Big Data Analytics 2023 solution
(a) What are the characteristics of Big Data?
Big Data is commonly described by5 V's:
● Volume– Huge amounts of data.
● Velocity– Fast generation and processing of data.
● Variety– Different formats: structured, semi-structured, unstructured.
● Veracity– Uncertainty or trustworthiness of data.
● Value– Useful insights extracted from the data.
(b) What is HDFS?
DFS (Hadoop Distributed File System) is the storage layer of Hadoop. It stores large files
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across multiple machines and ensures fault tolerance by replicating data blocks across different
nodes in a cluster.
(c) List four popular Big Data platforms.
1. Apache Hadoop
2. Apache Spark
3. Apache Flink
4. Google BigQuery
(d) List the categories of clustering methods.
1. Partitioning Methods (e.g., K-Means)
2. Hierarchical Methods (e.g., Agglomerative)
3. Density-Based Methods (e.g., DBSCAN)
4. Grid-Based Methods (e.g., STING)
5. Model-Based Methods(e.g., EM algorithm)
(e) Define K-means clustering.
-means clusteringis a method of dividing data into K distinct clusters by minimizing the
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distance between data points and the centroid (center) of their assigned cluster.
(f) Write syntax for Bag in PIG.
ata = LOAD 'file.txt' AS (name:chararray,
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marks:bag{t:tuple(subject:chararray, score:int)});
(g) List the challenges in data stream query processing.
1. High data arrival speed
2. Limited memory and computing resources
3. Real-time constraints
4. Handling out-of-order or incomplete data
5. Maintaining accuracy and consistency
(h) How many mappers run for a MapReduce job?
The number of mappers depends on the number of input splits, which in turn is determined by:
● The size of input data
● T
he HDFS block size
So, there is one mapper per input split.
(i) What is Comparable Interface?
In Java, the Comparable interface is used to define a natural ordering of objects. It has the
method:
public int compareTo(Object o);
Used in sorting objects in collections like lists or arrays.
(j) What are the features of Hive?
● SQL-like query language (HiveQL)
● Works on top of Hadoop using MapReduce
● Supports large-scale data summarization and analysis
● Schema flexibility and partitioning
● Integrates with HDFS for storage
.2(a) With suitable diagrams, explain in detail about the read and write operations on
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Hadoop Distributed File System.
Write Operation in HDFS
Steps Involved:
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1 lient Request: The client wants to write a file to HDFS.
2. Contact NameNode: Client requests theNameNodeto get information about where to
store data blocks.
3. Block Allocation: NameNode returns a list ofDataNodesfor each block (based on
replication factor, typically 3).
4. Data Streaming:
○ The client starts writing the first block to the first DataNode.
○ The first DataNodepipesthe data to the second, then the second to the third
(this is called apipeline write).
5. Acknowledgement:
○ After writing is successful on all replicas, acknowledgments are sent back
through the pipeline.
6. File Closure: Once all blocks are written and acknowledged, the client informs the
NameNode to finalize the file.
Read Operation in HDFS
Steps Involved:
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1 lient Request: The client requests to read a file.
2. Fetch Metadata: The client contacts theNameNodeto get metadata (block IDs and
locations).
3. Read from DataNodes:
○ The client connects directly to theclosest DataNodecontaining the required
block.
○ Reads data block by block.
4. Reconstruction: The client reassembles the file from individual blocks.
( b) Why is big data analytics so important in today's digital era? What are the 5 V's of big
data?
ig Data Analytics is crucial today because it helpsextract meaningful insightsfrom massive,
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fast-growing, and diverse datasets. With data being generated constantly from social media,
online transactions, sensors, and apps, analyzing this data enables smarter decision-making
and drives innovation across industries.
Key Reasons for Importance
1. B etter Decision Making:Organizations can make faster and more accurate decisions
by analyzing patterns, trends, and predictions from data.
2. Customer Personalization:Companies like Amazon and Netflix use big data to
recommend products and content based on user behavior.
3. Business Optimization:Analytics helps in improving operations, reducing costs, and
increasing efficiency (e.g., supply chain, inventory).
4. Fraud Detection & Security:Banks and financial services use real-time data analysis
to detect fraud and protect customer data.
5. Healthcare Advancements:Patient data is analyzed to predict disease outbreaks,
personalize treatment, and improve hospital management.
