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By MWESIGE THIERRY

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The term ‘Computer Graphics’ was coined by Verne Hudson and
William Fetter from Boeing who were pioneers in the field.
Computer graphics is a dynamic and essential field within
computing that involves the creation, manipulation, and rendering
of visual content using computers.
In today’s digital era, computer graphics technologies have
revolutionized how we perceive and interact with visual
information, playing a pivotal role in video games, movies,
architectural design, medical imaging, and more. There are several
tools used for the implementation of Computer Graphics. The
basic is the graphics. header file in Turbo-C, Unity for advanced,
and even OpenGL can be used for its Implementation.
This article delves into the fundamental concepts of computer
graphics, its diverse applications, and the underlying technologies
that drive innovation in this field.
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Computer Graphics involves technology to access. The Process
transforms and presents information in a visual form. The role of
computer graphics insensible. In today life, computer graphics has now
become a common element in user interfaces, T.V. commercial motion
pictures.
Computer Graphics is the creation of pictures with the help of a
computer. The end product of the computer graphics is a picture it may
be a business graph, drawing, and engineering.
In computer graphics, two or three-dimensional pictures can be created
that are used for research. Many hardware devices algorithm has been
developing for improving the speed of picture generation with the
passes of time. It includes the creation storage of models and image of
objects. These models for various fields like engineering, mathematical
and so on.
Today computer graphics is entirely different from the earlier one. It is
not possible. It is an interactive user can control the structure of an
object of various input devices. 4
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 “ It is difficult to display an image of
any size on the computer screen.This
method is simplified by using
Computer graphics. “

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 “ It is difficult to
display an image of
any size on the
computer screen.This
method is simplified
by using computer
graphics. “

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“ It is difficult to display an image of any size on the
computer screen. This method is simplified by using
Computer graphics.“
Graphics on the computer are produced by using various
algorithms and techniques. This tutorial describes how a rich
visual experience is provided to the user by explaining how all
these processed by the computer.

Computer Graphics including digital images, animations, and

interactive graphics used in various sectors such as
entertainment, education, scientific visualization, and virtual
reality. Computer Graphics can be used in UI design, rendering,
geometric objects, animation, and many more. In most areas,
computer graphics is an abbreviation of CG.
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Definition of Computer Graphics:

“ It is the use of computers to create and manipulate pictures

on a display device. It comprises of software techniques to
create, store, modify, represents pictures.“

Computer graphics also refers to a technology that generates

images on a computer screen. It's used in digital photography,
film and television, video games, and on electronic devices and
is responsible for displaying images effectively to users

In general terms, the word “graphic” refers to any visual

representation of data and includes a variety of forms including
drawings, photographs, line art, graphs, diagrams, numbers,
symbols, geometric designs, maps, and engineering drawings.
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Suppose a shoe manufacturing company want to show the sale of shoes
for five years. For this vast amount of information is to store. So a lot of
time and memory will be needed. This method will be tough to
understand by a common man. In this situation graphics is a better
alternative. Graphics tools are charts and graphs. Using graphs, data can
be represented in pictorial form. A picture can be understood easily just
with a single look.
Interactive computer graphics work using the concept of two-way
communication between computer users. The computer will receive
signals from the input device, and the picture is modified accordingly.
Picture will be changed quickly when we apply command.

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1. Education and Training: Computer-generated model of the
physical, financial and economic system is often used as educational aids.
Model of physical systems, physiological system, population trends or
equipment can help trainees to understand the operation of the system.
For some training applications, particular systems are designed. For
example Flight Simulator.
Flight Simulator: It helps in giving training to the pilots of airplanes.
These pilots spend much of their training not in a real aircraft but on
the ground at the controls of a Flight Simulator.

Advantages:
1. Fuel Saving
2. Safety
3. Ability to familiarize the training with a large number of the world's
airports.
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2. Use in Biology: Molecular biologist can display a picture of
molecules and gain insight into their structure with the help of
computer graphics.
3. Computer-Generated Maps: Town planners and
transportation engineers can use computer-generated maps
which display data useful to them in their planning work.
4. Architect: Architect can explore an alternative solution to
design problems at an interactive graphics terminal. In this way,
they can test many more solutions that would not be possible
without the computer.
5. Presentation Graphics: Example of presentation Graphics
are bar charts, line graphs, pie charts and other displays
showing relationships between multiple parameters.

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Presentation Graphics is commonly used to summarize:
o Financial Reports
o Statistical Reports
o Mathematical Reports
o Scientific Reports
o Economic Data for research reports
o Managerial Reports
o Consumer Information Bulletins
o And other types of reports

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1. LOGO
2. COREL DRAW
3. AUTO CAD
4. 3D STUDIO
5. CORE
6. GKS (Graphics Kernel System)
7. PHIGS
8. CAM (Computer Graphics Metafile)
9. CGI (Computer Graphics Interface)

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There are two main types of Computer graphics:

1. Non-Interactive or Passive Computer Graphics

2. Interactive Computer Graphics

1. Non-Interactive or Passive Computer Graphics

In non-interactive computer graphics, the picture is produced
on the monitor, and the user does not have any controlled
over the image, i.e., the user cannot make any change in the
rendered image. One example of its Titles shown on T.V.
Non-interactive Graphics involves only one-way
communication between the computer and the user, User can
see the produced image, and he cannot make any change in the
image.
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2. Interactive Computer Graphics
In interactive Computer Graphics user have some controls over the
picture, i.e., the user can make any change in the produced image. One
example of it is the ping-pong game.
Interactive Computer Graphics require two-way communication between
the computer and the user. A User can see the image and make any change
by sending his command with an input device.

