating
under 14 CFR part 61.
f. Dictionaries are not allowed in the testing
area. VALIDITY OF AIRMAN TEST REPORTS
g. The test proctor makes the final Airman Test Reports are valid for the 24-calendar month
determination relating to test materials and personal period preceding the month you complete the practical
possessions that the applicant may take into the testing test. If the Airman Test Report expires before
area. completion of the practical test, you must retake the
knowledge test.
2. Guidelines for dyslexic applicant’s use of test
aids and materials. A dyslexic applicant may request
approval from the local Flight Standards District Office RETESTING PROCEDURES
(FSDO) to take an airman knowledge test using one of
the three options listed in preferential order: If you receive a grade lower than a 70 percent and
wish to retest, you must present the following to testing
a. Option One. Use current testing facilities center personnel.
and procedures whenever possible.
• failed Airman Test Report; and
b. Option Two. Applicants may use Franklin • a written endorsement from an authorized instructor
Speaking Wordmaster to facilitate the testing process. certifying that additional instruction has been given,
The Wordmaster is a self-contained electronic and the instructor finds you competent to pass the test.
thesaurus that audibly pronounces typed in words and
presents them on a display screen. It has a built-in If you decide to retake the test in anticipation of a better
headphone jack for private listening. The headphone score, you may retake the test after 30 days from the
feature will be used during testing to avoid disturbing date your last test was taken. The FAA will not allow
others. you to retake a passed test before the 30-day period
has lapsed. Prior to retesting, you must give your current
c. Option Three. Applicants who do not Airman Test Report to the test proctor. The last test
choose to use the first or second option may request a taken will reflect the official score.
test proctor to assist in reading specific words or terms
from the test questions and supplement material. In
the interest of preventing compromise of the testing
process, the test proctor should be someone who is
non-aviation oriented. The test proctor will provide
reading assistance only, with no explanation of words
or terms. The Airman Testing Standards Branch,
AFS-630, will assist in the selection of a test site and
test proctor.
4
 SAMPLE TEST QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS

RECREATIONAL PILOT—AIRPLANE (RPA)

1. A recreational pilot acting as pilot in command 4. When telephoning a weather briefing facility for
must have in his/her personal possession while preflight weather information, pilots should
aboard the aircraft
A—identify themselves as pilots.
A—a current logbook endorsement to show that a flight B—tell the number of hours they have flown within the
review has been satisfactorily accomplished. preceding 90 days.
B—the current and appropriate pilot and medical C—state the number of occupants on board and the
certificates. color of the aircraft.
C—the pilot logbook to show recent experience
requirements to serve as pilot in command have Answer A—Subject Matter Knowledge Code: H320.
been met.
5. What action can a pilot take to aid in cooling an
Answer B—Subject Matter Knowledge Code: A29. engine that is overheating during a climb?

2. One of the main functions of flaps during A—Reduce rate of climb and increase airspeed.
approach and landing is to B—Reduce climb speed and increase RPM.
C—Increase climb speed and increase RPM.
A—decrease the angle of descent without increasing
the airspeed. Answer A—Subject Matter Knowledge Code: H307.
B—permit a touchdown at a higher indicated airspeed.
C—increase the angle of descent without increasing the
airspeed.

Answer C—Subject Matter Knowledge Code: H305.

3. A temperature inversion would most likely result

in which weather condition?

A—Clouds with extensive vertical development above

an inversion aloft.
B—Good visibility in the lower levels of the atmosphere
and poor visibility above an inversion aloft.
C—An increase in temperature as altitude is increased.

Answer C—Subject Matter Knowledge Code: I21.

5
 SAMPLE TEST QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS

RECREATIONAL PILOT—ROTORCRAFT/HELICOPTER (RPH)

1. What exception, if any, permits a recreational 4. When telephoning a weather briefing facility for
pilot to act as pilot in command of an aircraft preflight weather information, pilots should state the
carrying a passenger for hire?
A—full name and address of the pilot in command.
A—If the passenger pays no more than the operating B—intended route, destination, and type of aircraft.
expenses. C—radio frequencies to be used.
B—If a donation is made to a charitable organization
for the flight. Answer B—Subject Matter Knowledge Code: H320.
C—There is no exception.
5. What action should the pilot take if engine failure
Answer C—Subject Matter Knowledge Code: A29. occurs at altitude?

