1.3.
1 Learning Outcome 3: Fix building doors and windows
1.3.1.1 Introduction to the learning outcome
This learning outcome specifies the competencies required to fix building doors and
windows. It entails preparing window and door openings, fixing ironmongery and fixing
doors and windows as per SOPs.
Performance Standard
3.1 Door and window openings are prepared for fixing as per SOPs
3.2 Connecting ironmongery is fixed on the door and window openings as per SOPs
3.3 Doors and windows are fixed as per SOPs
1.3.1.2 Information Sheet
1.3.1.2.1 Definition of terms
Ironmongery – these are objects made of metal normally used as window and door
accessories.
1.3.1.2.2 Ironmongery
1. Butt Hinge
This is the most common type of hinge used for doors and windows. It has two flanges
made of cast iron or steel. One flange is screwed to the door or window and other one
screwed to frame.
Figure 44 Butt Hinge
https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Ftheconstructor.org%2Fbuilding%2Fdoors-
windows-fixtures-fasteners%2F21445%2F&psig=AOvVaw0VtAD1EhGcZ_ZZPIR-
spbC&ust=1624343310396000&source=images&cd=vfe&ved=2ahUKEwicoqzBjKjxAhXC04UKHcLUAVMQ
r4kDegUIARC_AQ
2. Back Flap Hinge
These are similar to butt hinges and used for thin doors. Back flap hinges have wide flanges
than butt hinges. They are fixed to the back side of door and frame
Figure 45 Back Flap Hinge
https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Ftheconstructor.org%2Fbuilding%2Fdoors-
windows-fixtures-fasteners%2F21445%2F&psig=AOvVaw0VtAD1EhGcZ_ZZPIR-
spbC&ust=1624343310396000&source=images&cd=vfe&ved=2ahUKEwicoqzBjKjxAhXC04UKHcLUAVMQ
r4kDegUIARC_AQ
3. Counter Flap Hinge
This hinge has two centers, and these can be folded back to back.
Figure 46 Counter Flap Hinge
https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Ftheconstructor.org%2Fbuilding%2Fdoors-
windows-fixtures-fasteners%2F21445%2F&psig=AOvVaw0VtAD1EhGcZ_ZZPIR-
spbC&ust=1624343310396000&source=images&cd=vfe&ved=2ahUKEwicoqzBjKjxAhXC04UKHcLUAVMQ
r4kDegUIARC_AQ
4. Parliamentary Hinge
When the opening is very small or narrow, then it is better to provide parliamentary hinges
to provide more space of opening as well as to avoid obstruction while moving furniture
etc.
Figure 47 Parliamentary Hinge
https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Ftheconstructor.org%2Fbuilding%2Fdoors-
windows-fixtures-fasteners%2F21445%2F&psig=AOvVaw0VtAD1EhGcZ_ZZPIR-
spbC&ust=1624343310396000&source=images&cd=vfe&ved=2ahUKEwicoqzBjKjxAhXC04UKHcLUAVMQ
r4kDegUIARC_AQ
5. Spring Hinge
Spring hinges are used for swinging doors. The door is closed automatically due to spring
action in this case. Spring hinges are available as single acting and double acting spring
hinges.
Figure 48 Spring Hinge
https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Ftheconstructor.org%2Fbuilding%2Fdoors-
windows-fixtures-fasteners%2F21445%2F&psig=AOvVaw0VtAD1EhGcZ_ZZPIR-
spbC&ust=1624343310396000&source=images&cd=vfe&ved=2ahUKEwicoqzBjKjxAhXC04UKHcLUAVMQ
r4kDegUIARC_AQ
6. Rising Butt Hinge
It is similar to normal butt joint, but it has helical nickel joint in between flanges which
helps the door to raise vertically upwards when opened. This is useful for the rooms having
carpets etc. the raise may be about 10mm.
Figure 49 Rising Butt Hinge
https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Ftheconstructor.org%2Fbuilding
%2Fdoors-windows-fixtures-fasteners%2F21445%2F&psig=AOvVaw0VtAD1EhGcZ_ZZPIR-
spbC&ust=1624343310396000&source=images&cd=vfe&ved=2ahUKEwicoqzBjKjxAhXC04UKHcL
UAVMQr4kDegUIARC_AQ
7. Garnet Hinge
It has Tw different shaped hinges. One is of long arm shaped which is fixed to the door and
another is of plate shaped which is fixed to the frame. This type of hinge is used for
battened or ledged doors.