6. Real-time Analytics:Businesses can monitor events as they happen (e.g., stock
market, traffic systems) and respond immediately.
7. Innovation & Product Development:Companies use analytics to identify market needs
and design new products faster.
Real-world Example:
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● oogle Maps uses traffic data to suggest faster routes.
● Spotify recommends songs using listening behavior analytics.
● Uber uses demand data to set dynamic pricing.
The 5 V's of big data are
1. V
olume: The huge amount of data generated every day. This can be in terabytes,
petabytes, or more. Example: billions of transactions on an e-commerce site daily.
2. V
elocity: The speed at which data is created, processed, and analyzed. Data may need
to be processed in real-time or near real-time. Example: real-time social media posts or
stock market transactions happening every second.
3. V
ariety: The different types and sources of data, such as text, images, videos, sensor
data, social media posts, etc. Example: customer reviews (text), product images (visual
data), and sensor data from devices (structured data).
4. V
eracity: The trustworthiness or quality of the data. With large datasets, it's important to
ensure that the data is accurate and reliable. Example: ensuring the accuracy of
financial transaction data.
5. V
alue: The insights or benefits that can be derived from analyzing the data. It’s not just
about having big data but making it useful. Without value, data is just noise. Example:
analyzing shopping patterns to improve sales.
Q.3 (b) With a neat sketch, describe the key components of Apache Hive architecture.
pache Hive is a data warehouse tool built on top of Hadoop. It allows users to query large
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datasets stored in HDFS using a SQL-like language called HiveQL.
Key Components of Apache Hive Architecture
1. U ser Interface (UI): Provides various interfaces for users to submit queries and interact
with Hive, including the Command Line Interface (CLI), Web UI, and JDBC/ODBC
drivers.
2. Driver: Acts as the controller that receives the HiveQL statements. It manages the
lifecycle of a query, including session handling and monitoring the execution process.
3. Compiler: Parses the HiveQL query, performs semantic analysis, and generates an
execution plan in the form of a Directed Acyclic Graph (DAG) of stages.
4. Optimizer: Applies various transformations to the execution plan to optimize query
performance, such as predicate pushdown and join reordering.
5. Execution Engine: Executes the optimized execution plan by interacting with the
Hadoop cluster. It translates the plan into MapReduce, Tez, or Spark jobs and manages
their execution.
6. Metastore: Stores metadata about the Hive tables, such as schema information, table
locations, and partition details. It is typically backed by a relational database like MySQL
or PostgreSQL.
7. Hadoop Distributed File System (HDFS): Serves as the underlying storage layer
where the actual data resides. Hive interacts with HDFS to read and write data during
query execution.
.5 (a) Explain the following operators in Pig Latin:
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i) Grouping and joining
ii) Combining and splitting
iii) Filtering operators
Apache Pig Latin offers a suite of operators to process and transform large datasets efficiently.
Here's an explanation of the following categories of operators: grouping and joining, combining
and splitting, and filtering.
i) Grouping and Joining
ROUP Operator :The
G GROUPoperator collects together records with the same key from a
single relation, producing a new relation where each group is represented as a single record.
Syntax:
grouped_data = GROUP relation_name BY key;
JOINoperator combines records from two or more relations based on a
OIN Operator:The
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common field, similar to SQL joins.
Syntax:
joined_data = JOIN relation1 BY key1, relation2 BY key2;
ii) Combining and Splitting
NION Operator:The
U UNIONoperator merges the contents of two or more relations with the
same schema into a single relation.
Syntax:
combined_data = UNION relation1, relation2;
PLIT Operator:The
S SPLIToperator divides a relation into two or more relations based on
specified conditions.
Syntax:
PLIT relation_name INTO relation1 IF condition1, relation2 IF
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condition2;
iii) Filtering Operators
FILTERoperator selects tuples from a relation that satisfy a given
ILTER Operator:The
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condition.
Syntax:
filtered_data = FILTER relation_name BY condition;
DISTINCToperator removes duplicate tuples from a relation.
DISTINCT Operator:The
Syntax:
unique_data = DISTINCT relation_name;
LIMIToperator restricts the number of tuples in a relation to a specified
IMIT Operator:The
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number.
Syntax:
limited_data = LIMIT relation_name N;
(b) Explain in brief about Data manipulation in HIVE.