2. The lift differential that exists between the A—Open the throttle as the collective pitch is raised.
advancing main rotor blade and the retreating main B—Reduce cyclic back stick pressure during turns.
rotor blade is known as C—Lower the collective pitch control, as necessary, to
maintain rotor RPM.
A—transverse flow effect.
B—dissymmetry of lift. Answer C—Subject Matter Knowledge Code: H80.
C—hunting tendency.

Answer B—Subject Matter Knowledge Code: H71.

3. The amount of water vapor which air can hold

depends on the

A—dewpoint.
B—air temperature.
C—stability of the air.

Answer B—Subject Matter Knowledge Code: I24.

6
 SAMPLE TEST QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS

RECREATIONAL PILOT—ROTORCRAFT/GYROPLANE (RPG)

1. A recreational pilot may fly as sole occupant of 4. When telephoning a weather briefing facility for
an aircraft at night while under the supervision of a preflight weather information, pilots should state
flight instructor provided the flight or surface
visibility is at least A—the full name and address of the formation
commander.
A—3 miles. B—that they possess a current pilot certificate.
B—4 miles. C—whether they intend to fly VFR only.
C—5 miles.
Answer C—Subject Matter Knowledge Code: H320.
Answer C—Subject Matter Knowledge Code: A29.
5. A below glide slope indication from a tri-color
2. What precaution should be taken while taxiing VASI is a
a gyroplane?
A—red light signal.
A—The cyclic stick should be held in the neutral B—pink light signal.
position at all times. C—green light signal.
B—Avoid abrupt control movements when blades are
turning. Answer A—Subject Matter Knowledge Code: J03.
C—The cyclic stick should be held slightly aft of neutral
at all times.

Answer B—Subject Matter Knowledge Code: H702.

3. What are characteristics of unstable air?

A—Turbulence and good surface visibility.

B—Turbulence and poor surface visibility.
C—Nimbostratus clouds and good surface visibility.

Answer A—Subject Matter Knowledge Code: I25.

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 SAMPLE TEST QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS

PRIVATE PILOT—AIRPLANE/RECREATIONAL PILOT–TRANSITION (PAT)

1. In addition to other preflight actions for a VFR 4. (Refer to appendix 2, figure 1.) An aircraft
flight away from the vicinity of the departure airport, departs an airport in the eastern daylight time zone
regulations specifically require the pilot in command at 0945 EDT for a 2-hour flight to an airport located
to in the centeral daylight time zone. The landing should
be at what coordinated universal time?
A—review traffic control light signal procedures.
B—check the accuracy of the navigation equipment and A—1345Z.
the emergency locator transmitter (ELT). B—1445Z.
C—determine runway lengths at airports of intended C—1545Z.
use and the aircraft’s takeoff and landing distance
data. Answer C—Subject Matter Knowledge Code: H340.

Answer C—Subject Matter Knowledge Code: B07. 5. How is engine operation controlled on an engine
equipped with a constant-speed propeller?
2. While cruising at 9,500 feet MSL, the fuel/air
mixture is properly adjusted. What will occur if a A—The throttle controls power output as registered on
descent to 4,500 feet MSL is made without the manifold pressure gauge and the propeller
readjusting the mixture? control regulates engine RPM.
B—The throttle controls power output as registered on
A—The fuel/air mixture may become excessively lean. the manifold pressure gauge and the propeller
B—There will be more fuel in the cylinders than is control regulates a constant blade angle.
needed for normal combustion, and the excess fuel C—The throttle controls engine RPM as registered on
will absorb heat and cool the engine. the tachometer and the mixture control regulates
C—The excessively rich mixture will create higher the power output.
cylinder head temperatures and may cause
detonation. Answer A—Subject Matter Knowledge Code: H308.

Answer A—Subject Matter Knowledge Code: H307.

3. If a flight is made from an area of low pressure

into an area of high pressure without the altimeter
setting being adjusted, the altimeter will indicate

A—the actual altitude above sea level.

B—higher than the actual altitude above sea level.
C—lower than the actual altitude above sea level.

Answer C—Subject Matter Knowledge Code: I22.

