EGM 312 - ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS IV

LECTURE NOTES

Mgr. Mwale C

DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS AND STATISTICS, MULUNGUSHI

UNIVERSITY

2024/2025

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Chapter Outline

1 Vector Fields

2 Conservative Vector Fields

3 Line Integrals

4 Green’s Theorem

5 Curl and Divergence

6 Parametric Surfaces

7 Surface Integrals

8 Stoke’s Theorem, Divergence Theorem

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Vector Fields
Definition
A vector field on two (or three) dimensional space is a function F or F ⃗
that assigns to each point (x , y ) (or (x , y , z)) a two (or three dimensional)
vector given by F(x , y )(or F(x , y , z)).

In component form, these can be written as

F(x , y ) = M(x , y )i + N(x , y )j

or
F(x , y , z) = M(x , y , z)i + N(x , y , z)j + P(x , y , z)k
depending on whether we are in two or three dimensions.
Vector fields can be sketched to be able to visualize them. However, vector
fields consist of infinitely many vectors. Thus,it is not possible to create a
sketch of the entire field. Instead, when you sketch a vector field, your
goal is to sketch representative vectors that help you visualize the field.
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Example 1
Sketch the following vector vector fields
1 F(x , y ) = −y i + x j

2 F(x , y , z) = zk

Solution
1 F(x , y ) = −y i + x j

2 F(x , y , z) = zk Try this as an exercise

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Example 2
1 Given F⃗ (x , y ) = ⟨3x 2 , 2y ⟩, find F
⃗ (1, 2).
2 ⃗ (x , y , z) = ⟨yz, xz, xy ⟩. Evaluate at (1, 2, 3).
Let F

Solution
1 Substitute x = 1, y = 2:
⃗ (1, 2) = ⟨3(1)2 , 2(2)⟩ = ⟨3, 4⟩
F

⃗ (1, 2, 3) = ⟨2 · 3, 1 · 3, 1 · 2⟩ = ⟨6, 3, 2⟩
F

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Conservative Vector Fields

Definition
A vector field F is called conservative if there exists a differentiable
function f such that F = ∇f . The function f is called the potential
function for F.

The Theorem below helps us in testing whether the given vector field is a
conservative vector field in the plane.
Theorem
Let M and N have continuous first partial derivatives on an open disk R.
The vector field given by F(x , y ) = Mi + Nj is conservative if and only if

∂N ∂M
= .
∂x ∂y

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Example
Find the conservative vector field for the following potential functions
1 f (x , y ) = x 2 + 2y 2

2 f (x , y ) = 5x 2 + 3xy + y 2

3 f (x , y ) = sin 3x cos 4y

Solution
After taking partial derivatives we have:
1 F(x , y ) = 2x i + 4y j

2 F(x , y ) = (10x + 3y )i + (3x + 2y )j

3 F(x , y ) = (3 cos 3x cos 4y )i − (4 sin 3x sin 4y )j

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Example
Find the potential function for the following vector fields
1 F(x , y ) = 2xy i + (x 2 − y )j

2 F(x , y ) = 3x 2 y 2 i + 2x 3 y j

3 F(x , y ) = e x (cos y i − sin y j)

Solution - Details of solutions will be done in class

After taking the integrals and comparing the two, we get that:
1 f (x , y ) = x 2 y −
y2
2 +K
2 f (x , y ) = x 3 y 2 + K

3 f (x , y ) = e x cos y + K

Similarly, we can test for the conservative of a vector field in 3D. The
Theorem below gives the conditions.

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Theorem
Suppose that M, N, and P have continuous first partial derivatives in an
open sphere Q in space. The vector field given by
F(x , y , z) = Mi + Nj + Pk is conservative if and only if

∂P ∂N ∂P ∂M ∂N ∂M
= , = , and = .
∂y ∂z ∂x ∂z ∂x ∂y

Example
Determine whether the vector field F is conservative. If so, find its
potential function.
1 F(x , y , z) = 2xy i + (x 2 + y 2 )j + 2yzk

2 F(x , y , z) = xy 2 z 2 i + x 2 yz 2 j + x 2 y 2 zk

3 F(x , y , z) = y 2 z 3 i + 2xyz 3 j + 3xy 2 z 2 k

4 F(x , y , z) = sin zi + sin x j + sin y k

5 F(x , y , z) = ye z i + ze x j + xe y k

6 F(x , y , z) = z i − xz j + x k
y y2 y
7 F(x , y , z) = x y
x 2 +y 2
i + x 2 +y 2
j+k

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Line Integrals
In this section we are now going to look at a new kind of integral called
the line integral. However, before we do that, it is important to note that
you will need to remember how to parameterize equations, or put another
way, you will need to be able to write down a set of parametric equations
for a given curve.

Some Parametric Equations of Basic Curves

For a line segment from (x0 , y0 , z0 ) to (x1 , y1 , z1 ), the parametric
equation is r(t) = (1 − t)⟨x0 , y0 , z0 ⟩ + t⟨x1 , y1 , z1 ⟩, for 0 ≤ t ≤ 1.
For a circle x 2 + y 2 = r 2 , we have the parametric equations to be
x = r cos t and y = r sin t for the counter clockwise and
x = r cos t and y = −r sin t, for 0 ≤ t ≤ 2π.
2 2
For an ellipse xa2 + yb 2 = 1, we have the parametric equations to be
x = a cos t and y = b sin t for the counter clockwise and
x = a cos t and y = −b sin t, for 0 ≤ t ≤ 2π.

