COS101 Assignment

NAME: BAMIMORE ALAMEEN ADEMOLA

DEPARTMENT: PHYSIOTHERAPY

Tutorial Questions
Question 1
a. Exhaustively, define what you understand by the term ‘Computer system’? 3marks
b. Discuss the following major hardware components of a computer system. Support your
discussion with relevant diagrams.
a) Processor
b) Main memory
c) Secondary memory
d) Input devices
e) Output devices 2mark each
c. What are the characteristics of secondary storage media? 2marks
ANSWER

1a. Definition of Computer System (3 marks)

A computer system refers to set of interconnected components that work together to process
data and perform specific task or operations. It consists of both hardware (physical component)
and software (programs and instructions that tells the hardware what to do). A computer system
can vary in complexity, ranging from personal computers to large−scale mainframes, but all
systems share fundamental component and processes.

1b. Major Hardware Components of a Computer System (2 marks each)

i. Processor

The processor, also known as the central processing unit (CPU), is the brain of the
computer system. It executes instructions, performs calculations, and controls the
other hardware components.
A Processor (intel core i −7)
ii. Main Memory
Main memory, also known as random access memory (RAM), is a temporary storage area for data

and instructions that the processor uses while running applications.

A COMPUTER RAM (Main Memory)

iii. Secondary Memory
Secondary memory, also known as storage, refers to non-volatile storage devices that hold data
and programs even when the power is off. Examples include hard disk drives, solid-state drives,
and flash drives.
A FLASH DRIVE (Secondary Ram)
iv. Input Devices

Input devices allow users to interact with the computer system. Examples include keyboards,
mice, scanners, and cameras.
A keyboard (input device)
v. Output Devices

Output devices display or produce output from the computer system. Examples include
monitors, printers, speakers, and headphones.
 A Printer (output device)

1c. Characteristics of Secondary Storage Media (2 marks)

Secondary storage media have the following characteristics:

1. Non-volatile: Data is retained even when power is turned off.
2. Permanent storage: Data is stored permanently, unless intentionally deleted or overwritten.
3. High storage capacity: Secondary storage media can store large amounts of data.
4. Slow access time: Compared to main memory, secondary storage media have slower access
times.
5. Low cost per byte: Secondary storage media are generally less expensive per byte than main
memory.

Question 2
a. What are the differences between primary and secondary storage?2.5marks
b. Distinguish between the following:
(i) Desktop publishing Packages and Multimedia Packages.
(ii) input and output
(iii) Utility Software and Device Driver
(iv) Computer hardware and Peripherals. 2.5marks each
c. Is a Graph plotter an Input device or an Output device? Describe how they work? 2.5marks

ANSWER

2a. Differences between Primary and Secondary Storage? (2.5 marks)

Feature Primary storage Secondary storage

Volatility Volatile (data lost when Non−volatile (data
power is off) retained)
Capacity Smaller capacity (GBs) Larger capacity (GBs to
TBs)
Speed Much Slower (milliseconds to
faster(nanoseconds) seconds)
Cost Expensive per GB Cheaper per GB
Purpose Hold data in use by CPU Holds long−term data
Examples RAM, Cache Memory HDD, SSD, Optical Discs,
 Examples RAM, Cache Memory HDD, SSD, Optical Discs,
USB Drives
Data Access Direct access by the CPU Must be loaded into RAM
first
Form Factor Small, chip−based Larger, device−based
-

2b. Distinguishing between Various Terms (2.5 marks each)

(i) Desktop Publishing Packages and Multimedia Packages

Feature Desktop Publishing Multimedia Packages

Packages (DTP)
Purpose Creating Printed or Static Creating Dynamic and
Digital Documents Interactive Multimedia
Content
Content Type Text And Static Images Text, Audio, Video,
Animations, And
Interactivity
Output Print Materials, Pdfs, Interactive Content,
Images Videos, Animations
Examples Adobe In Design, Quark X Adobe Premiere Pro,
Press, Publisher Audacity, After Effects
Focus Layout, Typography, And Audio−Visual Production,
Design Animations, Interactivity
User Interaction Static Content (Low Highly Interactive and
Interactivity) Dynamic Content
Audience Graphic Designers, Video Editors, Animations,
Publishers, Print Web Developers
Professionals
Learning Curve Moderate to High High, Especially for
Professional Tools