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 SAMPLE TEST QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS

PRIVATE PILOT—HELICOPTER/RECREATIONAL PILOT–TRANSITION

(PHT)

1. Under what conditions, if any, may a private pilot 4. (Refer to appendix 2, figure 1.) An aircraft
operate a helicopter under special VFR at night departs an airport in the central standard time zone
within Class D airspace? at 0845 CST for a 2-hour flight to an airport located
in the mountain standard time zone. The landing
A—The helicopter must be fully instrument equipped should be at what coordinated universal time?
and the pilot must be instrument rated.
B—The flight visibility must be at least 1 mile. A—1345Z.
C—There are no conditions; regulations permit this. B—1445Z.
C—1645Z.
Answer C—Subject Matter Knowledge Code: B09.
Answer C—Subject Matter Knowledge Code: H340.
2. (Refer to appendix 2, figure 2.) During flight, if
cyclic control pressure is applied which results in a 5. Which initial action should a pilot take prior to
maximum increase in pitch angle of the rotor blade entering Class C airspace?
at position A, the rotor disc will tilt
A—Contact approach control on the appropriate
A—forward. frequency.
B—aft. B—Contact the tower and request permission to enter.
C—left. C—Contact the FSS for traffic advisories.

Answer A—Subject Matter Knowledge Code: H71. Answer A—Subject Matter Knowledge Code: J11.

3. One weather phenomenon which will always

occur when flying across a front is a change in the

A—wind direction.
B—type of precipitation.
C—stability of the air mass.

Answer A—Subject Matter Knowledge Code: I27.

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 SAMPLE TEST QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS

PRIVATE PILOT—GYROPLANE/RECREATIONAL PILOT–TRANSITION (PGT)

1. Except in Alaska, during what time period 4. (Refer to appendix 2, figure 1.) An aircraft
should lighted position lights be displayed on an departs an airport in the Pacific standard time zone
aircraft? at 1030 PST for a 4-hour flight to an airport located
in the central standard time zone. The landing should
A—End of evening civil twilight to the beginning of be at what coordinated universal time?
morning civil twilight.
B—1 hour after sunset to 1 hour before sunrise. A—2030Z.
C—Sunset to sunrise. B—2130Z.
C—2230Z.
Answer C—Subject Matter Knowledge Code: B11.
Answer C—Subject Matter Knowledge Code: H340.
2. If the pilot experiences ground resonance during
rotor spin-up, what action should the pilot take? 5. When taking off or landing at an airport where
heavy aircraft are operating, one should be
A—Taxi to a smooth area. particularly alert to the hazards of wingtip vortices
B—Close the throttle and slowly raise the spin-up lever. because this turbulence tends to
C—Make a normal takeoff immediately.
A—rise from a crossing runway into the takeoff or
Answer B—Subject Matter Knowledge Code: H709. landing path.
B—rise into the traffic pattern area surrounding the
3. Individual forecasts for specific routes of flight airport.
can be obtained from which weather source? C—sink into the flightpath of aircraft operating below
the aircraft generating the turbulence.
A—Transcribed Weather Broadcasts (TWEB’s).
B—Terminal Forecasts. Answer C—Subject Matter Knowledge Code: J27.
C—Area Forecasts.

Answer A—Subject Matter Knowledge Code: I40.

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 SAMPLE TEST QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS

PRIVATE PILOT—AIRPLANE (PAR)

1. The three takeoffs and landings that are required 4. (Refer to appendix 2, figure 3, illustration 1.)
to act as pilot in command at night must be done The VOR receiver has the indications shown. What
during the time period from is the aircraft’s position relative to the station?

A—sunset to sunrise. A—North.

B—1 hour after sunset to 1 hour before sunrise. B—East.
C—the end of evening civil twilight to the beginning of C—South.
morning civil twilight.
Answer C—Subject Matter Knowledge Code: H348.
Answer B—Subject Matter Knowledge Code: A20.
5. The most effective method of scanning for other
2. In what flight condition is torque effect the aircraft for collision avoidance during nighttime
greatest in a single-engine airplane? hours is to use

A—Low airspeed, high power, high angle of attack. A—regularly spaced concentration on the 3-, 9-, and
B—Low airspeed, low power, low angle of attack. 12-o’clock positions.
C—High airspeed, high power, high angle of attack. B—a series of short, regularly spaced eye movements
to search each 30-degree sector.
Answer A—Subject Matter Knowledge Code: H300. C—peripheral vision by scanning small sectors and
utilizing offcenter viewing.
3. The wind at 5,000 feet AGL is southwesterly
while the surface wind is southerly. This difference Answer C—Subject Matter Knowledge Code: H63.
in direction is primarily due to

A—stronger pressure gradient at higher altitudes.