Advantages:
1. Higher Quality
2. More precise results or products
3. Greater Productivity
4. Lower analysis and design cost
5. Significantly enhances our ability to understand data and to perceive
trends.
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Working of Interactive Computer Graphics:
The modern graphics display is very simple in construction. It consists of
three components:
1. Frame Buffer or Digital Memory
2. A Monitor likes a home T.V. set without the tuning and receiving
electronics.
3. Display Controller or Video Controller: It passes the contents of
the frame buffer to the monitor.

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Frame Buffer: A digital frame buffer is large, contiguous piece of computer memory
used to hold or map the image displayed on the screen.
o At a minimum, there is 1 memory bit for each pixel in the raster. This amount
of memory is called a bit plane.
o A 1024 x 1024 element requires 220 (210=1024;220=1024 x 1024)sq.raster or
1,048,576 memory bits in a single bit plane.
o The picture is built up in the frame buffer one bit at a time.
o ∵ A memory bit has only two states (binary 0 or 1), a single bit plane yields a
black and white (monochrome display).
o As frame buffer is a digital device write raster CRT is an analog device.
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1. Persistence: Persistence is the duration of
phosphorescence. Different kinds of phosphors are
available for use in CRT. Besides color, a major difference
between phosphor in their persistence how they continue
to emit light after the electron beam is removed.

2. Resolution: Use to describe the number of pixels that are

used on display image.

3. Aspect Ratio: It is the ratio of width to its height. Its

measure is unit in length or number of pixels.

Aspect Ratio =
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It is interpreter or piece of hardware that converts display
processor code into pictures. It is one of the four main parts of
the display processor
Parts of Display Processor
1. Display File Memory
2. Display Processor
3. Display Generator
4. Display Console

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Display File Memory: It is used for generation of the picture. It is used for
identification of graphic entities.
Display Controller:
1. It handles interrupt
2. It maintains timings
3. It is used for interpretation of instruction.
Display Generator:
1. It is used for the generation of character.
2. It is used for the generation of curves.
Display Console: It contains CRT, Light Pen, and Keyboard and deflection system.
The raster scan system is a combination of some processing units. It consists of the
control processing unit (CPU) and a particular processor called a display controller.
Display Controller controls the operation of the display device. It is also called a
video controller.
Working: The video controller in the output circuitry generates the horizontal and
vertical drive signals so that the monitor can sweep. Its beam across the screen
during raster scans. 24
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 As fig showing that 2 registers (X register and Y register) are used to
store the coordinate of the screen pixels. Assume that y values of the
adjacent scan lines increased by 1 in an upward direction starting from 0 at
the bottom of the screen to ymax at the top and along each scan line the
screen pixel positions or x values are incremented by 1 from 0 at the
leftmost position to xmax at the rightmost position.
 The origin is at the lowest left corner of the screen as in a standard
Cartesian coordinate system.

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At the start of a Refresh Cycle:
X register is set to 0 and y register is set to ymax. This (x, y') address is
translated into a memory address of frame buffer where the color value
for this pixel position is stored.
The controller receives this color value (a binary no) from the frame
buffer, breaks it up into three parts and sends each element to a separate
Digital-to-Analog Converter (DAC).
These voltages, in turn, controls the intensity of 3 e-beam that are focused
at the (x, y) screen position by the horizontal and vertical drive signals.
This process is repeated for each pixel along the top scan line, each time
incrementing the X register by Y.
As pixels on the first scan line are generated, the X register is incremented
throughxmax.
Then x register is reset to 0, and y register is decremented by 1 to access
the next scan line.

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Pixel along each scan line is then processed, and the
procedure is repeated for each successive scan line units
pixels on the last scan line (y=0) are generated.
For a display system employing a color look-up table frame
buffer value is not directly used to control the CRT beam
intensity.
It is used as an index to find the three pixel-color value from
the look-up table. This lookup operation is done for each pixel
on every display cycle.
As the time available to display or refresh a single pixel in the
screen is too less, accessing the frame buffer every time for
reading each pixel intensity value would consume more time
what is allowed:

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Multiple adjacent pixel values are fetched to the frame buffer
in single access and stored in the register.
After every allowable time gap, the one-pixel value is shifted
out from the register to control the warm intensity for that
pixel.
The procedure is repeated with the next block of pixels, and
so on, thus the whole group of pixels will be processed.
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The most commonly used display device is a video monitor.
The operation of most video monitors based on CRT
(Cathode Ray Tube). The following display devices are used:

1. Refresh Cathode Ray Tube

2. Random Scan and Raster Scan
3. Color CRT Monitors
4. Direct View Storage Tubes
5. Flat Panel Display
6. Lookup Table

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 Assignment#3 [Individual
Assignment]

With Types of Computer Graphics

Describe 15 reasons why computer
graphics are used with their
applications.

Submit by Friday On 11/April/2025

Send to E-mail:
mwesigethierry@yahoo.com
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