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Prospective Smart Distribution Substation in Bangladesh: Modeling and

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Article
Prospective Smart Distribution Substation in Bangladesh:
Modeling and Analysis
Abdul Hasib Siddique 1 , Mehedi Hasan 2,3 , Sharnali Islam 4 and Khalid Rashid 5, *

1 Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The International University of Scholars,

Dhaka 1230, Bangladesh; ahnion.ahs@gmail.com
2 Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, North South University, Dhaka 1229, Bangladesh;
mehedi.hasan01@northsouth.edu or mehedihasan261996@gmail.com
3 Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Science and Technology Chittagong,
Chattogram 4202, Bangladesh
4 Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh;
sharnali.eee@du.ac.bd
5 Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
* Correspondence: khalidr@udel.edu

Abstract: Being one of the fastest-growing economies in the world, Bangladesh needs to upgrade
its electrical network and aim to reduce dependency on fossil fuel-based energy. For the aging
and ever-expanding power network, it is necessary to have a smart substation in order to provide
reliable, affordable, and sustainable electrical power. As Bangladesh is looking to integrate Dis-
tributed Generation (DG) in the power system, it is high time to think about integrating a smart
distribution substation into its power network. In this paper, an investigation of the current power





 generation structure of Bangladesh was conducted and is described. The major focus was given
Citation: Siddique, A.H.; Hasan, M.; to the upgradation of the existing substation and distribution setup of Bangladesh by providing
Islam, S.; Rashid, K. Prospective suitable architectures, technologies, and communication protocols. Detailed studies of Bangladesh’s
Smart Distribution Substation in prospects to incorporate the new technology and renewable energy into its power network are dis-
Bangladesh: Modeling and Analysis. cussed. ETAP was used to simulate the prospective system to show the feasibility of the prospective
Sustainability 2021, 13, 10904. smart distribution substation in Bangladesh’s power network.
https://doi.org/10.3390/
su131910904 Keywords: smart substation; smart distribution; distributed generation; energy security; distribution
network; ETAP
Academic Editor:
Samuel Asumadu-Sarkodie

Received: 5 April 2021

1. Introduction
Accepted: 28 June 2021
Published: 30 September 2021
The present-day world requires energy in vast quantity to retain its progress in the
massive development activities. This energy demand keeps on increasing at a substantial
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral
rate due to the ever-increasing population. To cope with the rapidly increasing energy
with regard to jurisdictional claims in
demand, the energy systems in the future need to be updated with modern technologies.
published maps and institutional affil- The two key issues associated with the future energy systems are the integration of an
iations. immense number of renewable energy sources into the grid and the delivery of active
demand from the customer standpoint. These two issues have patronized the necessity of
implementing a smarter grid that can deal with high coincidence factors without having
massive structural changes in the exiting grid.
Copyright: © 2021 by the authors.
As per the analogy of various researchers, it is quite certain that future transmission
Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.
systems will likely remain the same. On the contrary, the low voltage distribution network
This article is an open access article
ought to be quite different from the existing ones in order to maintain power quality and
distributed under the terms and to accommodate a large number of distributed generation sources [1].
conditions of the Creative Commons Hence, from the distribution point of view, the future power scenario holds a very
Attribution (CC BY) license (https:// different picture than what exists today. In the future, systems ought to be self-supporting
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/ in all the areas, which include rural, urban, and even industrial energy setups [2]. The
4.0/). various new power generation sources utilizing different technologies ought to give a new

Sustainability 2021, 13, 10904. https://doi.org/10.3390/su131910904 https://www.mdpi.com/journal/sustainability

Sustainability 2021, 13, 10904 2 of 20

perspective to the distribution network [3]. Furthermore, a two-way power flow network
will be the key demand for a developing nation like Bangladesh. Hence, consumers
will be able to consume power from the network and sell surplus power generated from
distributed generation.
Bearing in mind the future smart and intelligent power grid operation, it is impera-
tive to opt for the most secured power system network using the resources available in
Bangladesh [4,5]. As a result, technologies such as IoT will play a pivotal role in realizing
tomorrow’s energy grid. IoT will lead the pack in order to make the network robust [6].
For a developing country like Bangladesh, the electrical demand was always greater
than the generation capacity [7]. Although Bangladesh has come a long way in the last
decade, there is still ample room for improvement [8]. Therefore, in order to cope up
with the rapidly escalating electrical demand, attention needs to be given to generating
electricity through DGs. Keeping this in mind, Bangladesh is moving towards DG and the
concept of the microgrid has become popular especially in rural Bangladesh. Rural areas
in Bangladesh encounter a huge power outage and the solar home system (SHS) is playing
a pivotal role to overcome this shortage of electricity [9].
Looking at the urban setup, a smart substation is a potential solution to Bangladesh’s
problem. Meanwhile, IoT and big data can be implemented to understand the effectiveness
and feasibility of such systems in Bangladesh [10]. The main goal of this study is to analyze
the prospective architecture of smart distribution substation and IoT-based distribution grid
from Bangladesh’s perspective. Barriers in integrating smart substation and distribution
system with the existing power infrastructures in Bangladesh were explored and possible
solutions are provided. In addition, control methods and structure of smart substation and
distribution process are provided. In short, the major contributions of this research are:
• Analysis for the need of a smart substation in Bangladesh;
• Outline the renewable energy potential in Bangladesh;
• Detailed single-line diagram (SLD) of the proposed 33 kV/11 kV/110 V distribution
substation for the prospective substation architecture;
• Control and communication for smart distribution substation;
• Generic object-oriented substation events (GOOSE) messaging for better communication;
• A four-layer substation architecture and justification of its use;
• ETAP simulation for the proposed prospective substation architecture of Bangladesh;
• Use of smart remote terminal unit (RTU) sensors for SCADA control;
• IoT and its use in distribution network with respect to Bangladesh.