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Definition
If f is defined in a region containing a smooth curve C of finite length,
then the line integral of f along C is given by
Z n
X
f (x , y )ds = lim f (xi , yi ) ∆si Plane
C ∥∆∥→0
i=1
or
Z n
X
f (x , y , z)ds = lim f (xi , yi , zi ) ∆si Space
C ∥∆|→0
i=1

provided this limit exists.

However, for the evaluation of the line integrals of the scalar function f
along the smooth curve C is as shown in the Theorem below.

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Theorem
Let f be continuous in a region containing a smooth curve C . If C is given
by r(t) = x (t)i + y (t)j, where a ≤ t ≤ b, then
Z Z b q
f (x , y )ds = f (x (t), y (t)) [x ′ (t)]2 + [y ′ (t)]2 dt
C a
If C is given by r(t) = x (t)i + y (t)j + z(t)k, where a ≤ t ≤ b, then

Z Z b q
f (x , y , z)ds = f (x (t), y (t), z(t)) [x ′ (t)]2 + [y ′ (t)]2 + [z ′ (t)]2 dt.
C a

Let us demonstrate the evaluation of the line integral in the following

examples.

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Example
Evaluate the following line integrals
2
R
C (x − y + 3z)ds where C is the line segment from (0, 0, 0) to
1

(1, 2, 1).

xy 4 ds where C is the right half of the circle x 2 + y 2 = 16.

R
2
C

Solution - Details of solutions will be done in class

These will give us: √
R 2 5 6
C (x − y + 3z)ds =
1
6

8192
xy 4 ds =
R
2
C 5

Let us now look at how to find the line integral over the piecewise smooth
curves.
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Definition
A piecewise smooth curve is any curve that can be written as the union of
a finite number of smooth curves, C1 , · · · , Cn where the end point of Ci is
the starting point of Ci+1 .

Evaluation of line integrals over piecewise smooth curves is a relatively

simple thing to do. All we do is evaluate the line integral over each of the
pieces and then add them up. The line integral for some function over the
above piecewise curve would be,
Z Z Z Z
f (x , y )ds = f (x , y )ds + f (x , y )ds, · · · , f (x , y )ds
C C1 C2 Cn

Lets now look at an example below.

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Example
R
Evaluate C xds where C is the piecewise smooth curve defined by y = x
from (0, 0) to (1, 1) and by y = x 2 from (1, 1) to (0, 0)

Solution
Begin by integrating up the line y = x , using the following parametrization.

C1 : x = t, y = t, 0≤t≤1
For this curve, r(t) = ti + tj, which implies that x ′ (t) = 1 and y ′ (t) = 1.
So,
q √
[x ′ (t)]2 + [y ′ (t)]2 = 2
and you have
Z 1 √ √ #1 √
2 2 2
Z
xds = t 2dt = t =
C1 0 2 0
2

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Solution Cont...
Next, integrate down the parabola y = x 2 , using the parametrization

C2 : x = 1 − t, y = (1 − t)2 , 0≤t≤1
For this curve, r(t) = (1 − t)i + (1 − t)2 j, which implies that x ′ (t) = −1
and

y ′ (t) = −2(1 − t). So,

q q
[x ′ (t)]2 + [y ′ (t)]2 = 1 + 4(1 − t)2
and you have
Z Z 1 q
xds = (1 − t) 1 + 4(1 − t)2 dt
C2 0
1
1 2h
 i3/2
=− 1 + 4(1 − t)2
8 3 0
1  3/2 
= 5 −1
12
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Solution Cont...
Consequently,
√
2 1  3/2
Z Z Z 
xds = xds + xds = + 5 − 1 ≈ 1.56
C C1 C2 2 12

Example - Try these as an exercise

R
1 Evaluate C 2xds, where C consists of the arc C1 of the parabola
y = x 2 from (0, 0) to (1, 1) followed by the vertical line segment C2
from (1, 1)R
to (1, 2).
2 Evaluate C ydx + zdy + xdz where C consists of the line segment C1
from (2, 0, 0) to (3, 4, 5) , followed by a vertical line segment C2 from
(3, 4, 5) to (3, 4, 0)

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Line Integral of Vector Fields

Let us now turn into the line integral of the vector fields. We assume that
the path of integration is the piecewise smooth curve.
Definition - Line Integral of Vector Fields
If F is the continuous vector field on the smooth curve C : r(t), a ≤ t ≤ a,
then the line integral of F over C is given by
Z Z b
F · dr = F(r(t)) · r′ (t)dt
C a

Note that F(r(t)) · r′ (t) is the usual dot product as we know it.
Now, we demonstrate this by looking at the following examples.

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Examples
1 Find the work done by the force field
1 1 1
F(x , y , z) = − x i − y j + k
2 2 4
on a particle as it moves along the helix given by

r(t) = cos ti + sin tj + tk

from the point (1, 0, 0) to (−1, 0, 3π).

Evaluate C F · dr where F(x , y ) = x 2 i + xy j and C is the boundary of

R
2

the square in the plane z = 0 and bounded by the lines

x = 0, x = a, y = 0 and y = a.