(ii) Input and Output

feature input Output

Definition Data or instructions Data produced by the
entered into the system system after processing
Function To provide data for To display the result of
processing processing
Devices Keyboard, mouse, Monitor, printer, speakers,
microphone, scanner projector
Data flow Data flows into the system Data flows out of the
system
Nature of data Raw, unprocessed data Processed data, results of
operations
Example Typing on a keyboard, Viewing a document on a
scanning a document screen, hearing sound
Role Enables user input and Provides feedback or final
interaction result

(iii) Utility Software and Device Driver

Feature Utility Software Device Driver

Definitions Software Designed to Software that allows the
Manage or Optimized OS to communicate with
System Performance hardware
Purpose Enhance System Enable communications
Functionally and between OS and hardware
Maintenance
Examples Disk Cleanup, Antivirus, Printer driver, graphics
Backup Software card driver, network driver
Scope Of Use System−Wide, Not Device−specific (tied to
Device−Specific hardware)
Installation Installed By the User or Installed automatically
Automatically Via Updates
 Installed automatically
Automatically Via Updates with hardware or by the
user
Interaction With OS Works With the OS To Works with OS to enable
Improve System hardware functionally
Performance
Dependency Not Tied to Specific Directly tied to specific
Hardware hardware
Role System Enhances Overall System Allows proper operations
Performance and of hardware devices
Maintenance
Example Role Cleanup Disk, Optimize Print a document, display
Memory, Prevent Malware graphics, connect to the
internet

(iv) Computer Hardware and Peripherals

Aspect Computer Hardware Peripherals

Definition Core Physical External Devices That
Components Required for Enhance Functionality but
The Computer’s Are Not Essential.
Operation.
Examples CPU, motherboard, ram, Keyboard, mouse, printer,
power supply, hard drive. scanner, speakers.
Dependency The computer cannot The computer can
function without function without
hardware. peripherals, but their
absence limits usability
Purpose Fundamental to the Used To Interact with Or
computers basic Enhance the Capabilities
processing and operations of The Computer.

2c. Graph Plotter (2.5 marks)

A graph plotter is an Output Device.

A graph plotter, also known as a plotter, is a computer peripheral that prints or plots graphical
output, such as graphs, charts, and diagrams. It works by moving a pen or other marking device
across a piece of paper or other medium, creating a physical representation of the graphical
output.

Graph plotters are commonly used in various fields, such as engineering, architecture, and
graphic design, where precise and accurate graphical output is required.

Question 3
a. Computers are classified according to:
a) Sizes 4marks
b) Types 3marks
c) Purposes, Discuss. 2marks
Re-enforce your answers with appropriate illustrations. 1mark b. Differentiate between the
following terms:
(a) Data and Information.
(b) System software and application software.
(c) RAM and ROM
(d) Hardware and software
(e) Generic software and Custom software {1mark each}

ANSWER

3a.i. Classification of Computers (a) Sizes (4 marks)

Computers can be classified according to their size, which affects their processing power,
storage
capacity, and portability. The main categories are:

1. Supercomputers: The largest, fastest, and most powerful computers designed for complex
scientific calculations and massive data processing.
2. Mainframe Computers: High-performance computers used by large organizations for bulk
data processing, enterprise resource planning, and transaction processing.
3. Minicomputers: Mid-sized computers used for smaller-scale applications, such as network
servers, database management, and industrial control systems.
4. Microcomputers: Small, personal computers used for individual applications, such as
desktops, laptops, and mobile devices.
5. Embedded Computers: Specialized computers integrated into other devices, such as traffic
lights, microwave ovens, and automotive systems.
3a. ii. Classification of Computers (b) Types (3 marks)

Computers can also be classified according to their type, which reflects their design,
functionality, and intended use:

1. Analog Computers: Use continuous signals to represent data and perform calculations, often
used in scientific simulations and process control.
2. Digital Computers: Use discrete binary values to represent data and perform calculations, the
most common type of computer.
3. Hybrid Computers: Combine analog and digital components to leverage the strengths of both,
often used in specialized applications.

3a.iii. Classification of Computers (c) Purposes (2 marks)

Computers can be classified according to their purpose, which reflects their intended use and
application:

1. General-Purpose Computers: Designed for a wide range of applications, such as personal

computers and servers.
2. Special-Purpose Computers: Designed for a specific application or industry, such as gaming
consoles, medical devices, and industrial control systems.