2. Existing Power Scenario of Bangladesh

In Bangladesh, natural gas is the main source of energy generation [11]. As per the
annual report of Bangladesh Power Development Board (BPDP) [12], a detailed distribution
of Bangladesh’s power sector in 2017–2018 and 2018–2019 is shown in Figure 1. As seen
in Figure 1, the major sources of the power generated in Bangladesh are obtained using
natural gas is due to the large reserve of natural gas. However, with the current natural gas
consumption of 142 million cubic feet per day, the natural gas reserve in Bangladesh will
be exhausted by 2031 [13]. Hence, exhausting the major source of power generation is a
substantial concern for Bangladesh.
With a careful investigation of Figure 1, it is evident that more focus is given on
renewable energy sources in contemporary years [14]. With the huge surge in demand,
Bangladesh opted for quick rental in power plants. Currently, Ashuganj Power Station
Company Limited, Electricity Generation Company of Bangladesh Limited, North West
Power Generation Company Limited, Power Grid Company of Bangladesh Limited, West
Zone Power Distribution Company Limited, and Northern Electricity Supply Company
Limited are producing electricity on behalf of BPDB.
Sustainability 2021, 13, 10904 3 of 20

Coal Power Hydro Coal Power

Hydro import
import
5 oar
1 4.14%
6.12%
0.16%
Furnace Oil
25.16%

Diesel
8.65%
Diesel
7.23%

2018-2019 2017-2018
• Coal • Power import Solar • Gas Diesel Furnace Oil • Hydro
Figure 1. Power generation percentage of Bangladesh as per energy sources [12,13].

Looking at the load analysis of Bangladesh, it is easily realized that most of the loads
in the country are very basic (such as lights, fans, etc.). These loads constitute around 50%
of the total power consumption [15]. On the other hand, the CO2 emission rate (metric
tons per capita) has already increased rapidly from 0.2 for the year 2005 to 0.51 for the year
2016, and it has been increasing ever since [16]. Hence, it is high time for Bangladesh to
shift its focus from fossil fuel to renewable energy sources.
It is evident from [17] that there is a steady rise in demand and generation of electricity.
Since 2010, the power sector of Bangladesh has seen rapid development. Bangladesh saw
the most progress in power generation in the year 2013–2014 [17]. During this period, a
total of 1545 MW was added to the grid, which increased the capacity by almost 16%. In
addition to this, 500 MW of power was imported from India [18].
In 2019, the system loss was about 7.3%, which is a significant percentage of Bangladesh’s
generation capacity. System loss is a persistent problem in Bangladesh’s infrastructure,
which is affecting the public utilities. One more issue that needs to be tackled is the aging
power transmission system. Keeping in mind all the challenges, Bangladesh needs to
reduce its overwhelming dependency on fossil fuels (natural gas, oil, and coal). Renewable
energy sources such as biomass, biogas, solar, hydropower, and wind are the potential
substitutes that Bangladesh can focus on now.
Bangladesh is also all set to incorporate nuclear energy into the national grid as early
as 2024 with VVER-1200 reactors [19]. By completing this project, Bangladesh will become
the 33rd nuclear power producer in the world with an estimated cost of 2.5 billion USD.
Even though Bangladesh has a great potential to integrate renewable energy, none of
the existing distribution substations are capable of handling it. Figure 2 shows a 33/11 kV
used by BPDB in Chattogram. In this section, typical substation architecture is studied.
The substation has both a 33 kV bus and 11 kV bus. From the 33 kV bus, a subline goes out
towards Fouzderhat substation. Two vacuum circuit breakers (VCB) of the rating 1250 A
and 800 A are connected for the power flow. The transformer rating is considered to be
16/20 MVA, which is connected to an 11 kV bus via one air circuit breaker (ACB) of the
rating 1250 A. The load feeders are passed through a ACB of the rating 3600 A, keeping in
mind a maximum load of 2.5 MW.
Sustainability 2021, 13, x FOR PEER REVIEW 4 of 20

Sustainability 2021, 13, 10904 4 of 20

rating 1250 A. The load feeders are passed through a ACB of the rating 3600 A, keeping
in mind a maximum load of 2.5 MW.

Figure 2. SLD
Figure of of
2. SLD Fouzderhat 33/11
Fouzderhat kV kV
33/11 substation in Chattogram,
substation Bangladesh.
in Chattogram, Bangladesh.
Sustainability 2021, 13, 10904 5 of 20

3. Preliminary Concepts and Background Study

Bangladesh, being an under-developed country, has many challenges towards up-
grading the power system. The extensive surveys in [20,21] provide a clear understanding
of the challenges in implementing a smart substation in Bangladesh. Feeder operation and
transmission automation in [22] have given the idea of exactly where the automation needs
to come on. It is clearly evident that the least automation is present in the distribution
network. This would actually affect the DG integration to the system. A three-layer architec-
ture is proposed in [23], which is the main backbone in providing a prospective four-layer
architecture in this work. The proposed four-layer system adds a cloud server to gather
the data for performing data analysis by a genetic programming-based analysis system.
In [24], the future trend and framework were gathered, which helped to understand the
communication of the substation. An understanding of incorporating IoT in substations
was gathered and implemented by considering the constraints of Bangladesh in mind. A
full techno-economic and landscape idea for the substation was gained from [25].

3.1. Challenges of Smart Substation Implementation

Many countries face a huge challenge while implementing and upgradation a substa-
tion on their existing network. Due to this fact, it is of utmost importance to understand
the challenges that Bangladesh might face while doing this transformation from an age-old
substation to an updated, modern, smart substation.
India and its challenge to go towards a smart substation and grid are outlined in [25].
A detailed techno-economic evaluation is also discussed in the paper. On the other hand, a
next-generation substation has been discussed in several other works, which provide an
understanding of data collection in smart substations [26]. The importance of one single
communication protocol, IEC 61850, for full substation control is highlighted. In [26], the
concept of the process bus and the challenges related to its implementation are discussed.
In [27], the promises and challenges of the smarter grid are discussed. In this work, a
detailed investigation is done on communication for the smart substation and challenges
related to its implementation. Several communication technologies are studied in this
paper to understand and evaluate the problems related to each technology. Security is also
one of the prime focuses in this work [27].

