Object Oriented Programming
Lecture 03
Object Oriented Approach
Defining Classes and their Objects
Unified Modeling Language(UML)
Book: Object-Oriented Programming in C++ by Robert Lafore, 4th Ed.
Chatper-1
Object Oriented Approach
• When we enters in OO approach, we
– Do not focus how problem divides into functions
– Do Focus how to divide into objects
• This approach helps to model real world
– Everything in real world can be imagine to be
divided into objects
Objects
• What kinds of things become objects in object-oriented
programs
– Depends on thinker’s imaginations
– Few Examples to take a start
• Automobiles in a traffic-flow simulation
• Countries in an economics model
• Aircraft in an air traffic control system
• Elements of the computer-user environment
– Menus
– Graphics objects (lines, rectangles, circles)
– The mouse, keyboard, disk drives, printer
• Data-storage constructs
– Customized arrays
– Stacks
– Linked lists
– Binary trees
• Human entities
– Employees
– Students
– Customers
– Salespeople
Objects cont.
• Collections of data
– An inventory
– A personnel file
– A dictionary
• User-defined data types
– Time
– Angles
– Complex numbers
– Points on the plane
• Components in computer games
– Cars in an auto race
– Positions in a board game (chess, checkers)
– Animals in an ecological simulation
– Opponents and friends in adventure games
Classes
• In OOP we say that objects are members of
classes
• A class is thus a description of a number of
similar objects
• Class serves as a plan
• It specifies what data and what functions will be
included in objects of that class
• Defining the class doesn’t create any objects
• An object is often called an “instance” of a class.
Relationship of Class and Object
Defining Classes
Keywords private and public are access specifiers
Functions Are Public, Data Is Private
Usually the data within a class is private and the functions are public.
The data is hidden so it will be safe from accidental manipulation
The functions that operate on the data are public so they can be accessed from
outside the class.
Defining Class
class smallobj //define a class
{
private:
int somedata; //data member
public:
void setdata(int d) //member function to set data
{ somedata = d; }
void showdata() //member function to display data
{ cout << “Data is “ << somedata << endl; }
};
Data Members
The smallobj class contains one data item or data member(somedata), which is of type int.
There can be any number of data members in a class
Member Functions
Member functions are functions that are included within a class
There are two member functions in smallobj: setdata() and showdata().
The definition of the class does not create any objects
It only describes how objects of this class will look when they are created
Using the Class and Defining the
class smallobj //define a class
Objects
{
private:
int somedata; //data member
public:
void setdata(int d) //member function to set data
{ somedata = d; }
void showdata() //member function to display data
{ cout << “Data is “ << somedata << endl; }
};
Defining Objects
smallobj s1, s2; //defines two objects, s1 and s2, of class smallobj
Defining an object is similar to defining a variable of any data type
Space is set aside for it in memory
An object is an instance of a class
Objects are sometimes called instance variables
Using the Objects and Calling the
Member functions
class smallobj //define a class
{
private: Defining Objects
int somedata; //data member smallobj s1, s2;
public: //defines two objects, s1
void setdata(int d) //member function to set data and s2, of class smallobj
{ somedata = d; }
void showdata() //member function to display data
{ cout << “Data is “ << somedata << endl; }
};
Calling Member Functions
Call the member function setdata():
s1.setdata(1066);
s2.setdata(1776);
This strange syntax is used to call a member function that is associated with a specific
object
setdata(1066); // error
Using the Objects and Calling the
Member functions
class smallobj //define a class
{
private:
int somedata; //data member
public:
void setdata(int d) //member function to set data
{ somedata = d; }
void showdata() //member function to display data
{ cout << “Data is “ << somedata << endl; }
};
Defining Objects
smallobj s1, s2;
//defines two objects, s1
and s2, of class smallobj
Calling Member Functions
Call the member function setdata():
s1.setdata(1066);
s2.setdata(1776);
A Simple Class
class smallobj //define a class
{
private:
int somedata; //data member
public:
void setdata(int d) //member function to set data
{ somedata = d; }
void showdata() //member function to display data
{ cout << “Data is “ << somedata << endl; }
};
int main()
{
smallobj s1, s2; //define two objects of class smallobj
s1.setdata(1066); //call member function to set data
s2.setdata(1776);
s1.showdata(); //call member function to display data
s2.showdata();
return 0;
}
The Unified Modeling Language
(UML)
• The UML is a graphical “language” for
modeling computer programs
• UML provides a way to visualize the higher-
level organization of programs without getting
in the details of actual code.
Why do we need the UML
• The trouble with code is that it’s very detailed
• We need a way to see a bigger picture that:
– depicts the major parts of the program and how they work
together
• UML provides this picture.
• UML is a set of different kinds of diagrams
– Class diagrams
• show the relationships among classes
– Object diagrams
• show how specific objects relate,
– Sequence diagrams
• show the communication among objects over time
– Use case diagrams
• show how a program’s users interact with the program, and so on