Figure 50 Garnet Hinge
https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Ftheconstructor.org%2Fbuilding%2Fdoors-
windows-fixtures-fasteners%2F21445%2F&psig=AOvVaw0VtAD1EhGcZ_ZZPIR-
spbC&ust=1624343310396000&source=images&cd=vfe&ved=2ahUKEwicoqzBjKjxAhXC04UKHcLUAVMQ
r4kDegUIARC_AQ
8. Strap Hinge
It is also used for battened and ledged doors and windows. It has two long arm shaped
flanges.
Figure 51 Strap Hinge
https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Ftheconstructor.org%2Fbuilding%2Fdoors-
windows-fixtures-fasteners%2F21445%2F&psig=AOvVaw0VtAD1EhGcZ_ZZPIR-
spbC&ust=1624343310396000&source=images&cd=vfe&ved=2ahUKEwicoqzBjKjxAhXC04UKHcLUAVMQ
r4kDegUIARC_AQ
9. Pin Hinge
This type of hinge consist two flanges which are joined by pin. If the pin is removed then
we can separate the flanges. This is generally used for heavy doors. Two flanges are
separately fixed to the door and frame.
Figure 52 Pin Hinge
https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Ftheconstructor.org%2Fbuilding%2Fdoors-
windows-fixtures-fasteners%2F21445%2F&psig=AOvVaw0VtAD1EhGcZ_ZZPIR-
spbC&ust=1624343310396000&source=images&cd=vfe&ved=2ahUKEwicoqzBjKjxAhXC04UKHcLUAVMQ
r4kDegUIARC_AQ
10. Nar-Madi Hinge
This is also used for heavy doors, but it consists only one flange which is fixed to the door.
Pin is fixed to the frame to which flange is attached whenever is needed.
Figure 53 Nar-Madi Hinge
https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Ftheconstructor.org%2Fbuilding%2Fdoors-
windows-fixtures-fasteners%2F21445%2F&psig=AOvVaw0VtAD1EhGcZ_ZZPIR-
spbC&ust=1624343310396000&source=images&cd=vfe&ved=2ahUKEwicoqzBjKjxAhXC04UKHcLUAVMQ
r4kDegUIARC_AQ
11. Hook and Eye Type Bolts
This type of bolt is used to keep the windows shutter in required position when it is
opened. Hook is fixed to the shutter frame and eye is fixed to the window rail.
Figure 54 Hook and Eye Type Bolts
https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Ftheconstructor.org%2Fbuilding%2Fdoors-
windows-fixtures-fasteners%2F21445%2F&psig=AOvVaw0VtAD1EhGcZ_ZZPIR-
spbC&ust=1624343310396000&source=images&cd=vfe&ved=2ahUKEwicoqzBjKjxAhXC04UKHcLUAVMQ
r4kDegUIARC_AQ
12. Flush Bolt
In case of flush bolt the bolt flush is desired to keep with the face of the door.
Figure 55 Flush Bolt
https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Ftheconstructor.org%2Fbuilding%2Fdoors-
windows-fixtures-fasteners%2F21445%2F&psig=AOvVaw0VtAD1EhGcZ_ZZPIR-
spbC&ust=1624343310396000&source=images&cd=vfe&ved=2ahUKEwicoqzBjKjxAhXC04UKHcLUAVMQ
r4kDegUIARC_AQ
13. Aldrop Bolt
Aldrop bolt is olden type and most common type bolt. To lock this bolt pad locks are used.
Figure 56 Aldrop Bolt
https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Ftheconstructor.org%2Fbuilding%2Fdoors-
windows-fixtures-fasteners%2F21445%2F&psig=AOvVaw0VtAD1EhGcZ_ZZPIR-
spbC&ust=1624343310396000&source=images&cd=vfe&ved=2ahUKEwicoqzBjKjxAhXC04UKHcLUAVMQ
r4kDegUIARC_AQ
14. Barrel Bolt
To fix the back faces of doors barrel bolts are used. It contains socket and plate, socket is
fixed to the frame and plate is fixed to the back face of door.