3.2. Distribution Network and Substation

Another important aspect that ought to be discovered is the distribution network
architecture and the challenges that it poses. The policy of DG integration and the readiness
of the network on IoT implementation need to be studied.
A whole understanding of the distribution system operation for next-generation oper-
ation in European countries was outlined in [28]. The report outlines the total distribution
network for all the countries in EU. Moreover, the policies and other facts are analyzed.
On the other hand, Reference [29] focuses on the distribution station monitoring system of
Nigeria. Several IoT-based monitoring systems are outlined in this paper. The structure of
the IoT network and step-by-step process of the design factor are pointed out in the work.
In [23], the distribution network and substation implementation are discussed in detail.

3.3. Country-Wise Classification

Country-wise classification is one of the most important aspects for the background
study of this paper. There are several solutions that look amazing but might not provide a
fruitful solution for a country like Bangladesh. Hence, looking at the solution for different
countries is quite helpful to decide on the features of the substation.
An outline of the potentiality of a smarter grid in Nigeria is provided in [30]. It
outlines how the economic condition has been affecting the power network in the coun-
try. In another work, a smarter grid implementation is discussed from the perspective
of Pakistan [31]. The paper focuses on the challenges associated with transmission and
distribution grid implementation. The paper also gives an overview of the current power
Sustainability 2021, 13, 10904 6 of 20

structure of Pakistan and how it could shape the power scenario if a smarter distribution
and transmission grid is implemented. Researchers in [25] outline the techno-economic
understanding from an Indian standpoint. The paper touches the current technical knowl-
edge and the way forward for India to reach its goal of implementing smart grid all over
the country. Researchers in [32] focus on the Moroccan perspective for implementing
smart distribution grid. The Middle Eastern case is described in [32]. There is a plan for
the expansion of Middle-Eastern grid beyond the boundaries of each nation. This paper
describes the interconnection of the line. The SLD of the substation and interconnection are
outlined in this work for a better understanding of how the system ought to work.

3.4. Impact of Smart Substation from Economic and Environmental Standpoint

The research initiative in [25] outlines the economic and technical challenges associated
with implementing a smart substation. At the same time, it also indicates the benefit that it
can bring from an economic standpoint. In [33], the authors describe the suitable location
for the implementation of the smart substation from a techno-economic standpoint. It
describes the ideal location for 400 kV transmissions to 66 kV distribution substations. In
another work, a case study in India was conducted to understand the impact of step land
construction for the substation. Moreover, in [34], a techno-economic aspect is discussed.
This time, the German power network is discussed in detail. This paper outlines both the
transmission and low voltage distribution.

3.5. Challenges in Upgrading the Existing Structure

There are many pieces of research that have dealt with upgrading the existing substa-
tion. Researchers in [35] provided the guidelines for the improvement and modernization
of existing substations. This upgradation would include IoT and other smart devices. Intel-
ligent electronic devices (IED), integrated intelligent terminal (IIT), and a three-layer system
are described in [35]. A broad description of the substation solution for smart electrical
distribution is given in [36]. Few very interesting features are discussed in [36]. Thermal
remote online detection and power rush repair command are a few to mention. In [37],
the work focuses on the substation upgradation using mixed integrated programming.
It focuses on the investment cost and presents an optimized solution. This paper is very
important to choose the component suitable for our solution.

3.6. Protection, Monitoring, Standards, and Security

For Bangladesh, monitoring, security, and protection are the utmost important factors.
Power theft, unwanted personal entrance, and substation efficiency are some of the major
issues. Many of the substations in Bangladesh have serious security issues. Hence, to
propose a suitable substation in Bangladesh, it is important to consider these factors.
The research initiative in [38] completely focuses on designing a substation for tomor-
row. The paper focuses on the protection and monitoring system for a smart substation. A
detailed outline on functional features is prioritized in this work. Smart sensing, measure-
ment, communication network protocol, autonomous control, adaptive protection, data
management, monitoring, alarming, diagnosis, advanced interfaces with DGs, real-time
modeling, and cyber security are the main points of discussion. In another work, the basic
concept and features of smart substations are discussed [39]. In this work, all the technical
features of the substation are discussed in detail. This includes IEC 61850 (which is the
proposed protocol for this work as well), the human–machine interface (HMI), GOOSE,
IED, and IIT.

4. Electrical Substation in Power Network: A Perspective of Bangladesh

Considering all the renewable energy potential of Bangladesh, it can be perceived that
the most suitable form of a smart grid is a combination of solar and wind power and to
some extent micro-hydro power. Solar power is the most prominent source of renewable
energy in Bangladesh. In order to incorporate solar–wind hybrid units in the system, it is
Sustainability 2021, 13, 10904 7 of 20

