Database Management

Systems
Assoc. Prof. Mohamed Abdelsalam
Chapter: 01
Course Outline

 CH.(1): Introduction to DBMS

 CH.(2): Relational Model
 CH.(3): Entity Relationship Modeling
 CH.(4): Enhanced Entity Relationship Modeling
 CH.(5): Relational Database design (Mapping)
 CH.(6): SQL Basics
Chapter Outline

 Ch. (1) : Introduction to DBMS

 Understanding the concept of Data & Information
 Explain the difference between Data & Information.
 Identify the concept of Database
 Identify the concept of DBMS
 Disadvantages of file-processing system
 Characteristics and Benefits of a Database
 What the meaning of Data Abstraction
Concept of Data
Data
• is a raw fact and can take the form of a
number of statement.

• Data of student : Name , Age , Level,

Gender
• Data of Course : Title , Cost , Hours, Type

• Type of data : Number , string , text file ,

audio, video
Concept of Information
Information
• is data that has been converted into
meaningful and useful context for end
users. (processed data).

• List of students is information

• List of male students is information
• Numbers of optional courses is information
Difference between Data & Information
 Example:
Salesdata is names, quantities and dollar
amounts

Sales information is amount of sales by

product type, or by salesperson
the concept of Database
 database as a structured collection of related data.
 that is organized and stored in a way that allows for
efficient retrieval, management, and manipulation of
information
 database is built to store logically interrelated data
representing some aspects of the real world.
 database is constructed according to a data model
which defines the way in which data and
interrelationships between them can be represented.
 Databases play an important role in many applications
and systems " backbone of any software"
 what are in your mind when you
saw this picture
 Unorganized closet.
 I can't easily get and retrieve clothes.
 It takes more time and effort to get
what I want
 The result of the randomness in
storing clothes, I can't know what I
have, so it's possible to buy clothes
that I already own - in other words,
repeating clothes
 I've lost storage spaces that could
have been used, resulting in additional
costs to acquire extra storage space
what are in your mind
when you saw this picture
 Organized closet.
 I can easily get and retrieve
clothes.
 It doesn’t take more time and
effort to get what I want
 I can know what I have, so it’s
not possible to buy clothes that I
already own.
 I’ve kept storage spaces that
could have been used, resulting
in no additional costs to acquire
extra storage space
  Store organized data

The Purpose of
 Manipulate these data
Database

 Retrieve it easily
A Database-Management System (DBMS)

 A Database Management System (DBMS)

is software that provides an interface for
managing and interacting with databases.
It is a critical component of modern
software applications and information
systems, serving as an intermediary
between users or application programs
and the actual data stored in a database.
 The primary goal of a DBMS is to provide a
way to store and retrieve database
information that is both convenient and
efficient
A Database-Management System (DBMS)
Here are some key aspects of a DBMS
 Data Storage: DBMS stores data in an
organized and structured manner, making it
easy to retrieve, update, and manage.
 Data Retrieval: It allows users and
applications to retrieve data from the
database using query languages like SQL
(Structured Query Language).
 Data Modification: DBMS supports the
addition, modification, and deletion of data
in the database.
A Database-Management System (DBMS)
Here are some key aspects of a DBMS
 Data Security: It provides mechanisms to
control access to data, ensuring that only
authorized users can interact with it. This
includes user authentication and
authorization.
 Data Integrity: DBMS enforces data integrity
constraints to maintain the accuracy and
consistency of data, such as enforcing
primary keys, foreign keys, and other rules.
 Concurrency Control: It manages multiple
users accessing the database in the same
moment to prevent conflicts and maintain
data consistency.
A Database-Management System (DBMS)
Here are some key aspects of a DBMS
 Backup and Recovery: DBMS systems often
have features for creating backups of the
data and recovering it in case of system
failures or data corruption.
 Query Optimization: DBMS can optimize the
execution of queries to improve
performance and reduce the time required
to retrieve or modify data.
 Data Relationships: It supports the
establishment of relationships between
different data tables, allowing for the
creation of complex data models.
A Database-Management System (DBMS)
How to storing Data
How to storing Data
How to storing Data
Case Study
If you want to design database to store
all data related to student and his
enrollment courses, grades, and doctors
who taught these courses.

What can you do ?

