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09 Class and Objects | PDF | Object Oriented Programming | Class (Computer Programming)
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09 Class and Objects

The document discusses procedural programming versus object-oriented programming. Procedural programming focuses on processes and actions but has limitations when data structures change. Object-oriented programming organizes code around objects that have attributes and behaviors. Classes define objects and act as blueprints. Objects are instantiated from classes and have attributes and methods. Classes use access specifiers to control member access and constructors initialize objects.

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Raza Ahmad
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18 views9 pages

09 Class and Objects

The document discusses procedural programming versus object-oriented programming. Procedural programming focuses on processes and actions but has limitations when data structures change. Object-oriented programming organizes code around objects that have attributes and behaviors. Classes define objects and act as blueprints. Objects are instantiated from classes and have attributes and methods. Classes use access specifiers to control member access and constructors initialize objects.

Uploaded by

Raza Ahmad
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Class and Objects

Class and Object, Access Modifiers, Constructors


Procedural Programming
Procedural programming focuses on the process/actions that occur in
a program. The program starts at the beginning, does something, and
ends.
Limitations of Procedural Programming
• If the data structures change, many functions must also be changed
• Programs that are based on complex function hierarchies are:
• difficult to understand and maintain
• difficult to modify and extend
• easy to break
Object-Oriented Programming
• Objected-Oriented Programming is computer programming model
that organizes software design around data or Objects(Data fields
that have attributes and behaviors)
• Object-oriented programming (OOPs) makes development and
maintenance easier
• OOPs provides data hiding (Abstraction)
• OOPs provides the ability to simulate real-world event much more
effectively
Classes and Objects
• Classes
• Classes are the standard unit of programming
• Model objects that have attributes (data members) and behaviors (member
functions)
• Defined using keyword class
• Have a body delineated with braces ({ and })
• Class definitions terminate with a semicolon
• A class is like a blueprint – reusable
• For example, a house is an instance of a “blueprint class”
Classes and Objects
• Objects
• Object is a run time entity.
• Objects are instantiated (created)
from the class
• Memory is allocated when object is
created

• attributes: members of a class

• methods or behaviors: member


functions of a class
Class definition
class Class_name {
public:
constructor and destructor
member functions
private:
data members
};
Member access specifiers
• Classes can limit the access to their member functions and
data
• The three types of access a class can grant are:
• Public — Accessible wherever the program has access to an object
of the class
• private — Accessible only to member functions of the class
• Protected — Accessible form Child class members only
Objects
• Class definition and declaration
• Once a class has been defined, it can be used as a type in object, array
and pointer declarations
• Example:
Classname objname, //Object of Type Classs
ArrayofClass[8], // Array of Type Class
*pointofClass, //Pointer to Class Object
&referenceofClass; //Reference to Class Object
• Accessing class members
• Dot (.) for objects and arrow (->) for pointers
• Example:
• t.hour is the hour element of t
• TimePtr->hour is the hour element
Initializing Class Objects: Constructors
• Constructor : Special Function that
• Initialize class members
• Same name as the class
• No return type
• Is executed / called at the time of object creation

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