3b. Differentiation of Terms (1 mark each)

Here are the differentiations between the given terms:

(a) Data and Information:

- Data: Raw, unprocessed facts and figures. - Information: Processed, organized, and meaningful
data. (b) System Software and Application Software:
- System Software: Manages computer hardware and provides a platform for running
applications, such as operating systems.
- Application Software: Performs specific tasks or provides services to users, such as word
processors and web browsers.

(c) RAM and ROM:

- RAM (Random Access Memory): Volatile memory that stores data temporarily while a computer
is running.
- ROM (Read-Only Memory): Non-volatile memory that stores permanent data, such as firmware
and configuration settings.
(d) Hardware and Software:
- Hardware: Physical components of a computer system, such as the central processing unit,
memory, and storage devices. - Software: Programs, operating systems, and applications that
run on computer hardware.

(e) Generic Software and Custom Software:

- Generic Software: Commercially available software designed for a wide range of users, such as
Microsoft Office.
- Custom Software: Tailor-made software developed for a specific organization or application,
often addressing unique requirements or workflows.

Question 4
a. Write a short note on each of the following application software
(i) Word Processor (ii). Spreadsheet (iii) Graphic Packages (iv). Database (v)
Packages 2marks each
b. Itemize 2 components of a Central Processing Unit and describe each of them in details.
5marks

ANSWER

4a. Application Software (2 marks each)

(i) Word Processor

A word processor is a type of application software that allows users to create, edit, and print
documents. Examples include Microsoft Word, Google Docs, and LibreOffice Writer. Word
processors offer features like text formatting, spell-checking, and mail merge.

(ii) Spreadsheet
A spreadsheet is a type of application software that enables users to store, organize, and
analyze data in a tabular format. Examples include Microsoft Excel, Google Sheets, and
LibreOffice Calc. Spreadsheets offer features like formulas, charts, and pivot tables.
(iii) Graphic Packages
Graphic packages, also known as graphics editors, are application software that allow users to
create, edit, and manipulate visual content like images, diagrams, and illustrations. Examples
include Adobe Photoshop, GIMP, and CorelDRAW.

(iv) Database
A database is a type of application software that enables users to store, organize, and retrieve
large amounts of data in a structured format. Examples include MySQL, Microsoft Access, and
Oracle. Databases offer features like data modeling, querying, and reporting.

(v) Presentation Packages

Presentation packages are application software that enable users to create, edit, and display
presentations, often with multimedia content like images, audio, and video. Examples include
Microsoft PowerPoint, Google Slides, and LibreOffice Impress.

4b. Components of a Central Processing Unit (CPU) (5 marks)

The CPU, also known as the processor, is the primary component of a computer system that
executes instructions and performs calculations. Two essential components of a CPU are:

(i) Control Unit (CU)

The Control Unit retrieves instructions from memory, decodes them, and executes the required
actions. It manages the flow of data between different parts of the CPU and ensures that
instructions are executed in the correct order. The CU consists of:

- Instruction Register (IR): holds the current instruction

- Instruction Decoder (ID): decodes the instruction - Control Signals: generated by the CU to
manage data flow

(ii) Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU)

The Arithmetic Logic Unit performs mathematical and logical operations, such as addition,
subtraction, multiplication, and division, as well as bitwise operations like AND, OR, and NOT.
The ALU consists of:

- Arithmetic Circuits: perform mathematical operations

- Logical Circuits: perform logical operations
- Registers: store operands and results

Question 5
a. Write a short note on the following; 15marks
i) First generation of computer ii) Second generation of computer
 iii) Third Generation of computer iv) Fourth
Generation
v) Modern computer
ANSWER

i. First Generation of Computers (1940-1956)

The first generation of computers used vacuum tubes as the primary electronic components.
Characteristics:

- Used vacuum tubes (thermionic valves)

- Machine language was the primary programming language
- Computers were massive, taking up entire rooms
- Input was through punch cards and magnetic tapes
- Output was through printouts and magnetic tapes
- Examples: ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer), UNIVAC 1

ii. Second Generation of Computers (1956-1963)

The second generation of computers used transistors instead of vacuum tubes. Characteristics:

- Replaced vacuum tubes with transistors

- Smaller in size compared to first-generation computers
- Faster and more reliable
- Introduced assembly languages and high-level programming languages
- Input/Output devices improved (magnetic tapes, disks, and printers)
- Examples: IBM 7090, TRADIC

iii. Third Generation of Computers (1964-1971)

