Data Types
A data type specifies the type of value that a variable can store in C#. C# includes many built-in
data types such as:
string – stores text
int – stores whole numbers
float – stores decimal numbers
char – stores single characters
bool – stores true or false values
Example:
using System;
public class Program
public sta c void Main()
string stringVar = "Hello World";
int intVar = 100;
float floatVar = 10.2f;
char charVar = 'A';
bool boolVar = true;
Console.WriteLine(stringVar);
Console.WriteLine(intVar);
Console.WriteLine(floatVar);
Console.WriteLine(charVar);
Console.WriteLine(boolVar);
Literals and Variables
Literal: A fixed value wri en directly in the source code.
o Example: 100 in int x = 100; (100 is a literal).
Variable: A named storage loca on that holds data.
Types of Literals in C#:
1. Boolean Literal (true, false)
2. Integer Literal (10, 200, etc.)
3. Real Literal (3.14, 10.5, etc.)
4. Character Literal ('A', 'B', etc.)
5. String Literal ("Hello", "World", etc.)
6. Null Literal (null)
Operators
Operators are symbols used to perform opera ons in C#.
Types of operators:
Arithme c Operators (+, -, *, /, %)
Rela onal Operators (>, <, >=, <=, ==, !=)
Logical Operators (&&, ||, !)
Bitwise Operators (&, |, ^, <<, >>)
Assignment Operators (=, +=, -=, *=, /=, %=)
Miscellaneous Operators (sizeof, typeof, ?:, is, as)
Program Control Statements
Control statements allow decision-making and looping.
If-Then-Else
Example:
int i = 10;
if (i > 0)
Console.WriteLine("Posi ve Number");
else
Console.WriteLine("Nega ve Number");
Switch Statement
Example:
string day = "Monday";
switch (day)
case "Monday":
Console.WriteLine("Go to work");
break;
default:
Console.WriteLine("Default Case");
break;
Loops
While Loop:
int i = 123, count = 0;
while (i > 0)
count++;
i = i / 10;
Console.WriteLine("Number of digits: " + count);
Do-While Loop:
int i = 0, count = 0;
do
count++;
i = i / 10;
} while (i > 0);
Console.WriteLine("Number of digits: " + count);
For Loop:
for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++)
Console.WriteLine("Itera on " + i);
Foreach Loop:
string[] names = { "John", "Doe", "Jane" };
foreach (string name in names)
Console.WriteLine(name);
Jump Statements
Goto Statement:
label1:
Console.WriteLine("Jump to label1");
goto label1;
Break Statement:
for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++)
if (i == 5)
break;
Console.WriteLine(i);
Con nue Statement:
for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++)
if (i == 5)
con nue;
Console.WriteLine(i);
}
Return Statement:
void MyFunc1()
if (x == 1)
return;
Classes and Objects
Class: A blueprint for crea ng objects.
Object: An instance of a class.
Example:
using System;
public class Student
int id;
string name;
public sta c void Main(string[] args)
Student s1 = new Student();
s1.id = 101;
s1.name = "Suman Jaiswal";
Console.WriteLine(s1.id);
Console.WriteLine(s1.name);
Arrays and Strings
Array: Stores mul ple values of the same type.
Integer Array:
int[] array = new int[4] {10, 20, 30, 40};
Console.WriteLine(array[0]); // Output: 10
String Array:
string[] week = { "Sunday", "Monday", "Tuesday" };
Console.WriteLine(week[1]); // Output: Monday
Resize an Array:
int[] arr = new int[5] { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 };
Array.Resize(ref arr, 3);
ForEach with Arrays:
int[] numbers = { 10, 30, 50 };
foreach (int num in numbers)
Console.WriteLine(num);
Check if an Array Contains a Value:
string[] week = { "Sunday", "Monday", "Tuesday" };
string value = "Tuesday";
if (Array.IndexOf(week, value) > -1)
Console.WriteLine(value + " exists!");
else
Console.WriteLine(value + " does not exist!");
Boxing and Unboxing
Boxing: Conver ng a value type (like int) to an object.
Unboxing: Conver ng an object back to a value type.
Example:
int x = 123;
object obj = x; // Boxing
int y = (int)obj; // Unboxing