In Apache Hive, Data Manipulation Language (DML) encompasses the operations used to
manage and manipulate data within Hive tables. These operations are essential for performing
tasks such as inserting, querying, updating, and deleting data stored in Hadoop's HDFS.
Key DML Operations in Hive
SELECT: Used to query and retrieve data from Hive tables.
SELECT * FROM employees WHERE department = 'Sales';
INSERT: Adds new data into a table.
INSERT INTO: Appends new rows to the existing table.
INSERT INTO employees VALUES (1, 'John Doe', 'IT');
INSERT OVERWRITE: Replaces the data in the table with new data.
INSERT OVERWRITE TABLE employees SELECT * FROM new_employees;
OAD DATA: Loads data from local or HDFS files into a Hive table.
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LOAD DATA LOCAL INPATH '/path/to/data.csv' INTO TABLE employees;
PDATEandDELETE: Traditional row-level updates and deletes are not natively supported in
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Hive. However, starting from Hive 0.14, ACID (Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation, Durability)
transactions are supported, allowing for updates and deletes on tables stored in ORC format.
These operations require enabling ACID properties and are typically used in transactional
tables.
EXPORTandIMPORT: Used for transferring data between Hive and external systems.
XPORT: Exports data from a Hive table to a specified location.
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EXPORT TABLE employees TO '/path/to/exported_data';
IMPORT: Imports data into a Hive table from a specified location.
IMPORT TABLE employees FROM '/path/to/imported_data';
.6 (a) Discuss Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and correlation indicators of linear
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relationship.
Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)
efinition: Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) is a statistical method used to analyze the
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differences among group means in a dataset. It evaluates whether there is a significant
difference between the means of two or more groups by examining the variation within and
between groups.
Key Concepts:
1. Hypothesis Testing:
○ Null Hypothesis (H0) : All group means are equal
Alternative Hypothesis (Ha) : At least one group mean is different.
○
2. F
-Test:
○ A
NOVA uses the F-statistic to compare the variances. The F-statistic is the ratio
of the variance between group means to the variance within groups.
3. Types of ANOVA:
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○ ne-way ANOVA: Tests differences among means of one independent variable.
○ Two-way ANOVA: Tests differences among means of two independent variables
and their interaction.
4. A
ssumptions:
Independence of observations.
○
○ Normality of the data within groups.
○ Homogeneity of variance (equal variances across groups).
Applications:
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● omparing treatment effects in experiments.
● Testing differences in average scores among different groups (e.g., age groups, income
brackets).
Correlation Indicators of Linear Relationship
efinition: Correlation measures the strength and direction of the linear relationship between
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two variables. It is quantified using thecorrelation coefficient(r).
Key Concepts:
1. Correlation Coefficient (rrr):
○ Values range from −1 to 1.
■ r=1: Perfect positive linear relationship.
■ r=−1: Perfect negative linear relationship.
■ r=0: No linear relationship.
○ Calculated as:
2. Types of Correlation:
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○ ositive Correlation: As one variable increases, the other increases.
○ Negative Correlation: As one variable increases, the other decreases.
○ No Correlation: No discernible linear pattern.
3. Scatter Plots: Used to visually assess the linear relationship between variables.
4. Limitations:
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○ orrelation does not imply causation.
○ Sensitive to outliers, which can distort the relationship.
Applications:
● M easuring the relationship between variables in finance (e.g., stock prices and market
indices).
● Determining the association between health metrics (e.g., weight and blood pressure).
(b) Explain in detail about Naïve Bayes Classification.
aïve Bayes is a probabilistic classification algorithm based on Bayes’ Theorem, with the
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“naïve” assumption that all features are independent of each other given the class label. It is
widely used in machine learning, particularly for text classification, spam detection, and
sentiment analysis.
aïve Bayes is a foundational machine learning algorithm that applies probabilistic reasoning
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with the simplifying assumption of feature independence. Despite its simplicity, it is highly
effective for classification tasks, particularly in Natural Language Processing (NLP).
Bayes' Theorem
Bayes’ Theorem calculates theposterior probabilityof a class given the observed features:
Where:
● P(C∣X) = Posterior probability of class CCC given predictors XXX
● P(X∣C) = Likelihood of predictors given class
● P(C) = Prior probability of class
● P(X) = Prior probability of predictors (often treated as constant)
How Naïve Bayes Works
Q.7 (a) Explain the use of Bloom’s Filter to mine data streams.
loom’s Filteris aspace-efficient probabilistic data structureused for checking whether an
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element is present in a set. It is particularly useful indata stream mining, where the data
arrives continuously and memory usage must be minimal.