The third generation of computers used integrated circuits (ICs) instead of transistors.
Characteristics:

- Replaced transistors with integrated circuits (ICs)

- Smaller, faster, and more reliable
- Introduced operating systems
- High-level programming languages became more widespread
- Input/Output devices improved further (keyboards, monitors, and disk drives)
- Examples: IBM System/360, PDP-8

iv. Fourth Generation of Computers (1971-present)

The fourth generation of computers used microprocessors instead of integrated circuits.
Characteristics:
- Replaced integrated circuits with microprocessors
- Personal computers emerged
- Smaller, faster, and more affordable
- Graphical user interfaces (GUIs) became popular
- Input/Output devices improved further (mouse, scanners, and printers)
- Examples: Apple II, IBM PC, Commodore 64

v. Modern Computers (Present and Beyond)

Modern computers use advanced microprocessors, memory, and storage technologies.
Characteristics:

- Use of advanced microprocessors (multi-core, 64-bit)

- Increased use of artificial intelligence and machine learning
- Cloud computing and virtualization
- Mobile devices and the Internet of Things (IoT)
- Improved security features and encryption
- Examples: Modern laptops, desktops, smartphones, and servers

Question 6
a. Discuss the application of computer system in any 3 areas of your choice. 2marks each
b. With the aid of specific examples, discuss the role of computer to modern day era, 3marks
c. Distinguish between (1) RAM and ROM (2) input and output unit (3) primary and auxiliary
memory. 2marks each.

ANSWER

6a. Application of Computer Systems (2 marks each)

(a) Education
Computer systems have revolutionized the education sector. They enable online learning, virtual
classrooms, and access to digital resources. Students can use educational software, participate
in online discussions, and submit assignments electronically.

(b) Healthcare
Computer systems play a crucial role in healthcare. They facilitate electronic health records,
telemedicine, and medical research. Healthcare professionals can access patient data, diagnose
diseases, and develop personalized treatment plans using computer-aided systems.

(c) Finance
Computer systems are essential in the finance sector. They enable online banking, mobile
payments, and stock trading. Financial institutions use computer systems to manage
transactions, detect fraud, and provide customer support.

6b. Role of Computers in the Modern-Day Era (3 marks)

Computers have transformed modern society in numerous ways:

1. Communication: Computers enable instant communication through email, social media, and
video conferencing.
2. Information Access: Computers provide access to vast amounts of information through the
internet, online libraries, and knowledge bases.
3. Automation: Computers automate tasks, increasing efficiency and productivity in industries
like manufacturing, transportation, and healthcare.
4. Entertainment: Computers enable digital entertainment, including gaming, streaming, and
social media.

6c. Distinguishing Between Key Concepts (2 marks each)

(1) RAM and ROM

- RAM (Random Access Memory): Volatile memory that stores data temporarily while a computer
is running.
- ROM (Read-Only Memory): Non-volatile memory that stores permanent data, such as firmware
and configuration settings.

(2) Input and Output Units

- Input Unit: Devices that allow users to enter data or instructions into a computer, such as
keyboards, mice, and scanners.
- Output Unit: Devices that display or produce output from a computer, such as monitors,
printers, and speakers.

(3) Primary and Auxiliary Memory

- Primary Memory: Internal memory that stores data temporarily while a computer is running,
including RAM.
- Auxiliary Memory: External storage devices that hold data permanently, such as hard disk
drives, solid-state drives, and flash drives.

Question 7
a. There are several ways that signed numbers can be represented in binary, but the most
common representation used today is called two’s complement. (i) Briefly explain two different
ways in which it can be used, and (ii) why it is used. 3marks
b. Highlight 3 reasons why hexadecimal numbers are used. 3marks
c. Obtain the 1’s and 2’s complements of the following 8-bit numbers: i) 10101110 ii)
10000000 iii) 10000001 iv)3marks

ANSWER

7a. Two's Complement Representation (3 marks)

(i) Two different ways to use two's complement:

- Signed Binary Representation: Two's complement is used to represent signed numbers in

binary. It allows for the representation of both positive and negative numbers using a single
binary code. - Arithmetic Operations: Two's complement is also used to perform arithmetic
operations like addition and subtraction. It simplifies the process by allowing the use of the same
circuitry for both addition and subtraction.

