INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY ROORKEE

ECN 342 RFM

Network Parameters & Smith chart

Prof. Darshak Bhatt

Two port parameters

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Find the Z parameters?

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2-Port Network Representation

❑ Reciprocal Network: A network is said to be reciprocal if the voltage

appearing at port 2 due to a current applied at port 1 is the same as the
voltage appearing at port 1 when the same current is applied to port 2.
Exchanging voltage and current results in an equivalent definition of
reciprocity.

❑ Symmetrical networks: A network is symmetrical if its input impedance

is equal to its output impedance.

❑ Lossless: A network containing no lossy elements.

❑ All these properties are easy to link in terms of Z or Y-Parameters, For

rest of the Network parameters it can be derived by using their
conversion from Z or Y parameters matrix.

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Z: Impedance Parameters

❑ Symmetric: Z11=Z22

❑ Reciprocal:Z12=Z21

❑ Lossless: All components of Z matrix are purely imaginary.

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Y: Admittance Parameters

❑ Symmetric: Y11=Y22

❑ Reciprocal: Y12=Y21

❑ Lossless: All components of Y matrix are purely imaginary.

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THE TRANSMISSION (ABCD) MATRIX

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ABCD: Transmission Parameter

❑ Symmetric: A=D

❑ Reciprocal: AD-BC=1

❑ Lossless: A, D are real and B, C are imaginary. (Diag. elements are real and
off-diag. are imaginary.
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ABCD Parameters of Some Useful Two-
Port Circuits

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ABCD Matrix of Transmission
Lines (1/2)
V1   A B  V2 
V (d ) = A1e j d + B1e− j d V (d ) = A1 ( e j  d +  0 e − j  d )  I  = C D   I 
 1   2
V1 I1
A=   =1 C=   =1
V2 I2 =0
V2 I 2 =0

V (d ) = A1 ( e j  d + e − j  d ) = 2 A1 cos (  d ) = V2 cos (  d )

Since V (0) = 2 A1 = V2 V1
A= = cos (  l )
Since V (l ) = V1 V2 I2 =0

 V1  V1
= jY0 sin (  l )
I1 V1 1
C= = =   C=
V2 I2 =0
Z inV2 I2 =0
− jZ 0 cot (  l )  V2  I V2 I2 =0
2 =0

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 ABCD Matrix of Transmission
Lines (2/2)
I V1
D= 1   = −1 B=   = −1
I2 V2 = 0
I 2 V =0
2

I (d ) =
Z0
( e − 0e− j d ) = 1 ( e j d + e− j d ) = 2 1 cos (  d ) = I 2 cos (  d )
A1 j d A
Z0
A
Z0

2 A1 I1
Since I (0) = = I2 D= = cos (  l )
Z0 I2 V2 = 0

Since I (l ) = I1

V1 Z I I 
= jZ 0 tan (  l )  1 
V1
B= = in 1 B= = jZ 0 sin (  l )
I 2 V =0
2
I 2 V =0
2
 I 2  V =02
I 2 V =0
2

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Why S Parameters

• No equipment is available to measure total voltage and total

current at these frequencies.

• The open-circuit and short-circuit terminations are difficult.

• Active devices such as transistors may become unstable

under open-circuit or short-circuit conditions.

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S Matrix

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VNA

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Find S parameter of 3 dB attenuator

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Generalized S Parameters

• S-parameters are defined based on normalized traveling

wave voltages a and b –

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Shifting reference planes for lossless lines

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• This means that our scattering parameters in terms of the
primed quantities now become

• The relationship between matrices can be written more

conveniently as

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Properties of S-Parameters

• Reciprocal : Sji = Sij; e.g.S21 = S12

Lossless Network:
• The total power flowing out is equal to the total power flowing
in.

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Example

• Determine if the network is reciprocal and lossless.

• If port 2 is terminated with a matched load, what is the return
loss seen at port 1?
• If port 2 is terminated with a short circuit, what is the return
loss seen at port 1?

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SIGNAL FLOW GRAPHS

Nodes

Branch

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Signal Flow Graph Rules

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Cont..

Series Rule

Parallel Rule

Self Loop Rule

Splitting rule

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Example

• Use signal flow graphs to derive expressions for Γ𝑖𝑛 and Γ𝑜𝑢𝑡
for the microwave network shown in Figure.

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Sol

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Three-Port Circulator

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4 port Network (Coupler)

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Parameter conversion

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Network Parameter Conversion

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The Smith Chart

• It is polar plot of Γ.
• Bilateral Transform connecting the impedance Z and the
Reflection coefficient Γ . The smith chart maps the x-plane
on the Γ plane.