important to think about a smart distributed substation that will be responsible for keeping
the record of all events to perform predictive analysis for the renewable energy sources. As
the outputs obtained from renewable energy sources fluctuate, it is quite important to have
a central predictive analysis center. There are many predictive models that could suit the
data obtained from the environmental agency. Several methods such as the auto-regressive
model, multi-aspect analysis, time series decomposition, and predictive clustering model
have been studied. However, for the simplicity of operation, genetic programming-based
predictive analysis is taken into consideration. This could easily take the input vector and
predict the output discarding the outliers. Again, the output of the recently generated one
would be considered to generate the subsequent outputs.
These predictive analyses would take place in the central database, and a smart
substation can bring about the central database solution for a country like Bangladesh,
where thinking about a fully operational smart grid is still a farfetched dream. In order to
handle this big amount of data and to obtain accurate prediction, a comprehensive and
easy data-hosting technique is required to be adopted [40]. SPARK, HADOOP, and AWS
were looked into closely. Memory cluster computing-based SPARK ought to be used for
the data hosting. This will enhance the speed and help to analyze the data. This will help
Bangladesh to incorporate renewable energy in the national grid and harness the potential
to maximize the renewable energy output.
All the national grids constitute a grid code. To accommodate new distributed gen-
eration units, the grid codes need to be revised in the case of Bangladesh. The power
generation mix is changing at a rapid speed, and the new dynamics of the generation
units vary widely from that of the past. The unpredictability and smaller size of energy
sources bring about a challenge to the existing distribution system. Especially, this needs
to be done to tackle the frequency issue that comes with DGs. On the one hand, solar
energy produces DC, whereas hydro and wind produce AC. Therefore, intermittency and
deviations must be controlled so that system stability can be maintained. ENTSO-E grid
codes can be implemented in the process layer of the distributed substation. Wind power
units can be directly connected to the substation, and solar can be easily put through a
converter and match the grid code at the generation place.
There are mainly four types of substations in a power network of Bangladesh: (a)
switchyard substation, (b) customer substation, (c) system substation, and (d) distribution
substation. Switchyard substations are usually placed in generating stations that connect
the generators to the utility grids. Moreover, switchyard substations provide offset power to
the power plants. They are very different from a common substation that can be seen in the
cities or nearby localities. This sort of substation operates on a single voltage level without
incorporating a transformer. Switchyard substations are used for transmission, distribution,
collection, and to control the electricity flow. Customer substations are connected to the
transmission line, which is connected to the power plants. This type of substation is
usually designed for feeding the demand of a specific customer. The specific customers are
mainly factories and industries. System substations are usually placed at the end of the
transmission line. This kind of substation provides a switching and voltage conversion.
A distribution substation is a localized distribution unit feeding a defined area with a
specific voltage level. It is very uneconomical and less efficient to connect a user to the
main transmission network.
From the perspective of Bangladesh, distribution substations are the main blocks
where major changes will occur. Traditional distribution substations will be updated with
smart and intelligent infrastructures. Solar energy obtained from SHS, energy from solar
plants, and wind farms are going to be connected to the distributions substation. Especially
for a country like Bangladesh, this type of substation is important, as intelligent devices are
not present at the consumer end. This type of substation can also isolate the fault and act as
a data center for the DGs. The ENTSO-E grid code can be implemented through this substa-
tion. A smart distributed substation can act as a center for controlling all DGs in Bangladesh.
The on-off sequence and two-way power transfer can also be followed up at this center.
Sustainability 2021, 13, 10904 8 of 20

Existing substations only step down the voltage to the customer level of 11–33 kV and
have no intelligent device in the system. On the other hand, the proposed prospective
distributed smart substation ought to be fully automated, and several intelligent devices
will be present to make DG integration and bidirectional power flow possible.

5. Prospective Smart Substation and System Integration Method for Bangladesh

In Figure 3, keeping the constraints of Bangladesh in mind, a detailed description
of the smart substation’s single-line diagram (SLD) is given. Bangladesh still has the
transmission voltage at 230 kV. Hence, by identifying the lack of automated devices in
the existing substation, a simple 33/11 kV substation with 415 V feeders is proposed. In
the existing BPDB substations of Bangladesh, there are no 415 V feeders, which can be
connected to the DGs. Keeping this limitation in mind, a micro 415 V bus is proposed,
which would be connected to the 11 kV bus via the ADLINE phase-locked loop (PLL).
The ADALINE PLL was chosen for its robust performance in the case of harmonics.
The overhead HT line ought to be connected to the 33/11 kV transformer through a line
isolator. This would go to a VCB of the rating 1250 A. The output of the transformer would
be fed into a 11 kV bus, which ought to be connected to both the DG generation and load
dispatch center by a tiebreaker. The feeders at the load dispatch center are connected to
the VCB, current transformer (CT), and potential transformer (PT). Each of the feeders is
connected to these protective devices.
The PV array is mounted with a maximum power point tracker (MPPT) and photo
sensor IoT devices. These would be remotely connected to the data hosting servers. Besides,
IoT devices will be connected to the breakers, and temperature sensors will be implemented
in the transformers. For the wind, a similar approach should be taken, where wind speed
and wind direction are constantly monitored by IoT devices. Control, data storing, and
power lines are detailed in Figure 3. The new grid code should be added to automate the
substation, which is able to detect the earth fault and localize a mix of all the components.
Besides, an IEEE 61850-based high-speed fiber optics cable was selected, which would be
installed in the substation for measurement and control of the breakers. Both supervisory
control from the control room and remote access would be established to control the
functions. The blue lines in Figure 3 denote the SCADA function. Both the SV and GOOSE
network would do the communication, which is present in the Bay layer. The orange line
in Figure 3 shows the flexible resources in the low voltage (LV) side network. The orange
block represents the IoT devices in the substation. Data should be collected by the IoT
devices and sent to the cloud server for big data hosting by SPARK. The huge data collected
by the end nodes is then processed, and a predictive analysis would thus be available at
the central substation server. All the IEDs would also be connected to the server, which is
denoted by green line.
In the proposed prospective substation, SCADA communication would be done using
TCP/IP 61850 and TCP/IPIEC-104, which is the standard for smart station control and
communication. The following information would then be fetched by using RTU in the
SCADA database for smooth and smart operation of the substation.
• Primary data from the equipment;
• Active and reactive power measurements;
• Current and voltage measurements from CT and PT;
• Switching status;
• Transformer regulating the control operation;
• Temperature and thermal scanners;
• Protection relay status;
• Equipment failures status;
• Equipment warnings status;
• Communication information;
• RTU;
• Switches;
Sustainability 2021, 13, 10904 9 of 20

Sustainability 2021, 13, x FOR PEER REVIEW 9 of 20

• SCADA bus status.