(ii) Why two's complement is used:

- Efficient Use of Circuitry: Two's complement allows for the efficient use of circuitry, as the
same circuitry can be used for both addition and subtraction.
- Simplified Arithmetic Operations: Two's complement simplifies arithmetic operations, making it
easier to implement and design digital circuits.
- Easy Representation of Signed Numbers: Two's complement provides an easy way to represent
signed numbers in binary, making it a widely used method in digital electronics and computer
systems.

7b. Reasons for Using Hexadecimal Numbers (3 marks)

Here are three reasons why hexadecimal numbers are used:

1. Easy Conversion to and from Binary: Hexadecimal numbers can be easily converted to and
from binary, making it a convenient representation for digital electronics and computer systems.
2. Compact Representation: Hexadecimal numbers provide a compact representation of binary
numbers, making it easier to read, write, and communicate.
3. Human-Readable Representation: Hexadecimal numbers offer a human-readable
representation of binary numbers, making it easier for programmers, engineers, and technicians
to work with digital systems.

7c. Obtaining 1's and 2's Complements (4 marks)

Here is the 1's and 2's complements of the given 8-bit numbers:

i) 10101110

- 1's complement: 01010001

- 2's complement: 01010010

ii) 10000000

- 1's complement: 01111111

- 2's complement: 10000000 (no change, as it's already the 2's complement representation of
-128)

iii) 10000001

- 1's complement: 01111110 - 2's complement: 01111111

iv) Note: The fourth number is missing, so I'll provide a general explanation instead.

To obtain the 1's complement, simply invert all the bits (i.e., change 0s to 1s and 1s to 0s). To
obtain the 2's complement, invert all the bits and then add 1 to the result.

Question 8
a. Perform the arithmetic operations (+42) + (-13) and 12810 – 6410 in binary using 2’s
complement representation for negative numbers 5marks
b. Briefly discuss four divisions of Number Systems 4marks
c. Perform the subtraction with the following unsigned binary numbers by taking the 2’s
complement of the subtrahend i) 11010 – 10000 ii) 11010 – 1101 iii) 100 – 110000 iv) 1010100 –
1010100 6marks

ANSWER

8a. Arithmetic Operations in Binary Using 2's Complement (5 marks)

To perform the arithmetic operations (+42) + (-13) and 12810 – 6410 in binary using 2's
complement representation for negative numbers:

Operation 1: (+42) + (-13)

1. Convert +42 to binary: 101010
2. Convert -13 to binary using 2's complement: 1111001 (first, convert 13 to binary: 1101, then
invert the bits: 0010, and add 1: 0011, but since we are working with 6-bit numbers, we need to
add leading 1s to the 2's complement of 13 to get 1111001)
3. Perform the addition: 101010 + 1111001 = 1101111 (discard the carry)

Operation 2: 12810 – 6410

1. Convert 12810 to binary: 10000000

2. Convert 6410 to binary: 110010000
3. Convert 6410 to 2's complement: 001110000 (first, invert the bits: 001101111, then add 1:
001110000)
4. Perform the subtraction (which is actually addition of the 2's complement): 10000000 +
001110000 = 101110000

8b. Divisions of Number Systems (4 marks)

There are four main divisions of number systems:

1. Binary Number System: uses only two digits, 0 and 1.

2. Decimal Number System: uses ten digits, 0 through 9.
3. Octal Number System: uses eight digits, 0 through 7. 4. Hexadecimal Number System: uses
sixteen digits, 0 through 9 and A through F.

8c. Subtraction with Unsigned Binary Numbers Using 2's Complement (6 marks)

To perform the subtraction with the given unsigned binary numbers by taking the 2's
complement of the subtrahend:

Operation 1: 11010 – 10000

1. Convert 10000 to 2's complement: 01110 (first, invert the bits: 01110, then add 1: no change
needed since we are working with 5-bit numbers)
2. Perform the subtraction (which is actually addition of the 2's complement): 11010 + 01110 =
10100

Operation 2: 11010 – 1101

1. Convert 1101 to 2's complement (first, pad with leading 0s to match the 5-bit length of the
minuend: 01101, then invert the bits: 10010, then add 1: 10011)
2. Perform the subtraction (which is actually addition of the 2's complement): 11010 + 10011 =
10101

Operation 3: 100 – 110000

This operation cannot be performed directly because the numbers have different lengths. We
would need to pad the shorter number with leading 0s or truncate the longer number.

