MURSHIDABAD COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND
TECHNOLOGY
SUBJECT NAME: UNIX AND SHELL
PROGRAMMING
SUBJECT CODE: BCAC601
TOPIC: UNIX OPERATING SYSTEM
STUDENT NAME: HABBIB SHAIKH
UNIV. ROLL NO.33001222008
UNIV. REG. NO.223301010011
STREAM: BCA
YEAR: 3RD
YEAREXAM NAME: CA1
DEFINITION
• A Unix operating system is a multiuser,
multitasking operating system designed for
flexibility, efficiency, and stability. Originally
developed in the late 1960s at AT&T’s Bell Labs,
Unix has since evolved into various versions,
including commercial and open-source
derivatives like Linux, mac OS, and BSD.
• Key features of Unix-based operating systems
include:
• Portability: Can run on different hardware
architectures.
• Hierarchical File System: Organizes files
in a structured manner.
• Command-Line Interface (CLI): Offers
powerful shell scripting capabilities.
• Security & Stability: Includes strong
permission settings and process isolation.
• Multi-user and multitasking: Supports
multiple users and processes
simultaneously.
• Networking capabilities: Strong support
for internet and local networking.
HISTORY OF UNIX
OPERATING
SYSTEM
• UNIX was developed in 1969 at Bell Labs
by Ken Thompson and Dennis Ritchie as
a simpler alternative to Multics . By 1973,
it was rewritten in C, making it portable.
The 1970s and 1980s saw UNIX splitting
into AT&T’s System V and Berkeley’s
BSD, leading to various commercial
versions. In the 1990s, Linux emerged as
a free, open-source UNIX-like system,
and UNIX became standardized under
The Open Group. By the 2000s,
proprietary UNIX systems declined, while
Linux and mac OS (based on BSD)
became dominant . Today, UNIX concepts
still influence modern operating systems,
particularly in servers, cloud computing,
and embedded systems.
MEMORY
MANAGEMENT
• Paging: Divides memory into fixed-size
pages, loaded into RAM as needed.
• Segmentation: Splits memory into
logical segments (code, data, stack).
• Demand Paging: Loads pages only
when required, reducing memory
usage.
• Swapping: Moves inactive processes
to disk (swap space) to free RAM.
• Kernel Memory Management: Uses
slab allocation for efficient memory
handling.
• Shared Memory & IPC: Enables fast
communication between processes.
• Memory Protection: Restricts
unauthorized access to memory areas.
INTERRUPTS
• Interrupts in UNIX allow the system to handle urgent
tasks by temporarily halting the CPU. They are classified
as:
• Hardware Interrupts – Triggered by external devices
(e.g., keyboard, disk).
• Software Interrupts – Generated by programs via
system calls.
• Timer Interrupts – Used for scheduling and time-
sharing.
• I/O Interrupts – Raised when I/O operations complete.
• IPC Signals – Processes send signals (e.g., SIGKILL,
SIGSTOP) to control execution.
USES OF UNIX Servers & Networking – Powers web servers, databases,
and cloud systems.
Workstations & Supercomputers – Used in research and
high-performance computing.
Embedded Systems – Runs routers, IoT devices, and
networking hardware.
Software Development – Preferred for coding, debugging,
and system programming.
Enterprise Systems – Used in banking, finance, and secure
transactions.
Education & Research – Common in universities for
teaching and research.
Security & Ethical Hacking – Used for cybersecurity and
penetration testing.
APPLICATIONS Web & Database Servers – Hosts websites and manages
databases.
OF UNIX Networking & Telecommunications – Runs routers, switches, and
network security tools.
Scientific Computing – Used in research labs and
supercomputers.
Software Development – Ideal for coding, debugging, and testing.
Enterprise & Finance – Supports banking and secure
transactions.
Education & Research – Used in universities for OS studies.
Cybersecurity – Employed in ethical hacking and security
analysis.
Embedded Systems & IoT – Found in smart devices and
industrial automation.