B—friction between the wind and the surface.
C—stronger Coriolis force at the surface.

Answer B—Subject Matter Knowledge Code: I23.

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 SAMPLE TEST QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS

PRIVATE PILOT—ROTORCRAFT/HELICOPTER (PRH)

1. No person may begin a flight in a rotorcraft 4. (Refer to appendix 2, figure 3, illustration 3.)
under VFR unless there is enough fuel to fly to the The VOR receiver has the indications shown. What
first point of intended landing and, assuming normal is the aircraft’s position relative to the station?
cruising speed, to fly thereafter for at least
A—East.
A—20 minutes. B—Southeast.
B—30 minutes. C—West.
C—1 hour.
Answer B—Subject Matter Knowledge Code: H348.
Answer A—Subject Matter Knowledge Code: B09.
5. Under what condition, if any, may pilots fly
2. During forward cruising flight at constant through a restricted area?
airspeed and altitude, the individual rotor blades,
when compared to each other, are operating A—When flying on airways with an ATC clearance.
B—With the controlling agency’s authorization.
A—with increased lift on the retreating blade. C—Regulations do not allow this.
B—with a decreasing angle of attack on the advancing
blade. Answer B—Subject Matter Knowledge Code: J09.
C—at unequal airspeed, unequal angles of attack, and
equal lift moment.

Answer C—Subject Matter Knowledge Code: H71.

3. Which conditions result in the formation of frost?

A—The temperature of the collecting surface is at or

below freezing when small droplets of moisture fall
on the surface.
B—The temperature of the collecting surface is at or
below the dewpoint of the adjacent air and the
dewpoint is below freezing.
C—The temperature of the surrounding air is at or
below freezing when small drops of moisture fall
on the collecting surface.

Answer B—Subject Matter Knowledge Code: I24.

12
 SAMPLE TEST QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS

PRIVATE PILOT—ROTORCRAFT/GYROPLANE (PRG)

1. A special VFR clearance authorizes the pilot of 4. (Refer to appendix 2, figure 3, illustration
an aircraft to operate VFR while within Class D 8.) The VOR receiver has the indications
airspace when the visibility is shown. What radial is the aircraft crossing?

A—less than 1 mile and the ceiling is less than 1,000 A—030.
feet. B—210.
B—at least 1 mile and the aircraft can remain clear of C—300.
clouds.
C—at least 3 miles and the aircraft can remain clear of Answer A—Subject Matter Knowledge Code: H348.
clouds.
5. VFR approaches to land at night should be
Answer B—Subject Matter Knowledge Code: B09. accomplished

2. High airspeeds, particularly in turbulent air, A—at a higher airspeed.

should be avoided primarily because of the possibility B—with a steeper descent.
of C—the same as during daytime.

A—an abrupt pitchup. Answer C—Subject Matter Knowledge Code: H63.

B—retreating blade stall.
C—a low-frequency vibration developing.

Answer B—Subject Matter Knowledge Code: H78.

3. What measurement can be used to determine the

stability of the atmosphere?

A—Atmospheric pressure.
B—Actual lapse rate.
C—Surface temperature.

Answer B—Subject Matter Knowledge Code: I25.

13
 SAMPLE TEST QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS

PRIVATE PILOT—GLIDER (PGL)

1. The minimum allowable strength of a towline 4. When telephoning a weather briefing facility for
used for an aerotow of a glider having a certificated preflight weather information, pilots should
gross weight of 700 pounds is
A—identify themselves as pilots.
A—560 pounds. B—tell the number of hours they have flown within the
B—700 pounds. preceding 90 days.
C—1,000 pounds. C—state the number of occupants on board and the
color of the aircraft.
Answer A—Subject Matter Knowledge Code: B12.
Answer A—Subject Matter Knowledge Code: H526.
2. A sailplane has a best glide ratio of 23:1. How
many feet will the glider lose in 8 nautical miles? 5. What minimum upward current must a glider
encounter to maintain altitude?
A—1,840 feet.
B—2,100 feet. A—At least 2 feet per second.
C—2,750 feet. B—The same as the glider’s sink rate.
C—The same as the adjacent down currents.
Answer B—Subject Matter Knowledge Code: N27.
Answer B—Subject Matter Knowledge Code: I35.
3. What cloud types would indicate convective
turbulence?

