SPRING 2024
INTRODUCTION TO
DATABASES(CT-494)
Syed Muhammad Faraz
I.T.Manager
NEDUET Karachi.
Lecture 1
Why Study Databases?
• Academic
– Databases involve many aspects of computer
science.
– Fertile area of research.
• Programmer
– Lots of applications involve using and accessing
databases.
• Businessman
– Everybody needs databases => lots of money to be
made.
What Will You Learn ?
• Implementation
– How do you build a system ?
• Design
– How do you model your data and structure your information in a
database?
• Programming
– How do you use the capabilities of a DBMS?
• achieves a balance between
– A firm theoretical foundation to design moderate-sized databases.
– Creating, querying, and implementing realistic databases and
connecting them to applications.
.
Course Goals and Outcomes
Introduction to basic concepts.
Different Fact-Finding Techniques
Take an English language description and convert it into a working
database application.
Create E/R models from application descriptions.
Convert E/R models into relational designs.
Identify redundancies in designs and remove them using normalization
techniques.
Appling indexing on your database
Apply different security feature
Create databases in an RDBMS and enforce data integrity constraints
using SQL.
Write sophisticated database queries using SQL.
Implement to a database using DBMS.
Discuss transaction management concepts.
Books
1.”Database Systems: A Practical Approach
to Design, Implementation, and
Management”, 4th Edition. Thomas Connolly.
Carolyn Begg
2. “Fundamentals of Database Systems”,
Ramez Elmasri, Shamkant Navathe,
Pearson, 7 Edition, 2015.
3. “Fundamentals of Database Management
Systems”, Mark.L.Gillenson.
Lecture objective
Common use of Database systems.
What is File-based systems ?
Disadvantages of File-base systems.
The meaning of the term ‘database’.
The meaning of the term ‘database management
system’ (DBMS).
The typical functions of a DBMS.
The major components of the DBMS environment.
The personnel involved in the DBMS environment.
Why we use DBMS ?
Common use of Database system
Business
Education
Industry
Health
Database system example
Large database system
File-based system
A collection of application programs that perform
services for the system end-users such as the
production of reports.
Each program defines and manages its own data.
File Processing Systems
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EXAMPLE OF FILE BASED APPROACH
Consider the effort that would be required to
answer the following questions:
What three-bedroom properties do you have for sale
with a garden and garage?
What flats do you have for rent within three miles of
the city center?
What is the average rent for a two-bedroom flat?
What is the total annual salary bill for staff?
What is the expected monthly turnover for the next
financial year?
Disadvantages of File Processing System
Duplicate Data
Inconsistency
Accessing Anomalies
Poor Data Integrity
Disadvantages of File Processing System
Poor Data Security
Atomicity Problem
Wastage of Labour and Space
Data Isolation
What is Database?
What is a Database?
Data
Facts, figures, statistics etc. having no particular
meaning (e.g. 1, abid, 19 etc).
Record
Collection of related data items, e.g.
Roll no. Name Age
1 Abid 19
Information
Data that have been processed and presented in a
form suitable for human interpretation
What is Database ?
Collection of data.
More specifically collection of interrelated or
integrated data, containing information specific to
an enterprise.
What is Application Programs ?
A computer program that interacts with the database
by issuing an appropriate request (typically an SQL
statement) to the DBMS.
What is DBMS?
What is DBMS?
A Database Management System (DBMS) is a
software package designed to store and manage
databases.
A very large, integrated or interrelated collection of
data and a set of programs to access those data.
A software system that enables users to define,
create, maintain, and control access to the database.
VIEWS
It allows each user to have his or her own view of the
database.
A view is essentially some subset of the database.
Benefits of Views:
Reduce complexity
Provide a level of security
Provide a mechanism to customize the appearance of
the database
Present a consistent, unchanging picture of the
structure of the database, even if the underlying
database is changed
Components of DBMS Environment
Hardware
It can range from a PC to a network of computers.
Software
DBMS, operating system, network software (if necessary) and also the
application programs.
Data
Used by the organization and a description of this data called the schema.
Procedures
Instructions and rules that should be applied to the design and use of the
database and DBMS.
People
Includes database designers, DBAs, application programmers, and end-
users.
Role in the Database Environment
Database Administrators (DBA)
Authorizing access to the database
Coordinating and monitoring its use
Maintain software and hardware resources
Database Designers
Identify the data to be stored and choose the appropriate
structure to represent and store the data
Application developer
Provide required functionality for the end-users
End Users
The end-users are the ‘clients’ for the database
ADVANTAGES OF DBMS
Control of data redundancy
Data consistency
More information from the same amount of data
Sharing of data
Improved data integrity
Improved security
Enforcement of standards
Balance conflicting requirements
Improved data accessibility and responsiveness
Increased productivity
Improved maintenance through data independence
Increased concurrency
Improved backup and recovery services
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