Operation 4: 1010100 – 1010100

1. Convert 1010100 to 2's complement: 0101010 (first, invert the bits: 0101010, then
add 1: no change needed since we are working with 7-bit numbers, but actually, we
need to add a carry-out, which is not possible in this format, so the result would be
0000000)

QUESTION 9

In detailed format, describe the following computer terms and give appropriate
examples:
i.) Utility ii.) Interpreter iii.)Editor. iv.) Assembler. iv). Compiler

ANSWER

9. Computer Terms (15 marks)

Here are the descriptions of the given computer terms with examples:

(i) Utility

A utility is a program that performs a specific task, usually related to system maintenance or
resource management.

Example: Disk Cleanup, Disk Defragmenter, Antivirus Software

(ii) Interpreter

An interpreter is a program that directly executes the instructions in a programming language

without compiling them into machine code first.
Example: Python Interpreter, JavaScript Interpreter in Web Browsers

(iii) Editor

An editor is a program that allows users to create, modify, and edit text files, source code, or
other types of data.

Example: Notepad, TextEdit, Sublime Text, Visual Studio Code

(iv) Assembler

An assembler is a program that translates assembly language code into machine code that the
computer's processor can execute directly.

Example: MASM (Microsoft Macro Assembler), NASM (Netwide Assembler)

(v) Compiler

A compiler is a program that translates source code written in a high-level programming

language into machine code that the computer's processor can execute directly.

Example: GCC (GNU Compiler Collection), Clang, Visual Studio Compiler

Question 10
Write short notes on each of the following with appropriate examples
Word Processor (ii) Spreadsheet (iii) Presentation software (iv) Graphics software (v) PHP 3
marks each = 15 marks

ANSWER

(i) Word Processor (3 marks)

A word processor is a software application that allows users to create, edit, and print documents.
Examples include:

- Microsoft Word
- Google Docs - LibreOffice Writer
Word processors offer features like text formatting, spell-checking, and mail merge.

(ii) Spreadsheet (3 marks)

A spreadsheet is a software application that enables users to store, organize, and analyze data in
a tabular format. Examples include:

- Microsoft Excel
- Google Sheets - LibreOffice Calc

Spreadsheets offer features like formulas, charts, and pivot tables.

(iii) Presentation Software (3 marks)

Presentation software is a tool that allows users to create and display presentations, often with
multimedia content. Examples include:

- Microsoft PowerPoint
- Google Slides - LibreOffice Impress

Presentation software offers features like templates, transitions, and animations.

(iv) Graphics Software (3 marks)

Graphics software is a tool that enables users to create, edit, and manipulate visual content like
images, diagrams, and illustrations. Examples include:

- Adobe Photoshop
- GIMP - CorelDRAW

Graphics software offers features like image editing, drawing tools, and effects.

(v) PHP (3 marks)

PHP (Hypertext Preprocessor) is a server-side scripting language used for web development. It
allows developers to create dynamic web pages, interact with databases, and perform various
tasks.

PHP is commonly used for:

- Web development (e.g., WordPress, Joomla)
- Server-side scripting
- Database interaction (e.g., MySQL)

PHP offers features like variables, control structures, functions, and object-oriented
programming.

Question 11
a. Describe the strengths and limitations of artificial intelligence. 7marks
b. Discuss the social impact of artificial intelligence to the society. 8marks

ANSWER

11a. Strengths of Artificial Intelligence (3.5 marks)

Artificial intelligence (AI) has several strengths, including:

1. Speed and Efficiency: AI can process vast amounts of data quickly and accurately, making it
ideal for tasks like data analysis and pattern recognition.
2. Scalability: AI can be easily scaled up or down depending on the task, making it a versatile
tool for various applications.
3. 24/7 Operation: AI systems can operate continuously without breaks, making them ideal for
tasks that require constant monitoring or processing.
4. Improved Decision-Making: AI can analyze large datasets and provide insights that humans
might miss, leading to better decision-making.

11a.ii. Limitations of Artificial Intelligence (3.5 marks)

Despite its strengths, AI has several limitations, including:

1. Lack of Human Judgment: AI systems lack the nuance and judgment that humans take for
granted, which can lead to errors or misinterpretations.
2. Data Quality Issues: AI is only as good as the data it's trained on. Poor data quality can lead
to biased or inaccurate results.
3. Explain ability: Many AI systems are difficult to interpret, making it challenging to understand
why they made a particular decision.
4. Security Risks: AI systems can be vulnerable to cyber attacks, which can compromise their
functionality or data.