A—Cirrus clouds.
B—Nimbostratus clouds.
C—Towering cumulus clouds.

Answer C—Subject Matter Knowledge Code: I26.

14
 SAMPLE TEST QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS

PRIVATE PILOT—BALLOON–HOT AIR (PBH)

1. Prior to becoming certified as a private pilot with 4. When telephoning a weather briefing facility for
a balloon rating, the pilot must have at least preflight weather information, pilots should state the

A—passed a third-class medical exam. A—full name and address of the pilot in command.
B—obtained a statement from a designated medical B—intended route, destination, and type of aircraft.
examiner. C—radio frequencies to be used.
C—made a statement certifying that he/she has no
known medical deficiency that would make Answer B—Subject Matter Knowledge Code: H320.
him/her unable to act as pilot.
5. When telephoning a weather briefing facility for
Answer C—Subject Matter Knowledge Code: A23. preflight weather information, pilots should state

2. If ample propane is available, within which A—the full name and address of the formation
temperature range will propane vaporize sufficiently commander.
to provide enough pressure for burner operation B—that they possess a current pilot certificate.
during flight? C—whether they intend to fly VFR only.

A—0 to 30 °F. Answer C—Subject Matter Knowledge Code: H05.

B—10 to 30 °F.
C—30 to 90 °F.

Answer C—Subject Matter Knowledge Code: O220.

3. The conditions necessary for the formation of

cumulonimbus clouds are a lifting action and

A—unstable air containing an excess of condensation

nuclei.
B—unstable, moist air.
C—either stable or unstable air.

Answer B—Subject Matter Knowledge Code: I30.

15
 SAMPLE TEST QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS

PRIVATE PILOT—BALLOON–GAS (PBG)

1. The person directly responsible for the 4. When telephoning a weather briefing facility for
pre-launch briefing of passengers for a flight is the preflight weather information, pilots should state

A—safety officer. A—the full name and address of the formation

B—pilot in command. commander.
C—ground crewmember. B—that they possess a current pilot certificate.
C—whether they intend to fly VFR only.
Answer B—Subject Matter Knowledge Code: B07.
Answer C—Subject Matter Knowledge Code: H320.
2. What is the relationship of false lift with the
wind? 5. The minimum size a launch site should be is at
least
A—False lift increases as the wind accelerates the
balloon. A—twice the height of the balloon.
B—False lift does not exist if the surface winds are B—100 feet for every 1 knot of wind.
calm. C—500 feet on the downwind side.
C—False lift decreases as the wind accelerates the
balloon. Answer B—Subject Matter Knowledge Code: O30.

Answer C—Subject Matter Knowledge Code: O30.

3. What conditions are necessary for the formation

of thunderstorms?

A—High humidity, lifting force, and unstable

conditions.
B—High humidity, high temperature, and cumulus
clouds.
C—Lifting force, moist air, and extensive cloud cover.

Answer A—Subject Matter Knowledge Code: I30.

16
 SAMPLE TEST QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS

PRIVATE PILOT—LIGHTER-THAN-AIR–AIRSHIP (PLA)

1. An aircraft’s annual inspection was performed 4. When the course deviation indicator (CDI)
on July 12, this year. The next annual inspection needle is centered during an omnireceiver check
will be due no later than using a VOR test signal (VOT), the omnibearing
selector (OBS) and the TO/FROM indicator should
A—July 1, next year. read
B—July 13, next year.
C—July 31, next year. A—180° FROM, only if the pilot is due north of the
VOT.
Answer C—Subject Matter Knowledge Code: B13. B—0° TO or 180° FROM, regardless of the pilot’s
position from the VOT.
2. Under which condition will an airship float in C—0° FROM or 180° TO, regardless of the pilot’s
the air? position from the VOT.

A—When buoyant force equals horizontal equilibrium Answer C—Subject Matter Knowledge Code: J01.
existing between propeller thrust and airship drag.
B—When buoyant force is less than the difference 5. Which takeoff procedure is considered to be most
between airship weight and the weight of the air hazardous for an airship?
volume being displaced.
C—When buoyant force equals the difference between A—Maintaining only 50 percent of the maximum
airship weight and the weight of the air volume permissible positive angle of inclination.
being displaced. B—Failing to apply full engine power properly on all
takeoffs, regardless of wind.
Answer C—Subject Matter Knowledge Code: P01. C—Maintaining a negative angle of inclination during
takeoff after elevator response is adequate for
3. Ceiling is defined as the height above the Earth’s controllability.
surface of the
Answer C—Subject Matter Knowledge Code: P11.
A—lowest reported obscuration and the highest layer
of clouds reported as overcast.
B—lowest layer of clouds or obscuring phenomena
reported as broken, overcast, and not classified as
thin or partial.
C—lowest layer of clouds reported as scattered, broken,
or thin.

