FOUNDATION IN Roy Adrian M.
Salares
INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY roy.salares@usjr.edu.ph
INTRODUCTION TO IT: A DEFINITION
INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY (IT) is a technology which uses
computers to gather, process, store, protect, and transmit, and
manipulate data or information
Information and communications technology (ICT) is an
extensional term for information technology (IT) that stresses the
role of unified communications and the integration
of telecommunications and computers, as well as
necessary enterprise software, middleware, storage and audiovisual,
that enable users to access, store, transmit, and manipulate
information
COMPONENTS OF ICT
The term information and communications technology (ICT) is a
generally accepted to mean all technologies that, combined, allow
people and organizations to interact in the digital world
Software as a Service (SaaS) Operating Systems
Platform as a Service (PaaS) Desktop and Web Apps
Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) Utility Software
Internet Service Providers PCs, Laptops, Tablets, smart phones
Network Infrastructure Internet of Things
Communication Channels Servers/Server Farms
Personal Data/Preferences Banking and Finance
Spending Habits Reservations
Itinerary B2B , B2C
Credit/Debit Card Info
Banking
Messenger, Emails, SMS, MMS IRC
COMPUTER HARDWARE is the collection of physical parts of a computer system
Input Devices Processing Unit Output Devices
A computer is an electronic device that can
receive a set of instructions, or program, and
then carry out this program by performing
calculations on numerical data or by manipulating
other forms of information. It has four basic Storage Devices Peripheral Devices
operations: input, process, output, store
MICROCOMPUTERS
Uses microprocessor technology to input, manipulate, store,
and output data. Two Classifications: Personal computers,
Portable Computers
Desktop computers Handheld Computers Netbook Computers Media Centers Tablet PC Notebook/Laptop
Small enough to fit on top of The smallest, also known Similar to laptops, but Blur the line between A type of notebook Portable and
a desk yet too big to carry as palm computers smaller, lighter, and less desktop computers computer that lightweight
around expensive and dedicated accept handwriting computers
entertainment
devices
Computers vary widely in size, speed, and ability. They may
OTHER TYPES OF COMPUTERS be grouped into four categories: (1) microcomputers, (2)
mainframes, (3) dedicated computers, and (4) embedded
computers
Dedicated Computers
Special-purpose
machine that include
video game units and
word processors
Mainframes Minicomputers Supercomputers Embedded Computers
(a)Fastest computers and uses (a) Mid-sized computer (b) its (a) Referred to as the “fastest Control units that are
the largest storage systems size and power lies between mainframes” (b) most built into the devices
(b)Can solve more complex work stations and mainframe powerful, and most expensive they control. Virtually
problems and handle more computers (c) it is a computers (c) used for major all embedded
information than can any other multiprocessing system that is projects such as aircraft computers are single
category of computer. capable of supporting 4 to design, study of weather microprocessors
(c)Expensive about 200 users systems, and film and
simultaneously animation
COMPUTER OPERATIONS
PROCESSING: A computer performs operations
on the data to transform it in some way.
OUTPUT: A computer produces
output that shows the result of
the processing operations
which can be displayed through
a monitor (SOFT COPY) or
INPUT: A computer accepts data that is
printed (HARD COPY).
provided by means of an input device
STORAGE: A computer stores
the results of processing
operations that can be
retrieved for future use,
INPUT DEVICES Input devices are devices that send data to a computer, allowing
the user to interact with and control the computer.
Keyboards Point Microphone Scanners Card Reader
& Terminals & Draw Devices & Cameras
Keyboard and Terminals are Point and draw devices are used Microphones are used to input Scanners reads images and A card reader reads data from
used to enter characters and to enter spatial data, sound that is then stored in a converts it into digital file a card-shaped storage medium
functions into the computer common gestures are point and digital form Cameras are used to take
system by pressing buttons, or click and drag and drop pictures digitally
keys.
The system unit is the core of a computer responsible for
SYSTEM UNIT processing and storing data and controls all computer
functions. The system unit works with the computer peripheral
devices.
Processor Motherboard or Power Supply Unit Data Case, Case Fans & other
or CPU Main Circuit Board & Connectors Cables Cooling System
Popularly known as the “brain The largest board of a Supplies power to the Data cable that provides A computer case is the
of the computer.” Contains computer system that uses motherboard, the drives, and communication between enclosure that contains the
the Central Processing unit and tiny electrical paths to connect also, normally, contains a fan devices (e.g. hard disk drive to system unit components which
its cache memory, both each component of the that helps assist in the task of motherboard) also includes case fans used
working together to process computer cooling the computer for active cooling
the data
OUTPUT DEVICES An output device translates bits and bytes into a form a computer
user can understand.
Monitors Multimedia Projectors Printers Speakers & Interactive Voice
& Wearable Displays Headsets/Headphones Response Systems
Devices that display Multimedia projectors are used Printers produce hard-copy Speakers produce sound output Voice response systems
information in pictorial form to project the screen image output. They create images on from the computer. They are selecta output from digitized
(e.g. CRT. LCD, LED, OLED, (display) onto a large screen paper, plastic, cloth and other used to aid the computer for audio recording of words,
PLASMA) for group viewing. print media using technologies applications such as gaming, phrases, music, alarms, or
A wearable display is an like ink transfer, heat transfer, multimedia presentation and anything that is recorded.
output device that is worn on a chemical reactions, and others.
wireless headset. physical force.