Key Features of Bloom’s Filter
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● ast and memory-efficient.
● Allowsfalse positives(may say an item exists when it doesn't), butno false negatives
(won't say an item is absent when it's present).
● Suitable for situations where exact matches are not critical.
How It Works
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1 Initialize abit arrayof sizemwith all bits set to 0.
2. Usekindependenthash functionsto map each element tokpositions in the bit array.
3. Toaddan element: Set the bits at allkhash positions to 1.
4. Toqueryan element: Check if allkcorresponding bits are 1.
If yes →Possibly present.
○
○ If no →Definitely not present.
Use in Mining Data Streams
In data streams, we often need tocheck duplicates or repeated itemswithout storing the
entire stream. Bloom filters help:
● D uplicate detection: Identify if an element (like a user ID, IP address, etc.) has already
been seen.
● Network packet inspection: Detect known spam or malicious URLs.
● Web crawlers: Check if a URL has already been visited.
● Caching: Check if a data item is in cache without accessing memory-intensive storage.
Example
Imagine you're processing a stream of email addresses to detect if an address has already
subscribed to a newsletter:
Input stream: user1@example.com, user2@example.com, user1@example.com
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● n seeinguser1@example.comthe first time → Add it to the Bloom filter.
● On seeing it again → Query the Bloom filter. Since bits are already set, it returns
possibly present→ Detected as a duplicate.
Advantages
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● xtremely fast lookups and insertions.
● Minimal memory usage, even for very large datasets.
.8 (a) Discuss multiple regressions with assumptions and regression formula.
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Multiple Regression is a statistical technique used to predict the value of a dependent variable
based on two or more independent variables. It is an extension of simple linear regression,
which involves only one independent variable.
Purpose
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● nderstand the relationship between several predictors and a response variable.
● Predict outcomes using multiple factors.
● Evaluate the influence of each independent variable on the dependent variable.
Regression Formula
Example:Predicting a student’s exam score based on:
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● 1: Hours studied
● X2: Number of practice tests taken
● X3: Attendance percentage
Assumptions of Multiple Regression
1. L inearity:
The relationship between the dependent variable and each predictor is linear.
2. Independence:
Observations and errors should be independent of each other.
3. Homoscedasticity:
Constant variance of error terms across all values of the independent variables.
4. N ormality:
The residuals (errors) should be normally distributed.
5. No Multicollinearity:
Independent variables should not be highly correlated with each other.
Applications
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● usiness: Forecasting sales based on price, advertising, and promotions.
● Healthcare: Predicting disease risk using multiple patient attributes.
● Social science: Understanding the impact of socioeconomic factors on academic
performance.
(b) Explain the architecture of Google File System with necessary diagrams.
he Google File System (GFS) is a scalable distributed file system developed by Google to
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handle large-scale data processing across clusters of commodity hardware. It is designed for
fault tolerance, high throughput, and efficient storage of large files.
Key Features of GFS
● ptimized for large files (typically hundreds of MBs or GBs).
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● Supports append-heavy workloads like logs and analytics.
● High fault tolerance through replication.
● Uses master-slave architecture.
GFS Components
1. GFS Master Server
● anages metadata: file names, directory structure, chunk locations, access permissions.
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● Handles file creation, deletion, and renaming.
● Coordinates chunk replication and garbage collection.
● Stores metadata in memory for fast access.
2. Chunk Servers
● tore actual file data in fixed-size chunks (default 64MB).
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● Each chunk has a unique 64-bit ID.
● Replicates chunks (default replication factor is 3).
● Periodically reports status to the master.
3. Clients
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● ccess files by first contacting the master to get metadata.
● Then read/write data directly from/to chunk servers to reduce load on master.
Working Process
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1 lient → Master: Request file metadata (chunk locations).
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2. Master → Client: Sends chunk server addresses.
3. Client → Chunk Servers: Directly reads or writes data.
4. Write Process: Sent to all replicas of a chunk, then confirmed.
Advantages of GFS
● ault Tolerance: Automatic chunk replication and recovery.