Expected answers - details in class

R 3π
1 F · dr =
RC 4
a3
C F · dr =
2
2
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Line Integral In Differential Form
Line Integral In Differential Form
The Line Integral in differential form for the vector field F along the curve
r (t) is given as
Z Z
F · dr = (Mdx + Ndy ) on the plane
C C
Z Z
F · dr = (Mdx + Ndy + Pdz) in space
C C

Example
y 2 dx + xdy where C is a line segment from (−5, −3) to (0, 2).
R
Evaluate C

Solution
After some computations, we find that
5
Z
y 2 dx + xdy = −
C 6
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The Fundamental Theorem for Line Integrals

The Fundamental Theorem for Line Integrals

Let C be a piecewise smooth curve lying in an open region R and given by

r(t) = x (t)i + y (t)j, a≤t≤b

If F(x , y ) = Mi + Nj is conservative in R, and M and N are continuous in
R, then
Z Z
F · dr = ∇f · dr = f (x (b), y (b)) − f (x (a), y (a))
C C
where f is a potential function of F. That is, F(x , y ) = ∇f (x , y ).

The above form is for F on the plain. In space it will take the following
form:

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In Space
Let C be a piecewise smooth curve lying in an open region Q and given by

r(t) = x (t)i + y (t)j + z(t)k, a≤t≤b

If F(x , y , z) = Mi + Nj + Pk is conservative and M, N, and P are

continuous, then
Z Z
F · dr = ∇f · dr
C C
= f (x (b), y (b), z(b)) − f (x (a), y (a), z(a))

where F(x , y , z) = ∇f (x , y , z).

Example
R
Evaluate C F · dr, where C is a piecewise
smooth curve from (1, 1, 0) to
(0, 2, 3) and F(x , y , z) = 2xy i + x 2 + z 2 j + 2yzk.

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Independence of Path

THEOREM
SupposeR
F is a vector field that is continuous on an open connected region
D. If C F · dr is independent of path in D, then F is a conservative vector
field on D; that is, there exists a function f such that ∇f = F.

THEOREM
R R
F · dr is independent of path in D if and only if
C C F · dr = 0 for every
closed path C in D.

Example
R R
Show that the integral C F · dr = C (2xdx + 2ydy + 4zdz) is path
independent in any domain in space and find its value in the integration
from A : (0, 0, 0) to B : (2, 2, 2).

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Solution
F = [2x , 2y , 4z] = grad f , where f = x 2 + y 2 + 2z 2 because
∂f /∂x = 2x = F1 , ∂f /∂y = 2y = F2 , ∂f /∂z = 4z = F3 . Hence the
integral is independent of path according to the theorem, and this gives
f (B) − f (A) = f (2, 2, 2) − f (0, 0, 0) = 4 + 4 + 8 = 16.

Example
For the force field given by

F(x , y , z) = e x cos y i − e x sin y j + 2k

R
show that C F · dr is independent of path, and calculate the work done by
F on an object moving along a curve C from (0, π/2, 1) to (1, π, 3).

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Solution
Writing the force field in the form F(x , y , z) = Mi + Nj + Pk, you have
M = e x cos y , N = −e x sin y , and P = 2, and it follows that

∂P ∂N
=0=
∂y ∂z
∂P ∂M
=0=
∂x ∂z
∂N ∂M
= −e x sin y =
∂x ∂y
So, F is conservative. If f is a potential function of F, then

fx (x , y , z) = e x cos y
fy (x , y , z) = −e x sin y
fz (x , y , z) = 2

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Solution cont...
By integrating with respect to x , y , and z separately, you obtain
Z Z
f (x , y , z) = fx (x , y , z)dx = e x cos ydx = e x cos y + g(y , z)
Z Z
f (x , y , z) = fy (x , y , z)dy = −e x sin ydy = e x cos y + h(x , z)
Z Z
f (x , y , z) = fz (x , y , z)dz = 2dz = 2z + k(x , y )

By comparing these three versions of f (x , y , z), you can conclude that

f (x , y , z) = e x cos y + 2z + K

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Green’s Theorem

Green’s Theorem gives the relationship between a line integral around a

simple closed curve C and a double integral over the plane region D
bounded by C . See Figure bellow.

We assume that D consists of all points inside C as well as all points on

C . In stating Green’s Theorem we use the convention that the positive
orientation of a simple closed curve C refers to a single counterclockwise
traversal of C . Thus if C is given by the vector function r(t), a ⩽ t ⩽ b,
then the region D is always on the left as the point r(t) traverses C .

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Green’s Theorem
Let C be a positively oriented, piecewise smooth, simple, closed curve and
let D be the region enclosed by the curve. If M and N have continuous
first order partial derivatives on D then,

∂N ∂M
Z ZZ  
Mdx + Ndy = − dA
C D ∂x ∂y

Example
Use Green’s Theorem to evaluate the line integral
Z  
y 3 dx + x 3 + 3xy 2 dy
C

where C is the path from (0, 0) to (1, 1) along the graph of y = x 3 and
from (1, 1) to (0, 0) along the graph of y = x .