Figure
Figure 3. SLD
3. SLD of the
of the smart
smart distribution substation.
distribution substation.
Sustainability 2021, 13, 10904 10 of 20

The proposed prospective smart substation was simulated using ETAP. For the analysis
of the substation, a total of 13 buses were considered. The transformer, line, and tie branches
were taken to be 16. Figure 4 shows the ETAP diagram of the proposed prospective
substation. The ETAP diagram in Figure 4 incorporated a 0.5 MW wind power generation
plant and 10 MW solar generation plant. Simulation results of the substation are presented
in Tables 1–5.

Table 1. Load flow of the substation obtained from the ETAP simulation.

Bus Voltage Generation Load Load Flow

ID kV %Mag Ang. MW Mvar MW Mvar ID MW Mvar Amp %PF
Bus1 33.000 100.000 0.0 8.265 −0.325 0 0 Bus2 8.265 −0.325 144.7 −99.9
Bus2 33.000 99.949 −0.1 0 0 0 0 Bus1 −8.361 0.154 144.6 −100.0
Bus6 12.822 0.768 224.8 99.8
Bus5 −4.562 −0.923 81.5 98.0
Bus4 33.000 100.000 0.0 8.265 −0.325 0 0 Bus5 8.265 −0.325 144.7 −99.9
Bus5 33.000 99.949 −0.1 0 0 0 0 Bus4 −8.261 0.154 144.6 −100.0
Bus7 3.699 −1.077 67.4 −96.0
Bus2 4.562 0.923 81.5 98.0
Bus6 11.000 99.360 −4.7 0 0 0 0 Bus2 −12.767 0.263 674.5 −100.0
Bus8 4.256 −0.088 224.8 −100.0
Bus14 4.256 −0.088 224.8 −100.0
Bus15 4.256 −0.088 224.8 −100.0
Bus7 11.000 100.525 −1.4 0 0 0 0 Bus5 −3.694 1.170 202.3 −95.3
Bus9 1.231 −0.390 67.4 −95.3
Bus11 1.231 −0.390 67.4 −95.3
Bus12 1.231 −0.390 67.4 −95.3
Bus8 0.415 99.173 −7.9 0 0 4.236 −0.325 Bus6 −4.236 0.325 5959.8 −99.7
Bus14 0.000 0.000 0.0 0.0
Bus9 0.415 100.910 −2.4 0 0 4.266 −0.411 Bus7 −1.230 0.411 1787.5 −94.8
Bus11 −3.036 0.000 4186.6 100.0
Bus11 0.415 100.910 −2.4 0 0 4.266 −0.411 Bus7 −1.230 0.411 1787.5 −94.8
Bus9 3.036 0.000 4185.6 100.0
Bus12 −6.072 0.000 8371.2 100.0
Bus12 0.415 100.910 −2.4 0 0 4.266 −0.411 Bus7 −1.230 0.411 1787.5 −94.8
Bus11 6.072 0.000 8371.2 100.0
Bus17 −9.108 0.000 12,556.7 100.0
Bus14 0.415 99.173 −7.9 0 0 4.236 −0.325 Bus6 −4.236 0.325 5959.8 −99.7
Bus8 0.000 0.000 0.0 0.0
Bus15 0.000 0.000 0.0 0.0
Bus15 0.415 99.173 −7.9 0 0 4.236 −0.325 Bus6 −4.236 0.325 5959.8 −99.7
Bus14 0.000 0.000 0.0 0.0
Bus17 0.415 100.910 −2.4 9.108 0 0 0 Bus12 9.108 0.000 12,556.7 100.0
Sustainability 2021, 13, 10904 11 of 20

Table 2. Bus loading of the substation obtained from the ETAP simulation.

Directly Connected Load

Bus Total Bus Load
Constant kVA Constant Z Constant I Generic
ID kV MW Mvar MW Mvar MW Mvar MW MVar MVA %PF Amp
Bus1 33.000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8.272 99.9 144.7
Bus2 33.000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 12.855 99.7 225.0
Bus4 33.000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8.272 99.9 144.7
Bus5 33.000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8.330 99.2 145.8
Bus6 11.000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 12.7 100.0 674.5
Bus7 11.000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3.875 95.3 202.3
Bus8 0.415 3.400 2.107 0.836 −2.432 0 0 0 0 5.162 82.1 7241.7
Bus9 0.415 3.400 2.107 0.836 −2.432 0 0 0 0 5.247 81.3 7233.3
Bus11 0.415 3.400 2.107 0.836 −2.432 0 0 0 0 7.915 92.3 10,911.8
Bus12 0.415 3.400 2.107 0.836 −2.432 0 0 0 0 10.779 95.9 14,861.2
Bus14 0.415 3.400 2.107 0.836 −2.432 0 0 0 0 5.162 82.1 7241.7
Bus15 0.415 3.400 2.107 0.836 −2.432 0 0 0 0 5.162 82.1 7241.7
Bus17 0.415 0 0 0 −2.432 0 0 0 0 9.108 100.0 12,556.7

Table 3. Branch loading of the substation obtained from the ETAP simulation.