Answer B—Subject Matter Knowledge Code: I41.

17
APPENDIX 1
 Appendix 1

LIST OF REFERENCE MATERIALS

AND SUBJECT MATTER KNOWLEDGE CODES
The publications listed in the following pages contain study material you need to be familiar with when preparing for
recreational pilot and private pilot knowledge tests. All of these publications can be purchased through U.S. Government
Bookstores, commercial aviation supply houses, or industry organizations. The latest revision of the listed references
should be requested. Additional study material is also available through these sources that may be helpful in preparing
for recreational pilot and private pilot knowledge tests.

The subject matter knowledge codes refer to the specific reference for the knowledge standard. When reviewing
results of your knowledge test, you should compare the subject matter knowledge code(s) on your Airman Test Report
to the ones found below. This will be helpful for both review and preparation for the practical test.

Title 14 of the Code of Federal Regulations NTSB 830—Rules Pertaining to the Notification and
(14 CFR) part 1—Definitions and Abbreviations Reporting of Aircraft Accidents or Incidents and
Overdue Aircraft, and Preservation of Aircraft
A01 General Definitions Wreckage, Mail, Cargo, and Records
A02 Abbreviations and Symbols
G10 General
14 CFR part 43—Maintenance, Preventive G11 Initial Notification of Aircraft Accidents,
Maintenance, Rebuilding, and Alteration Incidents, and Overdue Aircraft
G12 Preservation of Aircraft Wreckage, Mail,
A15 General Cargo, and Records
A16 Appendixes G13 Reporting of Aircraft Accidents, Incidents, and
Overdue Aircraft
14 CFR part 61—Certification: Pilots, Flight
Instructors, and Ground Instructors AC 61-23—Pilot’s Handbook of Aeronautical
Knowledge
A20 General
A21 Aircraft Ratings and Pilot Authorizations H300 Forces Acting on the Airplane in Flight
A22 Student Pilots H301 Turning Tendency (Torque Effect)
A23 Private Pilots H302 Airplane Stability
H303 Loads and Load Factors
14 CFR part 71—Designation of Class A, Class B, H304 Airplane Structure
Class C, Class D, and Class E Airspace Areas; H305 Flight Control Systems
Airways; Routes; and Reporting Points H306 Electrical System
H307 Engine Operation
A60 General—Class A Airspace H308 Propeller
H309 Starting the Engine
14 CFR part 91—General Operating and Flight H310 Exhaust Gas Temperature Gauge
Rules
H311 Aircraft Documents, Maintenance, and
B07 General Inspections
B08 Flight Rules—General H312 The Pitot-Static System and Associated
B09 Visual Flight Rules Instruments
B11 Equipment, Instrument, and Certification H313 Gyroscopic Flight Instruments
Requirements H314 Magnetic Compass
B12 Special Flight Operations H315 Weight Control
B13 Maintenance, Preventive Maintenance, and H316 Balance, Stability, and Center of Gravity
Alterations H317 Airplane Performance