Solution
Because M = y 3 and N = x 3 + 3xy 2 , it follows that
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Solution cont...
∂N ∂M
= 3x 2 + 3y 2 and = 3y 2
∂x ∂y
Applying Green’s Theorem, you then have

∂N ∂M
Z   Z Z  
3 3 2
y dx + x + 3xy dy = − dA
C R ∂x ∂y
Z 1Z x h  i
= 3x 2 + 3y 2 − 3y 2 dydx
0 x3
Z 1Z x
= 3x 2 dydx
0 x3
Z 1 x
2
= 3x y dx
0 x3
Z 1 
= 3x 3 − 3x 5 dx
0
" #1
3x 4 x 6 1
= − =
4 2 0
4

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Example
 p 
3y − e sin x dx + 7x +


y 4 + 1 dy , where C is the circle
R
Evaluate C
x 2 + y 2 = 9.

Solution
The region D bounded by C is the disk x 2 + y 2 ⩽ 9, so let’s change to
polar coordinates after applying Green’s Theorem:

Z    q 
3y − e sin x dx + 7x + y 4 + 1 dy
C
∂ ∂ 
ZZ   q  
= 7x + y4 + 1 − 3y − e sin x dA
D ∂x ∂y
Z 2π Z 3 Z 2π Z 3
= (7 − 3)rdrdθ = 4 dθ rdr = 36π
0 0 0 0

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Curl and Divergence
First, we introduce the vector differential operator ∇ ("del") as

∂ ∂ ∂
∇=i +j +k .
∂x ∂y ∂z
The curl of a vector field is the cross product of the vector differential
operator and the vector field as shown below.
Curl of a Vector Field
The curl of F(x , y , z) = Mi + Nj + Pk is
curl F(x , y , z) = ∇ × F(x , y , z)
i j k
∂ ∂ ∂
= ∂x ∂y ∂z
M N P
∂P ∂N ∂P ∂M ∂N ∂M
     
= − i− − j+ − k.
∂y ∂z ∂x ∂z ∂x ∂y
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Note: If F is conservative, then curl F = 0 .
The divergence of a vector field is the dot product of the vector differential
operator and the vector field.
Divergence of a vector field
The divergence of F(x , y ) = Mi + Nj is

∂M ∂N
div F(x , y ) = ∇ · F(x , y ) = +
∂x ∂y
The divergence of F(x , y , z) = Mi + Nj + Pk is

∂M ∂N ∂P
div F(x , y , z) = ∇ · F(x , y , z) = + +
∂x ∂y ∂z
If div F = 0, then F is said to be divergence free.

Observe that curl F is a vector field but div F is a scalar field.

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Example
If F = xy 2 i + 2x 2 yzj − 3yz 2 k find ∇.F and ∇ × F at the point (1, −1, 1).

Solution
Given F = xy 2 i + 2x 2 yzj − 3yz 2 k

∂  2 ∂  2  ∂  
∇·F= xy + 2x yz + −3yz 2
∂x ∂y ∂z
2 2
= y + 2x z − 6yz
∇ · F(1,−1,1) = 1 + 2 + 6 = 9

i j k
∂ ∂ ∂
∇×F= ∂x ∂y ∂z
xy 2 2x 2 yz −3yz 2
 
= i −3z 2 − 2x 2 y − j(0) + k(4xyz − 2xy )
∇ × F(1,−1,1) = i(−3 + 2) + k(−4 + 2)
= −i − 2k
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Exercise
1 Find (a) the curl and (b) the divergence of the vector field.
(a) F(x , y , z) = xyzi − x 2 y k
(b) F(x , y , z) = x 2 yzi + xy 2 zj + xyz 2 k
(c) F(x , y , z) = cos xzj − sin xy k
1
(d) F(x , y , z) = √ (x i + y j + zk)
x 2 +y 2 +z 2

(e) F(x , y , z) = e xy sin zj + y tan−1 (x /z)k

(f) F(x , y , z) = ⟨ln x , ln(xy ), ln(xyz)⟩
(g) F(x , y , z) = ⟨e x , e xy , e xyz ⟩
→−
→− →
−
→
−
2 If F = x − y + 2xz i + (xz − xy + yz) j + z2 + x 2 k , then
2 2

find
→
− →
− →
− →
− →
−
∇ · F , ∇(∇ · F ), ∇ × F , ∇ · (∇ × F ), and ∇ × (∇ × F ) at the
point (1, 1, 1).
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Parametric Surfaces
Definition
Let x , y and z be functions of u and v that are continuous on a domain D
in the uv − plane. The set of points (x , y , z) given by

r(u, v ) = x (u, v )i + y (u, v )j + z(u, v )k

is called a parametric surface.

The equations

x = x (u, v ), y = y (u, v ), and z = z(u, v )

are called the parametric equations for the surface.

There are 2 main questions regarding parameterizations.

1 Once we’re given a parametrization, how do we figure out what it

looks like?
2 How do we find a parametrization for a given surface?

Both can be hard to approach but manageable.