CKT/Branch Cable and Reactor Transformer

Ampacity Loading Capability Loading (Input) Loading (Output)

ID Type %
(Amp) Amp (MVA) MVA % MVA %
Cable1 Cable 877.63 144.71 16.49
Cable3 Cable 877.63 144.71 16.49
T1 Transformer 20.000 12.845 64.2 12.765 63.8
T2 Transformer 20.000 3.875 19.4 3.853 19.3
T3 Transformer 5.000 4.256 85.1 4.248 85.0
T4 Transformer 5.000 1.297 25.9 1.292 25.8
T6 Transformer 5.000 1.297 25.9 1.292 25.8
T7 Transformer 5.000 1.297 25.9 1.292 25.8
T9 Transformer 5.000 4.256 85.1 4.248 85.0
T10 Transformer 5.000 4.256 85.1 4.248 85.0

Table 4. Loss summary of the substation obtained from the ETAP simulation.

CKT/Branch From-To Bus Flow To-From Bus Flow Losses % Bus Voltage
Vd% Drop (Vmag)
ID MW Mvar MW Mvar kW kvar From To
Cable1 8.265 −0.325 −8.261 0.154 4.6 −170.6 100.0 99.9 0.05
T1 12.822 0.768 −12.767 0.263 55.4 1030.8 99.9 99.4 0.59
Cable3 8.265 −0.325 −8.261 0.154 4.6 −170.6 100.0 99.9 0.05
T2 3.699 −1.077 −3.694 1.170 5.0 92.7 99.9 100.5 0.58
T3 4.256 −0.088 −4.236 0.325 19.6 237.8 99.4 99.2 0.19
T9 4.256 −0.088 −4.236 0.325 19.6 237.8 99.4 99.2 0.19
Sustainability 2021, 13, 10904 12 of 20

Table 4. Cont.

CKT/Branch From-To Bus Flow To-From Bus Flow Losses % Bus Voltage
Vd% Drop (Vmag)
ID MW Mvar MW Mvar kW kvar From To
T10 4.256 −0.088 −4.236 0.325 19.6 237.8 99.4 99.2 0.19
T4 1.231 −0.390 −1.230 0.411 1.8 21.4 100.5 100.9 0.38
T6 1.231 −0.390 −1.230 0.411 1.8 21.4 100.5 100.9 0.38
T7 1.231 −0.390 −1.230 0.411 1.8 21.4 100.5 100.9 0.38

Table 5. Load, generation, and demand summary of the substation obtained from the ETAP simulation.

MW Mvar MVA % PF
Source (Swing Buses): 16.530 −0.650 16.543 99.92 Leading
Source (Non-Swing Buses): 9.108 0.000 9.108 100.00 Lagging
Total Demand: 25.638 −0.650 25.646 99.97 Leading
Total Motor Load: 20.400 12.643 24.000 85.00 Lagging
Total Static Load: 5.105 −14.853 15.705 32.50 Leading
Total Constant I Load: 0.000 0.000 0.000
Total Generic Load: 0.000 0.000 0.000
Apparent Losses: 0.134 1.560
System Mismatch: 0.000 0.000

It can be seen that all the bus voltage and load flow analysis are given in Table 1.
Tables 2 and 3 provide the bus loading and branch loading of the substation. All the loss
summary of the cables and transformer are given in Table 4. Table 5 shows a summary of
the full substation. Both the swing and non-swing bus power factors for the prospective
proposed smart substation are quite satisfactory. Moreover, both the static and non-static
loads are at a satisfactory level. From the ETAP simulation, is it quite clear that the
substation would work perfectly with the proposed equipment.
The SCADA diagram of the DG plant is shown in Figure 5. PV SCADA for the smart
substation is situated in 33 kV switching station. Communication modules are connected
via MODBUS RS485 to PPC. The ethernet cable junction is also modeled to be situated in
this area. All the modules are connected to the switching port. TCP/IP IEC-104 is used
in all the communication modules in the switching substation, which are connected to
the main metering panel situated in the control room. All the connections of the local
switchgear panel and sensors are connected to the switching station. For controlling and
communication, TCP/IP IEC-61850 is proposed. This would be connected to the main
ethernet port in the main control room. SICAM A8000 is recommended for the controlling
and monitoring of the substation for the ease of upgradation from the current system. HMI,
CCTV, Switchgear, UPS, fire alarm, and GPS are controlled by this.
 Sustainability 2021, 13, x FOR PEER REVIEW 11 of 20

Sustainability 2021, 13, 10904 13 of 20

Figure 4. ETAP diagram of the proposed prospective substation with DGs.

 this area. All the modules are connected to the switching port. TCP/IP IEC-104 is used in
all the communication modules in the switching substation, which are connected to the
main metering panel situated in the control room. All the connections of the local switch-
gear panel and sensors are connected to the switching station. For controlling and com-
munication, TCP/IP IEC-61850 is proposed. This would be connected to the main ethernet
Sustainability 2021, 13, 10904 port in the main control room. SICAM A8000 is recommended for the controlling and 14 of 20
monitoring of the substation for the ease of upgradation from the current system. HMI,
CCTV, Switchgear, UPS, fire alarm, and GPS are controlled by this.

Figure 5. SCADA system for proposed prospective substation.