STORAGE DEVICES Storage devices are devices capable of storing data for current
and later use
RAM CHIP Flash Disks Hard Disk Drive Solid State EEPROM Optical Discs
Storage Drives
The primary memory A data storage device A spindle of magnetic A type of nonvolatile EEPROM (electrically An electronic data
(temporary storage) that includes flash disks, called platters, storage media that erasable storage (permanent)
that holds data and memory with an that record and store stores persistent data programmable read- medium that can be
instructions while the integrated USB information. on solid-state flash only memory) is user- written to and read
computer is in use. interface memory modifiable read-only from using a low-
memory (ROM) that powered laser beam.
can be erased and (e.g. CD, DVD, Blue-
reprogrammed Ray)
(written to) repeatedly
Temporary Storage Semi-Permanent Storage Permanent Storage
UNIT OF DATA STORAGE Computer data is expressed as bytes, kilobytes, megabytes as it is in
the metric system, but 1 kilobyte is 1024 bytes not 1000 bytes.
Data Storage Unit Abbreviation Storage
Bit b Binary Digit, Single 1 or 0
Nibble - 4 bits
Byte/Octet B 8 bits
Kilobyte KB 1024 bytes
Megabyte MB 1024 KB
Gigabyte GB 1024 MB
Terabyte TB 1024 GB
Petabyte PB 1024 TB
Exabyte EB 1024 PB
Zettabyte ZB 1024 EB
Yottabyte YB 1024 ZB
PERIPHERAL DEVICES
Though peripheral often implies “additional but not essential”,
peripheral devices are critical elements of a fully functioning and
useful computer system. Peripheral devices include both input
and output devices..
Multifunction Peripheral Modem Expansion CD/DVD
Devices Cards ROM Drives
Perform different functions of Converts computer-compatible A printed circuit board that A device into which an
other devices. (e.g. 3 in 1 signals to signals than can be can be inserted into an interchangeable CD/DVD ROM
printers-printer, scanner, transmitted over the telephone electrical connector to add is inserted for processing.
photocopier) lines, then back again to functionality to a computer
computer signals at the other system via the expansion bus.
end of the line.
COMPUTER SOFTWARE Software, also known as programs, consists of instructions structured and
ordered in manner that, when executed , causes a computer to perform a
particular task or function.It also includes information for the computer to
A computer software can be categorize process
into:
Open System (Open Source) – software
that can be modified for use with any
hardware. It is not the exclusive property
or design of a particular vendor. Its inner
workings are available to the public and Operating Systems Application Software
anyone can adapt it or develop applications
to work with it.
Proprietary – software products that are
designed for particular systems and
cannot be used with other hardware. Its
inner workings are protected information.
Programming Utilities
Languages
OS reads and responds to user commands, and coordinates the
OPERATING SYSTEMS flow of information among the different input and output devices.
It also manages the different programs the user runs. OS can
categorized as proprietary or open-source.
Windows OS Apple’s MAC OS Linux Distros Unix MS-DOS
is a program or group of programs designed for
APPLICATION SOFTWARE end users
Productivity Tools Database Graphics Suite Browsers Personal Info Manager
MS Word MS Access Adobe Photoshop Google Chrome MS Outlook
MS Excel Oracle Corel Draw Mozilla Firefox IBM Lotus Organizer
MS PowerPoint SQL Xara Safari Kontact
MS Publisher MySQL Serif PhotoPlus Microsoft Edge Spicebird
is a formal computer language or constructed
PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE language designed to communicate instructions to a
machine, particularly a computer and can be used to
create programs to control the behavior of a
machine or to express algorithms.
C/C++ Java .Net PHP ASP
UTILITY SOFTWARE Utility software is system software designed to help
analyze, configure, optimize or maintain a computer
Anti-Virus Archivers Data Compression Back-up Software Encryption
Scan for computer Output a stream or a Output a shorter stream Used to perform a backup; use a specific algorithm to
viruses among files and single file when provided or a smaller file when they create supplementary produce an encrypted
folders (e.g. Kaspersky, with a directory or a set provided with a stream exact copies of files, stream or encrypted file
McAfee, AVG, Avast, of files (e.g. 7-Zip) or file (e.g. Winzip, databases or entire when provided with a key
Microsoft Defender) WinRAR) computer (e.g. EaseUS) and a plaintext (FileVault2)
A global computer network providing a variety of information and communication facilities, consisting
INTERNET of interconnected networks using standardized communication protocols. A computer network is a
group of computers that use a set of common communication protocols over digital interconnections
for the purpose of sharing resources.