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Examples
1 Determine the surface given by the parametric representation
(a) r(u, v ) = ui + u cos v j + u sin v k
 πv) = R sin(u) cos(v )i = R sin(u) sin(v )j + R cos(u)k for (u, v ) ∈
(b) r(u,
0, 2 × [0, 2π]
2 Find the parametric representations for each of the following surfaces
(a) x = 5y 2 + 2z 2 − 10
(b) x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = 25

Solution
1 (a) Writing down the parametric equations, we have

x =u y = u cos v z = u sin v

Square y and z and then add them together we get,

y 2 + z 2 = u 2 cos2 v + u 2 sin2 v = u 2 cos2 v + sin2 v = u 2 = x 2

Thus, the parameters are eliminated and the equation in x , y , and z is

given by,
x2 = y2 + z2
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Solution cont...
1 (b) The identity sin2 (θ) + cos2 (θ) = 1 is usually very useful in this type of
problem. Squaring everything, we find
x 2 = R 2 sin2 (u) cos2 (v ), y 2 = R 2 sin2 (u) sin2 (v ) and z 2 = R 2 cos2 (u),
so
x 2 + y 2 = R 2 sin2 (u),
and therefore
x2 + y 2 + z2 = R2
That tells us that our surface is subset of the sphere centered at the
origin.
 Using
 the domain information, we may see that
u ∈ 0, π2 ⇒ z ≥ 0, so our surface ends up being the upper semisphere
of a sphere centered at the origin with radius R.
2 (a) Since the surface is in the form x = f (y , z) we can quickly write down
a set of parametric equations as follows,

y =u and z = v, then x = 5u 2 + 2v 2 − 10
Thus, the parametric representation is then,

r(u, v ) = 5u 2 + 2v 2 − 10 i + uj + v k

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Solution cont...
2 (b) In spherical coordinates we know that the equation of a sphere of
radius a is given by,
ρ=a
and so
√ the equation of this sphere (in spherical coordinates) is
ρ = 25 = 5. Formulas for converting Cartesian coordinates into
spherical coordinates are:

x = ρ sin v cos u y = ρ sin v sin u z = ρ cos v

Therefore, the parametric representation is,

√ √ √
r(u, v ) = 30 sin v cos ui + 30 sin v sin uj + 30 cos v k
where 0 ≤ v ≤ π and 0 ≤ u ≤ 2π.

Let us now look at the Normal vectors and Tangent planes.

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Normal Vectors and Tangent Planes
Let S be a parametric surface given by

r(u, v ) = x (u, v )i + y (u, v )j + z(u, v )k

over an open region D such that x , y , and z have continuous partial

derivatives on D. The partial derivatives of r with respect to u and v are
defined as

∂x ∂y ∂z
ru = (u, v )i + (u, v )j + (u, v )k
∂u ∂u ∂u

and

∂x ∂y ∂z
rv = (u, v )i + (u, v )j + (u, v )k.
∂v ∂v ∂v

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Definition
Let S be a smooth parametric surface

r(u, v ) = x (u, v )i + y (u, v )j + z(u, v )k

defined over an open region D in the uv -plane. Let (u0 , v0 ) be a point in
D.
A normal vector at the point

(x0 , y0 , z0 ) = (x (u0 , v0 ) , y (u0 , v0 ) , z (u0 , v0 ))

is given by

i j k
∂x ∂y ∂z
N = ru (u0 , v0 ) × rv (u0 , v0 ) = ∂u ∂u ∂u = N1 i + N2 j + N3 k.
∂x ∂y ∂z
∂v ∂v ∂v

A tangent plane at a point (x0 , y0 , z0 ) is given by

N1 (x − x0 ) + N2 (y − y0 ) + N3 (z − z0 ) = 0
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Example
1 Find an equation of the tangent plane to the paraboloid given by
 
r(u, v ) = ui + v j + u 2 + v 2 k

at the point (1, 2, 5).

 √ 
1 1 2
2 Find the tangent plane to the unit sphere at , ,
2 2 2 .

3 Find the tangent plane to the surface with parametric equations

x = u2, y = v 2, z = u + 2v

at the point (1, 1, 3).

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Solution
1 The point in the uv -plane that is mapped to the point
(x , y , z) = (1, 2, 5) is (u, v ) = (1, 2). The partial derivatives of r are

ru = i + 2uk and rv = j + 2v k
The normal vector is given by

i j k
ru × rv = 1 0 2u = −2ui − 2v j + k
0 1 2v
which implies that the normal vector at (1, 2, 5) is
ru × rv = −2i − 4j + k. So, an equation of the tangent plane at
(1, 2, 5) is

−2(x − 1) − 4(y − 2) + (z − 5) = 0
−2x − 4y + z = −5

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Solution cont..
2 We use our favorite parametrization for the unit sphere:

r(u, v ) = ⟨sin(u) cos(v ), sin(u) sin(v ), cos(u)⟩, for (u, v ) ∈ [0, π]×[0, 2π].
 √ 
π π 1 1 2


Note that r 4, 4 = 2 2 2 .
, , Then, we have

ru (u, v ) = ⟨cos(u) cos(v ), cos(u) sin(v ), − sin(u)⟩

and
rv (u, v ) = ⟨− sin(u) sin(v ), sin(u) cos(v ), 0⟩
π π
Therefore, for u = 4 and v = 4 we have
 * √ +
π π 1 1 2

ru , = , ,−
4 4 2 2 2
π π 1 1
   
rv , = − , ,0
4 4 2 2

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Solution cont...
2 So *√ √ +
π π 2 2 1
 
ru × ⃗rv , = , ,
4 4 4 4 2
and therefore the tangent plane is given by
√ √ √ !
1 2 1 2 2 1
 
x− + y− + z− = 0.
2 4 2 4 2 2

3 We first compute the tangent vectors:

∂x ∂y ∂z
ru = i+ j+ k = 2ui + k
∂u ∂u ∂u
∂x ∂y ∂z
rv = i+ j+ k = 2v j + 2k
∂v ∂v ∂v