Figure 5. SCADA system for proposed prospective substation.
Looking at the need of the future, a four-layer distributed substation, as represented
Looking
by Figure at be
6, would thea suitable
need ofsolution
the future, a four-layer
for Bangladesh. distributed
In a distributed substation,
substation, usu- as represented
by
ally,Figure 6, would
a three-layer approachbe is
a taken.
suitable solution
In the proposedfor Bangladesh.
prospective In a distributed
model (Figure 6), an substation,
usually,
extra layeraisthree-layer approachinisorder
taken into consideration taken. In the proposed
to accommodate the dataprospective
analysis of DGmodel (Figure 6),
andextra
an to incorporate
layer isthetaken
new grid
intocode to tackle the frequency
consideration in orderissue
toposed by DGs. The four
accommodate the data analysis of
layers in the smart substation are the data acquisition layer, process layer, bay layer, and
DG and to incorporate the new grid code to tackle the frequency
control layer (Figure 6). Smart distributed substations have some extra features as com-
issue posed by DGs.
The
paredfour
to a layers in the
conventional smart
smart substation
substation or any are thedistributed
generic data acquisition
substation.layer,
Besidesprocess layer, bay
layer,
havingand control
frequency layer
control (Figure
and 6). analysis,
predictive Smart distributed substations
a smart substation havepro-
also provides some extra features
tection,
as measurement,
compared systems control, and
to a conventional data substation
smart acquisition. Aorsmart
anysubstation
genericalso ena-
distributed substation.
bles identification and self-healing of a faulty system, which increases the control and re-
Besides having frequency control and predictive analysis, a smart substation also provides
liability of Bangladesh’s power system.
protection, measurement, systems control, and data acquisition. A smart substation also
enables identification and self-healing of a faulty system, which increases the control and
reliability of Bangladesh’s power system.
The major challenges of integrating smart substation are device integration and data
synchronization [41,42]. In order to tackle that, integrated master device (IMD) and
integrated intelligent terminal (IIT) were considered. The substation layer is the supervisory
layer where human–machine interface (HMI) is implemented. The protective system,
auxiliary system, state detection, and monitoring systems would be present in this layer.
All these controls were integrated into the integrated informational portal (IIP) via a
remote communication mode. All these are ought to be monitored and controlled by the
HMI, which would be specially designed to reduce direct contact and promote remote
supervision. Besides this, the predictive analysis data would be shown in the substation
layer and any manual overwrite would be possible through onsite or remote admin access.
The bay layer was designed to have IMD, which is responsible for the control of protective
equipment, measurements, recording the faults, alarms, and store things in the local server.
In the process layer, IIT and merger units are to be integrated into the sampled value (SV)
packet transmission network and GOOSE network. The new grid codes are implemented
in this layer to accommodate the DGs. This is done to accomplish information acquisition
and control operations. The cloud layer, which serves as the fourth layer of the substation,
collects data from the CT, PT, solar power, wind power, transformers, CBs, frequency
analyzer for DGs, and all other auxiliary devices. It stores all the data and uses it for
data analysis.
A smart distributed substation would have to deal with variable power and frequency
generated by the DG units, which can be dealt by the EVT and ECT (voltage and current
transformers) in the primary equipment and the frequency analyzer present the first layer.
Another challenge that this layer would have to deal with is bidirectional power flow,
where consumers will both consume power from the grid, and an extra amount will be
Sustainability 2021, 13, 10904 15 of 20

added to the grid via a frequency analyzer. Besides this, a robust predictive analysis of the
distributed grid needs to be in place. This can be done by the acquisition of data from the
IoT devices connected to the DGs and by gathering data from the environmental agency.
Fault analysis would also be easier, as IoT is distributed all throughout the distribution
Sustainability 2021, 13, x FOR PEER REVIEW 15 of 20
network. Hence, one data center can work for both fault analysis and the predictability of
DG output.

Figure
Figure 6. 6. Overview
Overview ofof the
the proposed
proposed smart
smart substation
substation inin Bangladesh.
Bangladesh.

The major challenges of integrating smart substation are device integration and data
synchronization [41,42]. In order to tackle that, integrated master device (IMD) and inte-
grated intelligent terminal (IIT) were considered. The substation layer is the supervisory
layer where human–machine interface (HMI) is implemented. The protective system, aux-
iliary system, state detection, and monitoring systems would be present in this layer. All
Sustainability 2021, 13, 10904 16 of 20

6. Prospective Smart Substation Control Architecture in Bangladesh

Several control centers or electric utility applications are used to automate a substation
that includes supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA), a data management sys-
tem (DMS), environmental management system (EMS), automated meter reading, network
integration system, geographic information system for prediction, and control [23,42]. In
Figure 7, a schematic of the whole control system of the smart substation is outlined. As
Bangladesh is not yet completely digitalized, a robust local network with all data storage
facilities would be needed for IED. Protective relays are connected to distributed substation
local area network (LAN). These would be connected to a local server and a local HMI.
Then, it would be connected to a central database. Remote access should be given to
the central control center, where cyber access management system, outage management
Sustainability 2021, 13, x FOR PEER system,
REVIEW asset management system, distribution management system, energy management 17 of 20
system, and overwrite of control servers are located.

Figure
Figure 7. Prospective
7. Prospective smart
smart substation
substation controlscheme
control schemefor
forBangladesh.
Bangladesh.

7. Discussion
This type of smart distributed substation ought to have two distinct operation modes:
normal and
This emergency.
work focused onIn the
normal mode,
existing powerthestructure
hardware of should operate
Bangladesh and normally and
its potential to all
functions of the SCADA
generate electricity system must
from conventional work.
and In emergency
non-conventional mode,
sources. Thesupervisory control
need for a smart
would take over
substation the localmore
is becoming network. The SCADA
prominent. The smartsystem wouldidea
substation allow
is us to havepopular
becoming a different
management
with utilities system,
becomingwhich helps to automate
communication the substation
enabled around the world. and makes
A huge the network
transition in
more reliable. and
transmission There are several
distribution servers
system thatpost-World
in the would govern War IIthe automation
eras can be seen. and actisas a
This
due storage
data to the fact
bank that
forunparalleled
the proposed growth has pushed
distributed the The
system. demand for electricity.
HMI-based physical Many
access
leaderssystem
control in that era saw the need
is allocated for for
thisnew technologies
task, which would to play a bigger
allow the role in how
system the grid
admin to log
inwas
for controlled and managed.
any maintenance Similarly,
or fetching datainforthefurther
network of tomorrow,
analysis. a hugemanagement
The energy change is
expected
system due store
would to thedata
change in the
for the loaddemography
calculation of andpower-producing
determine the peak areas. Even
load andthough
off-peak
the full
load system
hours. would takemanagement
Distribution a long time to be asset
and established, a prototype
management implementation
would have all the is data
quite achievable. The prototype design presented in this research can be implemented in
any part of the country. Currently, Bangladesh’s transmission system is at 230 kV, and it
goes down to 33 kV. Then, it is routed through 11 kV to the distribution end. The proposed
substation would not require much modification from the existing BPDB substations. The
existing substation power flow would remain almost the same. The main change that must
Sustainability 2021, 13, 10904 17 of 20

of the components under the specific distributed substation. The information related to
preventive maintenance service (PMS), reports, and certification would be stored in the
asset management server. This information would be used as a health monitoring tool for
transformer, CB, PT, and CT devices.