1-1
Appendix 1

H318 Observations H76 Weight and Balance

H319 Service Outlets H78 Some Hazards of Helicopter Flight
H320 Weather Briefings H79 Precautionary Measures and Critical
H321 Nature of the Atmosphere Conditions
H80 Helicopter Flight Maneuvers
H322 The Cause of Atmospheric Circulation H81 Confined Area, Pinnacle, and Ridgeline
H323 Moisture and Temperature Operations
H324 Air Masses and Fronts
H325 Aviation Weather Reports, Forecasts, and Gyroplane Training Manual—Graves Publishing
Weather Charts Co.
H326 Types of Airports
H327 Sources for Airport Data H95 General
H328 Airport Markings and Signs
H329 Airport Lighting Understanding the Gyroplane—The Abbott Co.
H330 Wind Direction Indicators
H331 Radio Communications H650 Magic of Rotor Blades
H332 Air Traffic Services H651 Behind the Power Curve
H333 Wake Turbulence H652 Beating P.I.O.
H334 Collision Avoidance
H335 Controlled Airspace Gyroplane Flight Training Manual—Jean-Pierre
H336 Uncontrolled Airspace Harrison
H337 Special Use Airspace
H338 Other Airspace Areas H701 General Aerodynamics
H339 Aeronautical Charts H702 Aerodynamics of Flight
H340 Latitude and Longitude H704 Function of the Controls
H341 Effect of Wind H709 Some Hazards of Gyroplane Flight
H342 Basic Calculations H710 Precautionary Measures and Critical
H343 Pilotage Conditions
H344 Dead Reckoning H711 Gyroplane Flight Maneuvers
H345 Flight Planning
H346 Charting the Course AC 00-6—Aviation Weather
H347 Filing a VFR Flight Plan
H348 Radio Navigation I21 Temperature
H349 Obtaining a Medical Certificate I22 Atmospheric Pressure and Altimetry
I23 Wind
H350 Health Factors Affecting Pilot Performance
I24 Moisture, Cloud Formation, and Precipitation
H351 Environmental Factors which Affect Pilot I25 Stable and Unstable Air
Performance I26 Clouds
I27 Air Masses and Fronts
AC 61-21—Flight Training Handbook I28 Turbulence
I29 Icing
H50 Introduction to Flight Training I30 Thunderstorms
H52 Introduction to the Basics of Flight I31 Common IFR Producers
H54 Ground Operations I33 Arctic Weather
H58 Landing Approaches and Landings I35 Soaring Weather
H60 Proficiency Flight Maneuvers I36 Glossary of Weather Terms
H63 Night Flying
H66 Principles of Flight and Performance AC 00-45—Aviation Weather Services
Characteristics
I40 The Aviation Weather Service Program
AC 61-13—Basic Helicopter Handbook I41 Surface Aviation Weather Reports
I42 Pilot and Radar Reports and Satellite Pictures
H70 General Aerodynamics I43 Aviation Weather Forecasts
H71 Aerodynamics of Flight I44 Surface Analysis Chart
H73 Function of the Controls I45 Weather Depiction Chart
H74 Other Helicopter Components and Their I46 Radar Summary Chart
Functions I47 Significant Weather Prognostics
1-2
 Appendix 1

AIM —Aeronautical Information Manual Flight Instructor Manual—Balloon Federation of

America
J01 Air Navigation Radio Aids
J03 Airport Lighting Aids O10 Flight Instruction Aids
J05 Airport Marking Aids and Signs
J08 Controlled Airspace O11 Human Behavior and Pilot Proficiency
J09 Special Use Airspace O12 The Flight Check and the Designated Examiner
J10 Other Airspace Areas
J11 Service Available to Pilots Balloon Digest—Balloon Federation of America
J12 Radio Communications Phraseology and
Techniques O150 Balloon—Theory and Practice
J13 Airport Operations O155 Structure of the Modern Balloon
J14 ATC Clearance/Separations O160 Lift-off to Landing
J15 Preflight
O165 Weather for the Balloonist
J22 Emergency Services Available to Pilots
J25 Meteorology O170 Propane and Fuel Management
J27 Wake Turbulence O171 Chemical and Physical Properties
J31 Fitness for Flight O172 Tanks
J33 Pilot Controller Glossary O173 Burners
O174 Hoses
Other Documents O175 Refueling
O176 Fuel Contamination
J34 Airport/Facility Directory O177 Heat Tapes (Coils)
J37 Sectional Chart
O178 Nitrogen Pressurization
AC 67-2—Medical Handbook for Pilots O179 Repairs and Maintenance