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● High Throughput: Designed for batch processing and large files.
● Scalability: Easily scales to thousands of machines.
● Simplified Failure Handling: Commodity hardware failures are expected and handled
automatically.
Q.9Write short notes on any two of the following:
(a) Hadoop Ecosystem
he Hadoop Ecosystem refers to a set of tools and frameworks built around the core Hadoop
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system, which enables the storage, processing, and analysis of big data in a distributed and
fault-tolerant environment. The ecosystem is designed to handle large-scale data across
clusters of machines and supports parallel processing.
Key Components of Hadoop Ecosystem:
1. H DFS(Hadoop Distributed File System): A distributed storage system that splits large
files into blocks and stores them across multiple machines to ensure data redundancy
and fault tolerance.
2. MapReduce: A programming model for processing large datasets in parallel across
distributed nodes.
3. YARN(Yet Another Resource Negotiator): Manages cluster resources and schedules
tasks across nodes.
Supporting Tools:
● H ive: A data warehouse system that provides a SQL-like interface for querying data
stored in Hadoop.
● Pig: A high-level platform for creating MapReduce programs using a scripting language
called Pig Latin.
● HBase: A NoSQL database for storing structured data on top of HDFS, providing
real-time access to large datasets.
● Sqoop: A tool for transferring data between Hadoop and relational databases.
● Zookeeper: Coordinates distributed systems and ensures synchronization.
● Oozie: A scheduler for managing workflows in the Hadoop ecosystem.
Applications: Big data storage, processing, data mining, analytics, and machine learning.
(b) CURE Algorithm (Clustering Using Representatives)
he CURE algorithm is a hierarchical clustering method that addresses the problem of
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clustering non-spherical clusters and being resistant to outliers. Unlike traditional clustering
algorithms, which may fail in non-convex shapes or sensitive to outliers, CURE uses
representative points to define clusters and better capture the shape and structure of the data.
Key Features:
1. R epresentative Points: The algorithm selects a fixed number of well-scattered
representative points within each cluster.
2. Shrinking: These points are shrunk towards the cluster's centroid to improve the cluster's
shape representation.
3. Merging: Clusters are merged based on the distance between their representative
points.
Advantages:
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● andles non-spherical clusters effectively.
● Robust to noise and outliers.
● Scales well with large datasets due to the use of representative points.
se Cases: Customer segmentation, image clustering, gene expression data, and other
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applications that require handling complex cluster shapes.
(c) Grid Computing
rid Computing is a distributed computing model that involves the sharing of computational
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resources across multiple organizations or locations to solve complex problems that require
igh processing power. It allows the pooling of resources such as CPU time, storage, and
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network bandwidth, enabling better performance, scalability, and flexibility for large-scale
applications.
Key Features:
1. D istributed Resources: Combines resources from various machines located across
different locations.
2. Resource Sharing: Allows users and organizations to share computational resources.
3. Scalability: Can scale to handle large computational tasks by leveraging the combined
power of multiple machines.
Advantages:
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● fficient use of underutilized resources.
● Facilitates the solution of large-scale scientific and engineering problems.
● Can be used for data-intensive applications such as simulations, research, and data
analysis.
pplications: Scientific research, simulations, weather forecasting, and applications requiring
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large-scale computation.
(d) HDFS Block Replication
DFS Block Replication is a fundamental feature of the Hadoop Distributed File System (HDFS)
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that ensures data reliability and fault tolerance. In HDFS, large files are divided into blocks
(typically 128MB or 256MB in size), and these blocks are replicated across multiple machines in
the cluster.
Key Aspects:
1. R eplication Factor: Each block of data is replicated multiple times (default replication
factor is 3). These replicas are stored on different machines to ensure data availability in
case of node failure.
2. Fault Tolerance: If a machine or block fails, the system can still access the replicated
copies of the block, ensuring no data loss.
3. Load Balancing: HDFS dynamically adjusts the number of replicas and the locations
where blocks are stored to ensure efficient use of resources.
Advantages:
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● ault tolerance: Ensures data is not lost even if some machines fail.
● High availability: Multiple replicas provide continuous access to data.
● Scalable: The replication factor can be adjusted based on the data importance and
cluster resources.
pplications: HDFS Block Replication is essential in large-scale data storage systems, data
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warehousing, and distributed computing tasks in Hadoop.