11b. Social Impact of Artificial Intelligence (8 marks)

The social impact of AI is multifaceted and far-reaching. Some of the key effects include:

1. Job Displacement: AI has the potential to automate many jobs, particularly those that involve
repetitive or routine tasks.
2. Improved Healthcare: AI can help diagnose diseases more accurately and quickly, leading to
better patient outcomes.
3. Enhanced Education: AI-powered adaptive learning systems can tailor educational content to
individual students' needs, improving learning outcomes.
4. Increased Accessibility: AI-powered tools like speech recognition and language translation
can improve accessibility for people with disabilities.
5. Bias and Discrimination: AI systems can perpetuate existing biases and discrimination if
they're trained on biased data or designed with a particular worldview.
6. Privacy Concerns: AI systems often require vast amounts of personal data, which can raise
concerns about privacy and data protection.
7. Dependence on Technology: Over-reliance on AI can lead to a decline in critical thinking and
problem-solving skills.
8. New Opportunities: AI can create new job opportunities in fields like AI development,
deployment, and maintenance.

Question 12
a. The computer software could be divided into two major groups namely System Software
and Application Software. Briefly explain each with examples. 9marks
b. Define the terms:
i. Programming (program Design) ii. Algorithm iii. Pseudocode. 6marks

ANSWER

12a. System Software and Application Software (9 marks)

Computer software can be broadly classified into two categories: System Software and
Application Software.

System Software

System software manages and controls computer hardware resources, providing a platform for
running application software. Examples include:

1. Operating Systems (OS): Microsoft Windows, macOS, Linux

2. Device Drivers: Printer drivers, graphics drivers, sound drivers
3. Utilities: Disk formatting, disk cleanup, antivirus software

Application Software

Application software performs specific tasks or provides services to users. Examples include:

1. Productivity Software: Microsoft Office, Google Docs, LibreOffice

2. Graphics and Design Software: Adobe Photoshop, Illustrator, CorelDRAW
3. Gaming Software: Video games, game development engines like Unity and Unreal Engine

12b. Definitions (6 marks)

i. Programming (Program Design)

Programming, also known as program design, is the process of creating a set of instructions that
a computer can execute to perform a specific task. It involves designing, writing, testing, and
maintaining software programs.

ii. Algorithm

An algorithm is a well-defined, step-by-step procedure for solving a problem or achieving a

specific goal. It is a set of instructions that can be executed by a computer or manually.

iii. Pseudocode

Pseudocode is a high-level, structured representation of a program or algorithm, written in a

language that is easy for humans to understand. It is often used to design and communicate
algorithms before implementing them in a programming language.

Question 13
a. Discuss the following in relation to Cyber ethics:
(i) Privacy (ii) Security and crime (iii) Free expression and content control 9marks
b. Explain the meaning of the term “Cyber ethics” and its two approaches 6marks

ANSWER

13a. Cyber Ethics Discussion (9 marks)

Cyber ethics refers to the moral principles and values that guide the use of computers, the
internet,
and other digital technologies. Here's a discussion of the three topics:

(i) Privacy

Privacy is a fundamental right in the digital age. It refers to the ability of individuals to control
their personal information and protect it from unauthorized access. Cyber ethics emphasizes the
importance of respecting individuals' privacy online, including:

- Protecting personal data from unauthorized access

- Being transparent about data collection and usage - Providing opt-out options for data sharing

(ii) Security and Crime

Cybersecurity is a critical aspect of cyber ethics. It involves protecting computer systems,

networks, and data from unauthorized access, use, disclosure, disruption, modification, or
destruction. Cyber ethics emphasizes the importance of:

- Implementing robust security measures to prevent cybercrime

- Educating users about online threats and best practices
- Encouraging responsible behavior online

(iii) Free Expression and Content Control

The internet provides a platform for free expression, but it also raises concerns about content
control. Cyber ethics emphasizes the importance of:

- Respecting individuals' right to free expression online

- Balancing free expression with the need to protect vulnerable groups
- Encouraging responsible content creation and sharing

13b. Meaning and Approaches of Cyber Ethics (6 marks)

Meaning of Cyber Ethics

Cyber ethics refers to the moral principles and values that guide the use of computers, the
internet, and other digital technologies. It involves considering the ethical implications of
technology use and ensuring that individuals and organizations behave responsibly online.