 Your Solution

Dep- Departm Doctor

St_No st_name street city phone course_name course desc Grade Doctor phone
code ent name name

ERP-SAP
12 Haram 33868420 /
101 Hassan Ali Giza 1 BIS ERP Functional 59 Ahmed 01076432566
st. 0111111253
Consultant

Java Mobile
12 Haram 33868420 / Application
101 Hassan Ali Giza 1 BIS Java 70 Mai 01088992567
st. 0111111253 s
Developers

12 Haram 33868420 / Cyber

101 Hassan Ali Giza 1 BIS CS 60 Sally 01265892234
st. 0111111253 Security
Fundement
43
shady 28345655 / al of
102 aboelfeda Giza 2 FMI ACC 88 Ashraf 01134567893
Ayman 0106774544 Financial
st.
Accounting
43 ERP-SAP
shady 28345655 /
102 aboelfeda Giza 2 FMI ERP Functional 89 Ahmed 01076432570
Ayman 0106774544
st. Consultant
 The appropriate Solution is
Student Student_Tel
Department
St_No phone
St_No st_name street city Dep_code Dep_code Dep_name 101 33868420
101 111111253
101 Hassan Ali 12 Haram st. Giza 1 1 BIS
102 28345655

shady 2 FMI 102 106774544

102 43 aboelfeda st. Giza 2
Ayman

courses Student_grades
course- Course
doctors
Description course
code Name St_No doc code Grade
doc-code doc Name doc phone code
ERP-SAP Functional
1 ERP 101 1 1 59
Consultant 1 Ahmed 01076432566
Java Mobile 101 2 2 70
2 Java Applications
2 Mai 01088992567
Developers
101 3 3 60
3 Sally 01265892234 102 4 4 88
3 CS Cyber Security
4 Ashraf 01134567893 102 1 1 89
Fundamental of
4 ACC
Financial Accounting
Disadvantages of File System
Data redundancy and inconsistency
the same information may be duplicated in several
places (files). For example, if a student has a double
major (music and mathematics) the address and
telephone number of that student may appear in a file
that consists of student records of students in the
Mathematics department. This redundancy leads to
higher storage and access cost
Disadvantages of File System
Difficulty in accessing data
Because of file system not flexible to generate
different reports, you need ask the programmer to
write codes for extracting your report.

file-processing environments do not allow needed

data to be retrieved in a convenient manner. More
responsive data-retrieval systems are required for
general use
Disadvantages of File System
Data isolation
Because data are scattered in various files, and files
may be in different formats, which can lead to several
issues as, Data Redundancy, Data Inconsistency …….
Disadvantages of File System
Integrity problems
• The data values stored in the database must satisfy
certain types of consistency constraints.
• it's difficult to maintain data integrity because
there are no centralized controls or constraints to
ensure that data remains accurate and follows
certain rules (e.g., data validation rules or
referential integrity constraints in a database).
• The problem is compounded when constraints
involve several data items from different files.
Disadvantages of File System
Atomicity problems
In many applications, it is necessary that, if a failure
occurs, the data be restored to the consistent state that
existed prior to the failure.

It is difficult to ensure atomicity in a conventional

file-processing system.
Disadvantages of File System
Security problems
Not every user of the database system should be able
to access all the data.

But in file processing system you can not control the

user privileges .
Characteristics and Benefits of a
Database
Self-describing nature of a database
system
it not only contains the database itself, but
also metadata which defines and describes the data
and relationships between tables in the database. This
information is used by the DBMS software or
database users if needed.
Characteristics and Benefits of a
Database
Insulation between program and data
In the file-based system, the structure of the data files
is defined in the application programs so if a user
wants to change the structure of a file, all the
programs that access that file might need to be
changed as well.
Characteristics and Benefits of a
Database
Insulation between program and data
On the other hand, in the database approach, the data
structure is stored in the system catalogue and not in
the programs. Therefore, one change is all that is
needed to change the structure of a file.
Characteristics and Benefits of a
Database
Support for multiple views of data

A view is a subset of the database, which is defined

and dedicated for particular users of the system.
Multiple users in the system might have different
views of the system. Each view might contain only the
data of interest to a user or group of users.
Characteristics and Benefits of a
Database
Sharing of data and multiuser system

it allow many users to access the same database at the

same time. This access is achieved through features
called concurrency control strategies. These strategies
ensure that the data accessed are always correct and
that data integrity is maintained.
Characteristics and Benefits of a
Database
Control of data redundancy

each data item is stored in only one place in the

database. In some cases, data redundancy still exists
to improve system performance, but such redundancy
is controlled by application programming.
Characteristics and Benefits of a
Database
Enforcement of integrity constraints

Database management systems must provide the

ability to define and enforce certain constraints to
ensure that users enter valid information and
maintain data integrity. A database constraint is a
restriction or rule that dictates what can be entered
or edited in a table such as a postal code using a
certain format or adding a valid city in the City field.
Characteristics and Benefits of a
Database
Enforcement of integrity constraints

There are many types of database constraints. Data

type, for example, determines the sort of data
permitted in a field, for example numbers only. Data
uniqueness such as the primary key ensures that no
duplicates are entered. Constraints can be simple
(field based) or complex (programming).
Characteristics and Benefits of a
Database
Restriction of unauthorized access

Not all users of a database system will have the same

accessing privileges.

a database management system should provide a

security subsystem to create and control different
types of user accounts and restrict unauthorized
access
Characteristics and Benefits of a
Database
Transaction processing

A database management system must include

concurrency control subsystems. This feature ensures
that data remains consistent and valid during
transaction processing even if several users update
the same information.
Database-System Applications