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Solution cont...
3 Thus a normal vector to the tangent plane is

i j k
ru × rv = 2u 0 1 = −2v i − 4uj + 4uv k
0 2v 2

Notice that the point (1, 1, 3) corresponds to the parameter values

u = 1 and v = 1, so the normal vector there is

−2i − 4j + 4k

Therefore an equation of the tangent plane at (1, 1, 3) is

−2(x − 1) − 4(y − 1) + 4(z − 3) = 0

or
x + 2y − 2z + 3 = 0

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Surface Area
Definition
If a smooth parametric surface S is given by the equation

r(u, v ) = x (u, v )i + y (u, v )j + z(u, v )k (u, v ) ∈ D

and S is covered just once as (u, v ) ranges throughout the parameter

domain D, then the surface area of S is
ZZ
A(S) = |ru × rv | dA (6.1)
D

where
∂x ∂y ∂z ∂x ∂y ∂z
ru = i+ j+ k rv = i+ j+ k
∂u ∂u ∂u ∂v ∂v ∂v
In the special case that S is the graph of a function f (x , y ), (x , y ) ∈ D, we
may parametrize S by

r(u, v ) = ui + uj + f (u, v )k, for (u, v ) ∈ D

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Definition cont...
With this parametrization, the surface area becomes
s 2 2
∂f ∂f
ZZ  
A(S) = 1+ + dA (6.2)
D ∂x ∂y

The equation above can be very useful because surfaces are very
frequently expressed as graphs of functions.
We shall demonstrate this in the following example. We will first use
equation (6.1) (where we parametrize the sphere) and then equation (6.2)
(where we write that sphere as a graph of a function by considering the
half sphere.)

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Example
Find the surface area of the sphere of radius R.

Solution
Using equation (6.1). We can assume that the sphere is centered at the
origin. The equation of the sphere is then

x2 + y 2 + z2 = R2

and we can parametrize it as

r(u, v ) = ⟨R sin(u) cos(v ), R sin(u) sin(v ), R cos(u)⟩,

for (u, v ) ∈ [0, π] × [0, 2π]

Then we have

ru (u, v ) = ⟨R cos(u) cos(v ), R cos(u) sin(v ), −R sin(u)⟩

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Solution cont...
and
rv (u, v ) = ⟨−R sin(u) sin(v ), R sin(u) cos(v ), 0⟩
So we have that

|ru × rv (u, v )| = R 2 sin(u)

Therefore, Z 2π Z π
A(S) = R 2 sin(u)dudv = 4πR 2
0 0

Solution 2rd method

Now using equation (6.2). The sphere is not the graph of a function, but
both its upper and lower hemisphere are graphs of functions and they have
the same surface area. So we’ll consider the function
q
z = f (x , y ) = R2 − x2 − y 2

representing the upper hemisphere.

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Solution cont...
To find the domain of integration, we intersect with the xy plane and find,
by the function above,

z = 0 ⇒ x2 + y 2 = R2

So, the domain of integration has to be the disk

n o
D = (x , y ) : x 2 + y 2 ≤ R 2

Then we compute partial derivatives and find

−2x
fx (x , y ) = p
2 R − x2 − y2
2

and
−2y
fy (x , y ) = p
2 R − x2 − y2
2

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Solution cont...
Therefore, the area H of the upper hemisphere is
ZZ q
H= (fx (x , y ))2 + (fy (x , y ))2 + 1dA
D
R
ZZ
= p dA
D R2
− x2 − y2
Z 2π Z R
Rr
= √ drdθ
0 0 R2 − r 2
Z 2π Z 0
R 1
= − u − 2 dudθ
0 R 2
2
= 2πR
To find the total surface area of the sphere we multiply ×2 and we find

A(S) = 4πR 2

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Surface Integrals

Evaluation of the surface integral depends on how the surface is given.

There are essentially two separate methods to use, although they are
essentially the same.
First, we look at the surface integral in which the surface S is given by
z = g(x , y ) or x = g(y , z) or y = g(x , z) .

Surface Integral Evaluation

Let S be a surface with equation z = g(x , y ) and let R be its projection
onto the xy -plane. If g, gx , and gy are continuous on R and f is
continuous on S, then the surface integral of f over S is

Z Z Z q
f (x , y , z)dS = f (x , y , g(x , y )) 1 + [gx (x , y )]2 + [gy (x , y )]2 dA
S R