Approaches to Cyber Ethics

There are two main approaches to cyber ethics:

1. Regulatory Approach: This approach emphasizes the need for laws, regulations, and policies
to govern online behavior. It focuses on establishing clear rules and consequences for unethical
behavior.
2. Educational Approach: This approach emphasizes the need for education and awareness-
raising about cyber ethics. It focuses on encouraging individuals and organizations to develop a
sense of responsibility and moral obligation to behave ethically online.

Both approaches are important, and a comprehensive approach to cyber ethics would involve a
combination of regulation and education.

Question 14
a. Explain the following terms:
(i). Machine language (ii).High level language (iii). Assembly and symbolic language.
9marks
b. Simplify the following i. 1100 x 101 ii. 10101 x 111 iii. 1111 + 111 + 1111 iv. 101011 –
10010 6marks

ANSWER

14a. Explanation of Terms (9 marks)

(i) Machine Language

Machine language is the lowest-level programming language that a computer's processor can
understand directly. It consists of binary code, which is made up of 0s and 1s. Machine language
is specific to each computer architecture and is used to write low-level programs, such as
operating systems and device drivers.

(ii) High-Level Language

A high-level language is a programming language that is farther away from machine language
and closer to human language. High-level languages are easier to read, write, and maintain than
machine language. Examples of high-level languages include C++, Java, Python, and JavaScript.

(iii) Assembly and Symbolic Language

Assembly language is a low-level programming language that uses symbolic codes to represent
machine-specific instructions. Assembly language is translated into machine language using an
assembler. Symbolic language refers to the use of symbols, such as mnemonics, to represent
machine-specific instructions.

14b Simplification of Binary Operations (6 marks)

Step 2.1: Binary Multiplication

(i) 1100 x 101

To multiply binary numbers, we perform the following steps:

1100 x 101
1100 0000 1100
11100 (ii) 10101 x 111 10101 x 111
10101 00000 10101
1101111

Step 2.2: Binary Addition (iii) 1111 + 111 + 1111

First, add 1111 and 111:

1111 - 111
------
10010

Then, add 10010 and 1111:

10010
- 1111
------
100001

Step 2.3: Binary Subtraction (iv) 101011 – 10010

To subtract binary numbers, we perform the following steps:

101011 - 10010
------
011001

Question 15
a. Convert the following Hexadecimal numbers to binary.
i) 3B2916 ii) 9C3216 iii) 0A2B16 6marks
b. State 3 advantages of hexadecimal number system over binary number system. 6marks
c. Simplify: i.) 1111 x 10 ii.) 10110 x 110 iii.) 10101 x 101 3marks

ANSWER

15a. Hexadecimal to Binary Conversion (6 marks)

To convert hexadecimal numbers to binary, we replace each hexadecimal digit with its binary
equivalent.

(i) 3B2916
3 -> 0011
B -> 1011
2 -> 0010
9 -> 1001
1 -> 0001 6 -> 0110

Binary equivalent: 0011101110010010000110001

(ii) 9C3216
9 -> 1001
C -> 1100
3 -> 0011
2 -> 0010
1 -> 0001 6 -> 0110

Binary equivalent: 1001110011000110010000001

(iii) 0A2B16
0 -> 0000
A -> 1010
2 -> 0010 B -> 1011

Binary equivalent: 0000101010011011

15b. Advantages of Hexadecimal Number System (6 marks)

Here are three advantages of the hexadecimal number system over the binary number system:

1. Compact Representation: Hexadecimal numbers are more compact than binary numbers,
making them easier to read and write.
2. Easier Conversion: Hexadecimal numbers can be easily converted to and from binary
numbers, as each hexadecimal digit corresponds to exactly four binary digits.
3. Improved Readability: Hexadecimal numbers are more human-readable than binary numbers,
as they use a more familiar base-16 system with digits 0-9 and letters A-F.

15c. Binary Operations (3 marks)

Here are the simplified binary operations:

(i) 1111 x 10
1111 x 10 = 11110

(ii) 10110 x 110

10110 x 110 = 1111110

(iii) 10101 x 101

10101 x 101 = 1020101