Enterprise information

➢Sales: For customer, product, and purchase

information.
➢Accounting: For payments, receipts, account
balances, assets and other accounting information.
Database-System Applications

➢Human resources: For information about

employees, salaries, payroll taxes, and benefits and
for generation of paychecks.
➢Manufacturing: For management of the supply
chain and for tracking production of items in
factories, inventories of items in warehouses and
stores, and orders for items.
Database-System Applications

➢Banking: For customer information, accounts loans,

and banking transactions.
➢Credit card transactions: For purchases on credit
cards and generation of monthly statements.
➢Finance: For storing information about holdings,
sales and purchases of financial instruments such
as stocks and bonds.
Database-System Applications

➢Universities: For student information, course

registrations, and grades.
➢Airlines: For reservations and schedule information.
➢Telecommunication: For keeping records of calls
made, generating monthly bills, maintaining
balances on prepaid calling cards, and storing
information about the communication networks.
Data Abstraction

 Forthe system to be usable, it must retrieve data

efficiently.
 Sincemany database system users are not
computer trained, developers hide the
complexity from users through several levels
abstraction, to simplify user’s interactions with
the system:
Data Abstraction
Data Abstraction

 Physical level. The lowest level of abstraction

describes how the data are actually stored. the
physical level describes complex low-level data
structures in detail.
Data Abstraction

 Logical level. The next-higher level of abstraction

describes what data are stored in the database,
and what relationships exist among those data.
 The user of the logical level does not need to be
aware of this complexity. This is referred to as
physical data independence.
Data Abstraction

 View level. The highest level of abstraction

describes only part of the entire database.
 Many users of the database system need to
access only a part of the database.
 The view level of abstraction exists to simplify
their interaction with the system. The system
may provide many views for the same database.
Database users

 Database Administrator (DBA):

❑ The Database Administrator
is responsible for the
overall management and maintenance of the
database system.
❑ They handle tasks such as database installation,
configuration, security, performance tuning, backup
and recovery, and user management. DBAs have
elevated privileges to perform administrative tasks.
Database users

 Application Developers:
❑ Application developers are users who design and
develop software applications that interact with the
database.
❑ They create database schemas, write queries, and
implement the business logic required for the
applications. Developers require appropriate access
permissions to perform their tasks effectively.
Database users

 Data Analysts:
❑ Data analysts are users who extract, analyze, and
interpret data from the database to derive
meaningful insights.
❑ They often work with business intelligence tools and
reporting systems to generate reports, visualize data,
and identify trends or patterns. Data analysts require
read access to relevant database tables and views.
Database users

 Data Scientists:
❑ Data scientists are users who employ advanced
statistical and analytical techniques to extract
knowledge and make predictions from data.
❑ They utilize machine learning algorithms, statistical
models, and data mining techniques to uncover
hidden patterns and valuable insights. Data scientists
typically need read and write access to perform their
analyses.
Database users

 Data Entry Operators:

❑ Data entry operators are responsible for entering
data into the database system.
❑ They input data from various sources, ensuring
accuracy and consistency.
❑ Data entry operators require appropriate access
permissions and may have restricted privileges to
perform their tasks.
Database users

 Business Users:
❑ Business users are individuals who use the database
system to access and retrieve data for their day-to-
day operations.
❑ They may include managers, executives, sales
representatives, or customer support personnel.
Business users require read access to relevant data
to perform their job functions efficiently.
Database users

 External Users:
❑ External users are individuals or entities who are granted
limited access to the database system from outside the
organization.
❑ Examples include customers, clients, vendors, or
partners who may require access to specific data or
services. External users have restricted privileges and
access rights.
Database users

Following are other Important Points regarding database

roles:
 User Roles and Permissions:
❑ Database systems often implement role-based access control
(RBAC), where users are assigned specific roles with
predefined permissions.
❑ Roles group related privileges together, simplifying user
management and ensuring security.
Database users

Following are other Important Points regarding database

roles:
 Authentication and Authorization:
❑ Database systems employ authentication mechanisms to
verify the identity of users before granting access.
❑ Authorization mechanisms control user access based on their
roles and permissions, ensuring data security and integrity.
Database users

Following are other Important Points regarding database

roles:
 User Privileges:
❑ Privileges determine the operations a user can perform
on the database objects.
❑ They include read, write, update, delete, create, and
execute privileges. Privileges can be granted at various
levels, such as database level, table level, or column
level.
Database users

Following are other Important Points regarding database

roles:
 User Management:
❑ Database administrators are responsible for creating,
modifying, and deleting user accounts.
❑ They also handle password management, account
locking, and password expiration policies to ensure
secure user access.
Database users

Following are other Important Points regarding database

roles:
 Auditing and Logging:
❑ Database systems often provide auditing and logging features
to track user activities.
❑ This helps monitor user actions, detect unauthorized access
attempts, and maintain an audit trail for compliance and
security purposes.