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In a similar way, if we have y = g(x , z) or x = g(y , z), the surface integral
will be evaluated as:
Z Z Z Z q
f (x , y , z)dS = f (x , g(x , z), z) 1 + [gx (x , z)]2 + [gz (x , z)]2 dA
S R

and
Z Z Z Z q
f (x , y , z)dS = f (g(y , z), y , z) 1 + [gy (y , z)]2 + [gz (y , z)]2 dA
S R

respectively.
Example
1 Evaluate the surface integral
ZZ  
y 2 + 2yz dS
S
where S isRRthe first-octant portion of the plane 2x + y + 2z = 6.
2 Evaluate S 6xydS where S is the portion of the plane x + y + z = 1
that lies in front of the yz-plane.
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Solution
1 First we write S as
1
z = (6 − 2x − y )
2
1
g(x , y ) = (6 − 2x − y )
2
Using the partial derivatives gx (x , y ) = −1 and gy (x , y ) = − 12 , you
can write
s
1 3
q
2 2
1 + [gx (x , y )] + [gy (x , y )] = 1+1+ =
4 2

Thus, we obtain (sketch to visualize limits of integration)

1 3
Z Z   Z Z     
2 2
y + 2yz dS = y + 2y (6 − 2x − y ) dA
S R 2 2
Z 3 Z 2(3−x )
=3 y (3 − x )dydx
0 0
243
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Solution cont...
2 Since we are looking for the portion of the plane that lies in front of
the yz−plane we write the equation of the surface in the form
x = g(y , z) . That is x = 1 − y − z To determine the limits of
integration, sketch the graph and these will give us

0≤y ≤1 and 0≤z ≤1−y

Thus, we have
s 2 2
∂g ∂g
ZZ ZZ  
f (x , y , z)dS = f (g(y , z), y , z) 1 + + dA
S D ∂y ∂z
ZZ ZZ q
6xydS = 6(1 − y − z)y 1 + (−1)2 + (−1)2 dA
S D

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Solution cont...
2 ZZ √ ZZ  
6xydS = 3 6 y − y 2 − zy dA
S D
√ Z 1 Z 1−y
=6 3 y − y 2 − zydzdy
0 0
√ Z 1 1−y
1

=6 3 yz − zy 2 − z 2 y dy
0 2 0
√ Z 11 1
=6 3 y − y 2 + y 3 dy
0 2 2
√
√  1 2 1 3 1 4 1 3
=6 3 y − y + y =
4 3 8 4

Let us now look at evaluating surface integral for the other method, where
the surface is given as a parametrization.

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The second method for evaluating a surface integral is for those surfaces
that are given by the parameterization,

r(u, v ) = x (u, v )i + y (u, v )j + z(u, v )k

In these cases the surface integral is,
ZZ ZZ
f (x , y , z)dS = f (r(u, v )) ∥ru × rv ∥ dA
S D
where D is the range of the parameters that trace out the surface S .

Example
1 Compute the surface integral S x 2 dS, where S is the unit sphere
RR

x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = 1. R R
2 Evaluate the surface integral S (x + z)dS, where S is the
first-octant portion of the cylinder y 2 + z 2 = 9 between x = 0 and
x = 4.

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Solution
1 We use the parametric representation

x = sin ϕ cos θ y = sin ϕ sin θ z = cos ϕ 0⩽ϕ⩽π 0 ⩽ θ ⩽ 2π

that is,
r(ϕ, θ) = sin ϕ cos θi + sin ϕ sin θj + cos ϕk
We can compute that
|rϕ × rθ | = sin ϕ
Therefore,
ZZ ZZ
2
x dS = (sin ϕ cos θ)2 |rϕ × rθ | dA
S D
Z 2π Z π Z 2π Z π
= sin2 ϕ cos2 θ sin ϕdϕdθ = cos2 θdθ sin3 ϕdϕ
0 0 0 0
Z 2π Z π
1 
= (1 + cos 2θ)dθ sin ϕ − sin ϕ cos2 ϕ dϕ
0 2 0
2π  π
1 1 1 4π

= θ + sin 2θ − cos ϕ + cos3 ϕ =
2 2 0EGM 312 3 0 3
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Solution cont...
2 In parametric form, the surface is given by

r(x , θ) = x i + 3 cos θj + 3 sin θk

where 0 ≤ x ≤ 4 and 0 ≤ θ ≤ π/2. To evaluate the surface integral

in parametric form, first we get,
q
∥rx × rθ ∥ = 9 cos2 θ + 9 sin2 θ = 3

Thus,
Z Z Z 4 Z π/2
(x + 3 sin θ)3dA = (3x + 9 sin θ)dθdx
D 0 0
4
3π 2

= x + 9x
4 0
= 12π + 36

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Surface Integrals of Vector Fields
Definition
If F is a continuous vector field defined on an oriented surface S with unit
normal vector n, then the surface integral of F over S is
ZZ ZZ
F · dS = F · ndS
S S

where n = |rruu ×r
×rv | called the unit normal vector.
v

This integral is also called the flux of F across S.