7. Discussion
This work focused on the existing power structure of Bangladesh and its potential to
generate electricity from conventional and non-conventional sources. The need for a smart
substation is becoming more prominent. The smart substation idea is becoming popular
with utilities becoming communication enabled around the world. A huge transition in
transmission and distribution system in the post-World War II eras can be seen. This is
due to the fact that unparalleled growth has pushed the demand for electricity. Many
leaders in that era saw the need for new technologies to play a bigger role in how the grid
was controlled and managed. Similarly, in the network of tomorrow, a huge change is
expected due to the change in the demography of power-producing areas. Even though
the full system would take a long time to be established, a prototype implementation is
quite achievable. The prototype design presented in this research can be implemented in
any part of the country. Currently, Bangladesh’s transmission system is at 230 kV, and it
goes down to 33 kV. Then, it is routed through 11 kV to the distribution end. The proposed
substation would not require much modification from the existing BPDB substations. The
existing substation power flow would remain almost the same. The main change that must
be done would be from the tiebreaker on to the distribution bus. A PLL, converter, and
one AC bus would need to be additionally connected, which should be connected to the
distribution bus via a transformer. The PLL required for this type of system is ADALINE
due to its robust behavior to the harmonics in the system. There ought to be wireless
measuring devices (IoT) in this section to get the live feed to the substation control for the
predictive and data analysis. Due to the simplicity of the proposed system, it would be
very much possible to replicate it throughout Bangladesh. This could bring about a huge
change in the power network of the country. Some key features of the proposed system are:
• The use of IEC 61850 and GOOSE messages to operate;
• Standardization of the interfaces between equipment;
• Incorporating of wind and solar sources directly to the 0.415 kV bus;
• Proposed substation layout would reduce the control caballing, as many of the function
are wireless;
• Integration of the new grid code to allow for the data collection for DGs;
• Fast and easy replacement of protection and control devices;
• The application of this new technology would enhance the security, control,
and observability;
• Data hosting and data collection methods would allow for the substation to control
the DG much more efficiently;
• IoT integration would make it easy for expansion;
• ADALINE PLL would help to reduce harmonics;
• Four-layer structure for substation architecture;
• Cloud server access for control and operation;
• Both local and supervisory control are allowed, and the inclusion of IoT would enable
remote access and control by the master user;
• Remote switchgear operator;
• Remote VCB operation.

8. Conclusions
The increasing price of electricity, rising power demand, and significant generation
deficit is driving Bangladesh to move towards renewable resources. Different types of
renewable resources are now being explored and implemented as the alternative sources
of energy, both in urban and rural settings. Instead of managing these systems centrally, it
Sustainability 2021, 13, 10904 18 of 20

will be more effective to manage these resources in a small scale and distributed manner.
A smarter substation would make the integration easier for Bangladesh. This can be
achieved by making small modifications in the existing architecture. A full review of the
current energy mix along with substation architecture was studied in this paper. Moreover,
the study analyzed the potential of a smart substation, its required architecture, and the
equipment needed for upgradation.
The paper outlines the energy mix of Bangladesh and brings about some critical
changes from the existing structure. Currently, the GOOSE message is not being used in
the existing substation. The paper outlines the benefit of the GOOSE message and the
effectiveness of the IEC 61850 protocol. The ETAP simulation provides a concluding result
to support the incorporation of wind and solar farms at 0.415 kV.
The implementation of such substations would make Bangladesh go a long way
forward. A prospective four-layer architecture was proposed, which would ensure the
easy integration of renewable energy into the power mix. This would also ensure the
intelligent and autonomous management of supplying power from renewable resources.
The control of the load side would be more efficient, and it would contribute to solve the
energy crisis in Bangladesh. With predictive analysis and forecasting, it will be an effective
and vigilant medium to make DG profitable. Finally, it can be said that smart substations
are an essential element for a robust and expandable power supply in the future. Currently,
the limitation faced by Bangladesh is the fund to create a model substation. However, with
the revolutionary change in the private sector of Bangladesh, a real-time smart substation
is not far away.

Author Contributions: Conceptualization, A.H.S. and M.H.; methodology, A.H.S., M.H., S.I. and K.R.;
validation, A.H.S. and M.H.; formal analysis, A.H.S.; investigation, A.H.S., M.H., S.I. and K.R.; re-
sources, A.H.S.; writing—original draft preparation, A.H.S. and M.H.; writing—review and editing,
M.H., S.I. and K.R.; visualization, A.H.S. and M.H.; supervision, S.I. and K.R.; project administra-
tion, K.R.; funding acquisition, K.R. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of
the manuscript.
Funding: This research received no external funding.
Institutional Review Board Statement: Not applicable.
Informed Consent Statement: Not applicable.
Data Availability Statement: No new data were created or analyzed in this study. Data sharing is
not applicable to this article.
Acknowledgments: Our sincere gratitude to Sana Ullah (Executive Engineer) and A. K. M. Shamsul
Arefin (Assistant Engineer) of BPDB for their technical support. Moreover, the authors are thankful
to Emon Barua of Siemens Bangladesh, and Abu Bakr Siddique and Al Amin Hossain of Reverie
Power and Automation Engineering, Bangladesh.
Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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