COMPUTER GRAPHICS
Unit - 1
Introduction and Application
▪ What is CG?
▪ Advantages of CG
▪ Application of CG
▪ Classification of CG
▪ Different CG Packages
What is computer graphics?
Computer graphics refers to the creation, storage
and manipulation of pictures and drawings using
digital computers
Used in diverse fields to represent data .
Scientific researches, engineering applications,
medicine, business, industry, government, art,
entertainment, advertising, education and other
fields make use of computer graphics.
It enhances the communication between computers
and users.
• It is difficult to display an image of any size on the computer
screen. This method is simplified by using Computer graphics.
Graphics on the computer are produced by using various
algorithms and techniques.
• The computer is an information processing machine. It is a tool for
storing, manipulating and correlating data.
• There are many ways to communicate the processed information
to the user. The computer graphics is one of the most effective
and commonly used ways to communicate the processed
information to the user.
• It displays the information in the form of graphics objects such as
pictures, charts, graphs and diagrams instead of simple text.
• Thus we can say that computer graphics makes it possible to
express data in pictorial form.
• The picture or graphics object may be an engineering drawing,
business graphs, architectural structures, a single frame from an
animated movie or a machine parts illustrated for a service
manual.
• In computer graphics, pictures or graphics objects are presented
as a collection of discrete picture elements called pixels. The pixel
is the smallest addressable screen element. It is the smallest piece
of the display screen which we can control. The control is
achieved by setting the intensity and color of the pixel which
compose the screen.
• Each pixel on the graphics display does not represent
mathematical point. Rather, it represents a region which
theoretically can contain an infinite number of points.
• For example, if we want to display point P₁ whose co-ordinates are
(4.4,3.8) and point P₂ whose co-ordinates are (4.7,3.3) then P₁ and
P₂ are represented by only one pixel (4,3), as shown in the figure
below :
• The special procedures determine which pixel will provide the
best approximation to the desired picture or graphics object .The
process of determining the appropriate pixels for representing
picture or graphics object is known as rasterization, and the
process of representing continuous picture or graphics object
as a collection of discrete pixels is called scan conversion.
• The computer graphics allows rotation, translation, scaling
and performing various projections on the picture before
displaying it.
• It also allows adding effects such as hidden surface removal,
shading or transparency to the picture before final
representation.
• It provides user the control to modify contents, structure,
and appearance of pictures or graphics objects using input
devices such as a keyboard, mouse, or touch-sensitive panel
on the screen.
• There is a close relationship between the input devices and
display devices. Therefore, graphics devices includes both
input devices and display devices.
Definition of Computer Graphics
It is the use of computers to create and manipulate pictures on a
display device. It comprises of software techniques to create, store,
modify, represents pictures.
Advantages of Computer Graphics
I. A high quality graphics displays of personal computer provide
one of the most natural means of communicating with a
computer.
II. It has an ability to show moving pictures, and thus it is
possible to produce animations with computer graphics.
III. With computer graphics use can also control the animation by
adjusting the speed, the portion of the total scene in view,
the geometric relationship of the objects in the scene to one
another, the amount of detail shown and so on.
Advantages of Computer Graphics
IV. The computer graphics also provides facility called update
dynamics. With update dynamics it is possible to change the
shape, color or other properties of the objects being viewed.
V. With the recent development of digital signal processing (DSP)
and audio synthesis chip the interactive graphics can now
provide audio feedback along with the graphical feedbacks to
make the simulated environment even more realistic.
Application of Computer Graphics
I. User interfaces: It is now a well established fact that
graphical interfaces provide an attractive and easy interaction
between users and computers. The built-in graphics provided
with user interfaces use visual control items such as
buttons, menus, icons, scroll bar etc., which allows user to
interact with computer only by mouse-click. Typing is
necessary only to input text to be stored and manipulated.
II. Plotting of graphics and chart: In industry, business,
government, and educational organizations, computer
graphics is most commonly used to create 2D and 3D
graphs of mathematical, physical and economic functions in
form of histograms, bars and pie-charts. These graphs and
charts are very useful for decision making.
III. Computer-aided drafting and design: the computer –aided
drafting uses graphics to design components and systems
electrical, mechanical, electromechanical and electronic
devices such as automobile bodies, structures of building,
airplane, ships, very large scale integrated chips, optical
systems and computer networks.
IV. Simulation and Animation: Use of graphics in simulation
makes mathematic models and mechanical systems more
realistic and easy to study. The interactive graphics
supported by animation software proved their use in
production of animated movies and cartoons films.
V. Art and Commerce: There is a lot of development in the
tools provided by computer graphics. This allows user to
create artistic pictures which express message and attract
attentions. Such pictures are very useful in advertising.
VI. Process Control : By the use of computer now it is possible
to control various processes in the industry from a remote
control room. In such cases, process systems and
processing parameters are shown on the computer with
graphic symbols and identifications. This makes it easy for
operator to monitor and control various processing
parameters at a time.
VII. Cartography : Computer graphics is also used to represent
geographic maps, weather maps, oceanographic charts,
counter maps, population density maps and so on.
VIII. Art and Commerce: There is a lot of development in the
tools provided by computer graphics. This allows user to
create artistic pictures which express message and attract
attentions. Such pictures are very useful in advertising.
VII. Education and Training : Computer-generated model of the
physical, financial and economic system is often used as educational
aids. Model of physical systems, physiological system, population
trends or equipment can help trainees to understand the operation
of the system.
For some training applications, particular systems are designed. For
example Flight Simulator.
Flight Simulator: It helps in giving training to the pilots of airplanes.
These pilots spend much of their training not in a real aircraft but
on the ground at the controls of a Flight Simulator.
Advantages:
• Fuel Saving
• Safety
• Ability to familiarize the training with a large number of the
world's airports.
VIII.Presentation Graphics: Example of presentation Graphics are
bar charts, line graphs, pie charts and other displays showing
relationships between multiple parameters. Presentation
Graphics is commonly used to summarize
• Financial Reports
• Statistical Reports
• Mathematical Reports
• Scientific Reports
• Economic Data for research reports
• Managerial Reports
• Consumer Information Bulletins
• And other types of reports
Classification of Computer Graphics
Example of Computer Graphics Packages
• LOGO
• COREL DRAW
• AUTO CAD
• 3D STUDIO
• CORE
• GKS (Graphics Kernel System)
• PHIGS
• CAM (Computer Graphics Metafile)
• CGI (Computer Graphics Interface)
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