J52 Hypoxia Powerline Excerpts—Balloon Federation of

J53 Hyperventilation America
J58 Carbon Monoxide
J60 Night Flight O30 Excerpts
J61 Cockpit Lighting
J62 Disorientation (Vertigo)
Balloon Ground School—Balloon Publishing Co.
Additional Advisory Circulars
O220 Balloon Operations
M52 AC 00-2, Advisory Circular Checklist
How To Fly A Balloon—Balloon Publishing Co.
Soaring Flight Manual—Jeppesen-Sanderson, Inc.
O250 Basic Terminology
N20 Sailplane Aerodynamics O251 History
N21 Performance Considerations O252 Physics
N22 Flight Instruments O253 Equipment
N23 Weather for Soaring O254 Checklists
N24 Medical Factors O255 Flight Planning
N25 Flight Publications and Airspace O256 Preflight Operations
N26 Aeronautical Charts and Navigation O257 The Standard Burn
N27 Computations for Soaring O258 Inflation
N28 Personal Equipment O259 Launch
N29 Preflight and Ground Operations O260 Level Flight
N30 Aerotow Launch Procedures O261 Ascents and Descents
N31 Ground Launch Procedures O262 Contour Flying
N32 Basic Flight Maneuvers and Traffic O263 Maneuvering
N33 Soaring Techniques O264 Approach to Landing
N34 Cross-Country Soaring O265 Landings

1-3
Appendix 1

O266 Deflation V07 FAA-P-8740-25, Always Leave Yourself an

O267 The Chase Out
O268 Landowners Relations V08 FAA-P-8740-30, How to Obtain a Good
O269 Recovery and Pack-up Weather Briefing
O270 Propane: Management and Fueling V09 FAA-P-8740-40, Wind Shear
O271 Tethering V10 FAA-P-8740-41, Medical Facts For Pilots
O272 Emergency Procedures V11 FAA-P-8740-44, Impossible Turns
O273 Skill Development V12 FAA-P-8740-48, On Landings, Part I
O274 Crew V13 FAA-P-8740-49, On Landings, Part II
O275 What is a Good Instructor V14 FAA-P-8740-50, On Landings, Part III
O276 Regulations V15 FAA-P-8740-51, How to Avoid a Midair
O277 Maintenance Collision
O278 Earning a Pilot Certificate V16 FAA-P-8740-52, The Silent Emergency
O279 Radio Communications
O280 Appendix 1: Glossary NOTE: AC 00-2, Advisory Circular Checklist,
transmits the status of all FAA advisory circulars
Goodyear Airship Operations Manual (AC’s), as well as FAA internal publications and
miscellaneous flight information, such as Aeronautical
P01 Buoyancy Information Manual, Airport/Facility Directory,
P03 Free Ballooning practical test standards, knowledge test guides, and other
P04 Aerostatics material directly related to a certificate or rating. AC
00-2 is accessible through the Internet at http://
FAA Accident Prevention Program Bulletins www.faa.gov/abc/ac-chklst/actoc.htm, or you may
obtain a free copy from:
V01 FAA-P-8740-2, Density Altitude
V02 FAA-P-8740-5, Weight and Balance U.S. Department of Transportation
V03 FAA-P-8740-12, Thunderstorms Subsequent Distribution Office, SVC-121.23
V04 FAA-P-8740-19, Flying Light Twins Safely Ardmore East Business Center
V05 FAA-P-8740-23, Planning Your Takeoff 3341 Q 75 Ave.
V06 FAA-P-8740-24, Tips on Winter Flying Landover, MD 20785

1-4
 Appendix 1

COMPUTER TESTING DESIGNEES

The following is a list of the computer testing designees authorized to give FAA airman knowledge tests. This list
should be helpful in case you choose to register for a test or simply want more information.

: Computer Assisted Testing Service (CATS)

1849 Old Bayshore Highway
Burlingame, CA 94010

Applicant inquiry and test registration: 1-800-947-4228

From outside the U.S. (650) 259-8550

: Sylvan Prometric
1000 Lancaster Street
Baltimore, MD 21202

Applicant inquiry and test registration: 1-800-274-1900, 1-800-967-1100, or 1-800-359-3278

From outside the U.S. registrants should contact the appropriate Regional Service Center (RSC):

London, England RSC 44-181-607-9090

Paris, France RSC 33-1-4289-3122
Dusseldorf, Germany RSC 49-2159-9233-50
Tokyo, Japan RSC 813-3269-9620
Latin America RSC (612) 820-5200

: LaserGrade Computer Testing

16209 S.E. McGillivray, Suite L
Vancouver, WA 98683

Applicant inquiry and test registration: 1-800-211-2753 or 1-800-211-2754

From outside the U.S. (360) 896-9111

1-5
APPENDIX 2
 Appendix 2

FIGURE 1.—Time Conversion Table.

2-1
Appendix 2

FIGURE 2.—Gyroplane Rotor Blade Position.

2-2
 Appendix 2

FIGURE 3.—VOR.

2-3