World Wide Web Websites Search Engines Cloud Computing Social Media
Commonly known as the Web, is A website (also written as web A system that is designed to On-demand availability of Collective term for websites
an information system where site) is a collection of web carry out web searches, which computer system resources, and applications which focus on
documents and other web pages and related content that means to search the web in a especially data storage (cloud communication, community-
resources are identified by is identified by a common systematic way for particular storage) and computing power, based input, interaction,
Uniform Resource Locators domain name and published on information specified in a without direct active content-sharing and
which may be interlinked by at least one web server. textual web search query. management by the user. collaboration.
hypertext, and are accessible
over the Internet. Invented by
Tim Berners-Lee
ANATOMY OF A
UNIFORM RESOURCE LOCATOR (URL)
A Uniform Resource Locator (URL), colloquially termed a web address, is a reference to a web
resource that specifies its location on a computer network and a mechanism for retrieving it.
DOMAIN NAME
A domain name is an identification string that defines a realm of administrative autonomy, authority or control within the
Internet. The registration of these domain names is usually administered by domain name registrars who sell their services to
the public.
Web 1.0
Tim Berners- Lee
W3C WEBbing the Future
First stage in the WWW Generations of the Web
Central to Dev’t of Information Age
Web 2.0
Coined by Darci DiNucci (1999)
Defined by Tim O'reilly, Dale Dougherty
Web of Interaction or Participative Web
Folksonomy, Rich User Experience,
User Participation, Long Tail, SaaS,
Mass Participation
Web 3.0
Coined by Tim O'reilly
Semantic Web
Common Framework for
data to be shared and reused
across different platforms
Web 1.0
WWW or Web 1.0 is a system of
interlinked, hypertext documents
accessed via the Internet. Pages
are called Static because text,
photos, and other content will not
change unless the actual web page
file itself is edited
Web 2.0
The second stage of development
of the World Wide Web,
characterized especially by the
change from static web pages to
dynamic or user-generated
content and the growth of social
media.
Web 3.0
Web 3.0 or the Semantic Web is an
extension of the current web in which
information is given well-defined
meaning, better enabling computers
and people to work in co-operation
(connective intelligence)
TYPES OF SOCIAL MEDIA
Social Networks Bookmarking Sites Social News
connect with other people store and manage links to various post their own news items or
websites and resources links to other news sources
Media Sharing Microblogging Blogs and Forums
Sharing-upload and Focuses on short Forums-post contents
share media content updates from the user on a particular topic
AI and Advanced Intelligent Apps Intelligent Things Virtual and Digital Twin
TECH TRENDS Machine Learning Augmented Reality
include technologies utilizing of big data three categories: VR can be used for a dynamic software
such as deep learning, and analytics tools to robots, drones and training scenarios and model of a physical
neural networks and refine business offers autonomous vehicle remote experiences thing or system
natural-language and improve customer - soon to adapt to a AR blends real and
processing, can also experience collaborative model in virtual worlds, means
encompass more - can include which intelligent businesses can
advanced systems technologies like things communicate overlay graphics onto
that understand, learn, virtual personal with one another and real-world objects
predict, adapt and assistants (VPAs) act in concert to
potentially operate accomplish tasks
autonomously
Blockchain and Conversational Mesh App and Digital Technology Adaptive Security
TECH TRENDS Digital Ledgers System Service Architecture Platforms Architecture
a type of distributed can range from a multichannel the building blocks for having flexible
ledger in which simple informal, solution architecture a digital business security measures in
value exchange bidirectional text or that leverages cloud 5 digital platforms: place to be able to
transactions (in voice conversations and serverless Information systems, protect an
bitcoin or other token) computing, containers customer experience, organization’s
and micro services as analytics and information
well as APIs and intelligence, the predictive,
events to deliver Internet of Things and preventive,
modular, flexible and business ecosystem detective,
dynamic solutions. retrospective
Charles Babbage, Ada Lovelace, First Prgmr Steve Jobs, Apple Steve Wozniak, Apple Bill Gates, Microsoft Paul Allen, Microsoft
Father of Computer
INNOVATORS
Larry Page, Google Sergey Brin, Google David Filo, Yahoo! Jerry Young, Yahoo! Mark Zuckerberg, FB
Linus Turvalds, Linux Dennis Ritchie, C Elon Musk, X.com Alan Turing, AI Gordon Moore, Intel
GLOSSARY
Color Depth – refers to the number of bits use to display each pixel on a display.
Disk Density – refers to the number of bits that can be stored per unit of area on the disk-face surface.
Dot pitch – refers to the distance between the centers of the adjacent pixels. Any dot pitch equal to or less than -
0.28 mm (millimeters) provides a sharp image. The crispness of the image improves, as the dot pitch gets smaller.
Gray scales – refer to the number of shades of a color that can be shown on a monochrome monitor’s screen.
Pixel – (short for picture elements) basic unit of video screen image. They are individual tiny dot of light that is the
basic unit from which the images on a computer or television screen are made.
Refresh Rate – The monitor’s refresh rate also affects the quality of the display. The phosphor coating on a
monitor’s CRT (Cathode Ray Tube) must be repainted or refreshed 50 to over 100 times each time (Hz)
Resolution – defined as the number of pixels per unit of measurement (such as inch or centimeter) on a
video display. The word resolution is commonly used to denote the total number of pixels displayed
horizontally or vertically on the video display.