This becomes ZZ ZZ
F · dS = F · (ru × rv ) dA
S D
since dS = |ru × rv | dA

Example
Find the flux of the vector field F(x , y , z) = zi + y j + x k across the unit
sphere x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = 1.
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Solution
Using the parametric representation

r(ϕ, θ) = sin ϕ cos θi + sin ϕ sin θj + cos ϕk 0⩽ϕ⩽π 0 ⩽ θ ⩽ 2π

we have
F(r(ϕ, θ)) = cos ϕi + sin ϕ sin θj + sin ϕ cos θk
and,
rϕ × rθ = sin2 ϕ cos θi + sin2 ϕ sin θj + sin ϕ cos ϕk
Therefore

F(r(ϕ, θ)) · (rϕ × rθ ) = cos ϕ sin2 ϕ cos θ + sin3 ϕ sin2 θ + sin2 ϕ cos ϕ cos θ

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Solution cont...
and the flux is
ZZ ZZ
F · dS = F · (rϕ × rθ ) dA
S D
Z 2π Z π  
= 2 sin2 ϕ cos ϕ cos θ + sin3 ϕ sin2 θ dϕdθ
0 0
Z π Z 2π Z π Z 2π
=2 sin2 ϕ cos ϕdϕ cos θdθ + sin3 ϕdϕ sin2 θdθ
0 0 0 0
Z π Z 2π  Z 2π 
=0+ sin3 ϕdϕ sin2 θdθ since cos θdθ − 0
0 0 0
4π
=
3

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Stoke’s Theorem
Stokes’ Theorem can be regarded as a higher-dimensional version of
Green’s Theorem. Whereas Green’s Theorem relates a double integral over
a plane region D to a line integral around its plane boundary curve,
Stokes’ Theorem relates a surface integral over a surface S to a line
integral around the boundary curve of S (which is a space curve).
Stoke’s Theorem
Let S be an oriented piecewise-smooth surface that is bounded by a
simple, closed, piecewise-smooth boundary curve C with positive
orientation. Let F be a vector field whose components have continuous
partial derivatives on an open region in R3 that contains S. Then
Z ZZ
F · dr = curl F · dS
C S
RR RR
Since S curl F · dS = S curl F · ndS then
Z Z Z
F · dr = (curl F) · ndS
C S
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In fact, in the special case where the surface S is flat and lies in the
xy -plane with upward orientation, the unit normal is k, the surface integral
becomes a double integral, and Stokes’ Theorem becomes
Z ZZ ZZ
F · dr = curl F · dS = (curl F) · kdA
C S S
Let us now look at the following example for the calculation of the surface
integral using the Stoke’s theorem.
Example
Evaluate C F · dr, where F(x , y , z) = −y 2 i + x j + z 2 k and C is the curve
R

of intersection of the plane y + z = 2 and the cylinder x 2 + y 2 = 1.

(Orient C to be counterclockwise when viewed from above.)

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Solution
R
Although C F · dr could be evaluated directly, it’s easier to use Stokes’
Theorem. We first compute

i j k
∂ ∂ ∂
curl F = ∂x ∂y ∂z = (1 + 2y )k
−y 2 x z2

Although there are many surfaces with boundary C , the most convenient
choice is the elliptical region S in the plane y + z = 2 that is bounded by
C . If we orient S upward, then C has the induced positive orientation.
The projection D of S on the xy -plane is the disk x 2 + y 2 ⩽ 1 and thus
z = g(x , y ) = 2 − y .

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Solution cont...
Since Z ZZ ZZ
F · dr = curl F · dS = (curl F) · kdA
C S S
and for the parametrization x = cos θ and y = sin θ
We have that
Z ZZ ZZ
F · dr = curl F · dS = (1 + 2y )dA
C S D
Z 2π Z 1
= (1 + 2r sin θ)rdrdθ
0 0
Z 2π " 2 #1
r3
Z 2π 
r 1 2

= + 2 sin θ dθ = + sin θ dθ
0 2 3 0 0 2 3
1
= (2π) + 0 = π
2

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Divergence Theorem
The Divergence Theorem gives the relationship between a triple integral
over a solid region Q and a surface integral over the surface of Q. In the
statement of the theorem, the surface S is closed in the sense that it forms
the complete boundary of the solid Q. Regions bounded by spheres,
ellipsoids, cubes, tetrahedrons, or combinations of these surfaces are
typical examples of closed surfaces.
Divergence Theorem
Let Q be a simple solid region and let S be the boundary surface of Q,
given with positive (outward) orientation. Let F be a vector field whose
component functions have continuous partial derivatives on an open region
that contains Q. Then
ZZ ZZZ
F · dS = div FdV
S Q

This is also referred to Gauss Theorem.

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Example
RR
Use the divergence theorem to evaluate S F ⃗ · d ⃗S where
⃗ = xy⃗i − y ⃗j + z ⃗k and the surface consists of the three surfaces,
F 1 2
2
z = 4 − 3x 2 − 3y 2 , 1 ≤ z ≤ 4 on the top, x 2 + y 2 = 1, 0 ≤ z ≤ 1 on the
sides and z = 0 on the bottom.

Solution
The region E for the triple integral is then the region enclosed by these
surfaces. Note that cylindrical coordinates would be a perfect coordinate
system for this region. If we do that here are the limits for the ranges.

0 ≤ z ≤ 4 − 3r 2
0≤r ≤1
0 ≤ θ ≤ 2π

We’ll also need the divergence of the vector field so let’s get that.
⃗ =y −y +1=1
div F
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Solution cont...
The integral is then,
ZZ ZZZ
⃗ · d ⃗S =
F ⃗ dV
div F
S E
Z 2π Z 1 Z 4−3r 2
= rdzdrdθ
0 0 0
Z 2π Z 1
= 4r − 3r 3 drdθ
0 0
Z 2π  1
3
= 2r 2 − r 4 dθ
0 4 0
Z 2π
5
= dθ
0 4
5
= π
2

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