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• -→

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Resistance & Reactance circles

• Γ𝑖 = 0,

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• For negative resistance r<0 we have |Γ|>1

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Active and Passive Load

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Inductance and Capacitance on Smith
Chart
• Locus of the reflection coefficient for an inductor and a
capacitor In a Z Smith chart

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Reflection Coefficient

• The reflection coefficient is the ratio of the reflected to the

incident wave. For a loss less line we have :

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Reflection Coefficient along a line
For a loss less line the reflection coefficient can be written :

• As we move along the line, Γ(d) moves along a circle of

radius |Γ𝐿 |.
• The reflection coefficient Γ(d) rotates clock wise as d
increases, and we moves towards generator
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Measurement Point Definition

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Voltage Standing Wave Ratio (VSWR) on
the smith chart

• A perfect matching (|Γ|=0) corresponds to VSWR of 1.

• VSWR should be less than 2.

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Y Smith Chart
• The Y - smith chart can be obtained by expressing Γ in terms
of Y

• The Y Smith Chart is obtained by inverting the Z smith chart.

• In the rotated Y-Smith Chart the short and open are
exchanged.
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Impedance and Admittance Smith Charts

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Addition of an Inductor in Series with a
Load
• Given the load z = 0.5 - j1.0 by adding 𝑍𝐿 = 𝑗1.5
• 𝑧𝑖𝑛 = 𝑧 + 𝑧𝐿 = 0.5 + 𝑗0.5.

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Addition of a Capacitor in Series with a
Load
• Given the load z = 0.5 – j0.5 by adding 𝑧𝐶 = −𝑗0.5
• 𝑧𝑖𝑛 = 𝑧 + 𝑧𝑐 = 0.5 − 𝑗1.

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Addition of an Inductor in Shunt with a
Load
• Given the load y = 0.5 + j0.5 by adding yL = −𝑗1.5.
• 𝑦𝑖𝑛 = 𝑦 + 𝑦𝑙 = 0.5 − 𝑗1.

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Addition of an Capacitor in Shunt with a
Load
• Given the load y = 0.5 – j1 by adding yc = 𝑗0.5.
• 𝑦𝑖𝑛 = 𝑦 + 𝑦𝑐 = 0.5 − 𝑗0.5.

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How to match a load with a series L and
Shunt C
• We want to realize a transformer with a series inductor and
shunt capacitor to match the complex impedance
z = 0.5 – j1 to 50 ohm load.

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• Given the load z=0.5- j1.0, by moving up on the constant
resistance r=0.5 circle on the Z Smith chart we obtain
• 𝑧𝑖𝑛 = 𝑧 + 𝑧𝑙 = 0.5 + 𝑗0.5. using 𝑧𝐿 = 𝑗1.5
• Since 𝑦𝑖𝑛 = 1 − 𝑗1, using yc = 𝑗1. we obtain 𝑦𝑖𝑛 + 𝑦𝑐 = 1 by
moving on the constant conductance g=1 circle on the Y
Smith chart.

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Alternate Design: Matching a Load with a
series L and shunt L
• Given the load z=0.5- j1.0, by moving up on the constant
resistance r=0.5 circle on the Z Smith chart we obtain
• 𝑧𝑖𝑛 = 𝑧 + 𝑧𝑙 = 0.5 − 𝑗0.5. using 𝑧𝐿 = 𝑗0.5
• Since 𝑦𝑖𝑛 = 1 + 𝑗1, using yc = −𝑗1. we obtain 𝑦𝑖𝑛 + 𝑦𝑐 = 1 by
moving on the constant conductance g=1 circle on the Y
Smith chart.

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Matching a Load with a series C and
Shunt C
• Given the load z=0.5+j1.0, by moving down on the constant
resistance r=0.5 circle on the Z Smith chart we obtain
• 𝑧𝑖𝑛 = 𝑧 + 𝑧𝑙 = 0.5 + 𝑗0.5. using 𝑧𝑐 = −𝑗0.5
• Since 𝑦𝑖𝑛 = 1 − 𝑗1, using yc = 𝑗1. we obtain 𝑦𝑖𝑛 + 𝑦𝑐 = 1 by
moving down on the constant conductance g=1 circle on the
Y Smith chart.

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Stub Matching Example

• A 50 Ω transmission line is connected to a cellular phone

antenna with load impedance ZL =25-j50 Ω. Find the
position and the length of a shunt short-circuit stub required
to match the 50 Ω line.

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