Figure 57 Barrel Bolt
https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Ftheconstructor.org%2Fbuilding%2Fdoors-
windows-fixtures-fasteners%2F21445%2F&psig=AOvVaw0VtAD1EhGcZ_ZZPIR-
spbC&ust=1624343310396000&source=images&cd=vfe&ved=2ahUKEwicoqzBjKjxAhXC04UKHcLUAVMQ
r4kDegUIARC_AQ
15. Espagnalette Bolt
This is used for highly secured doors and casement windows which cannot be reached
easily.
Figure 58 Espagnalette Bolt
https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Ftheconstructor.org%2Fbuilding%2Fdoors-
windows-fixtures-fasteners%2F21445%2F&psig=AOvVaw0VtAD1EhGcZ_ZZPIR-
spbC&ust=1624343310396000&source=images&cd=vfe&ved=2ahUKEwicoqzBjKjxAhXC04UKHcLUAVMQ
r4kDegUIARC_AQ
16. Hasp and Staple Bolt
This is also locked by using pad lock as aldrop bolt. Hasp is fixed to the door or window
while staple is fixed to frame.
Figure 59Hasp and Staple Bolt
https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Ftheconstructor.org%2Fbuilding%2Fdoors-
windows-fixtures-fasteners%2F21445%2F&psig=AOvVaw0VtAD1EhGcZ_ZZPIR-
spbC&ust=1624343310396000&source=images&cd=vfe&ved=2ahUKEwicoqzBjKjxAhXC04UKHcLUAVMQ
r4kDegUIARC_AQ
17. Handles
Handles are used to open or close the door or windows. There are many types of handles
are available. Some of them are Bow type, Lever handle, Door handle, Wardrobe handle Etc.
Figure 60 Handles
https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Ftheconstructor.org%2Fbuilding%2Fdoors-
windows-fixtures-fasteners%2F21445%2F&psig=AOvVaw0VtAD1EhGcZ_ZZPIR-
spbC&ust=1624343310396000&source=images&cd=vfe&ved=2ahUKEwicoqzBjKjxAhXC04UKHcLUAVMQ
r4kDegUIARC_AQ
18. Locks
Locks used for doors and windows are many types and some of them are padlock, mortise
lock, rim lock, cupboard lock and lever handle lock etc
Figure 61 Locks
https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Ftheconstructor.org%2Fbuilding%2Fdoors-
windows-fixtures-fasteners%2F21445%2F&psig=AOvVaw0VtAD1EhGcZ_ZZPIR-
spbC&ust=1624343310396000&source=images&cd=vfe&ved=2ahUKEwicoqzBjKjxAhXC04UKHcLUAVMQ
r4kDegUIARC_AQ
1.3.1.2.3 Types of openings
Jambs of Openings
In solid walls, windows and doors opening jambs can be either rebated or plain.
The latter is employed for small section windows and door frame that is made from steel. It
can be used for large sections where entire external face of frames is to be exposed
externally.
It is advised to paint window and door frames that are created from soft wood. This is to
protect the wood from rain influences, and the wood would swell and decay when it is wet.
Furthermore, it is architecturally desirable to hide all or part of window and door frames.
Because not only does rebated openings jambs provide protection against weather but also
it is more aesthetically appealing.
Figure 62 Jambs of Openings
https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=http%3A%2F%2Fcivilconstructiontips.blogspot.com
%2F2011%2F06%2Fjambs-of-openings-and-rebated-
jambs.html&psig=AOvVaw3MZ_BuwFPDbTG_g7y0yM4l&ust=1624343525589000&source=images&cd=v
fe&ved=2ahUKEwikxfqnjajxAhUEwYUKHfEnCn0Qr4kDegUIARC_AQ
Head of Openings in Solid Walls
Lintels or arches should be used to support solid brickwork over the head of openings. the
solid brickwork over either lintels or arches is an isosceles triangle with 60 o degree that is
created by the bonding of bricks.
If the solid brickwork inside the triangle in a bonded wall is taken out the arching effect
will take place which means the load of the wall above the triangle would be transferred to
the bricks of each side of the opening.
Lintel is a term used for any single solid length of stone, timber, steel, or concrete and
which is constructed above the opening to support the above brickwork.
Lintels are capable of transferring load to the jambs if the lintel ends are built into the
bricks properly. Moreover, the wall area on which the end of a lintel bears is called its
bearing at ends.
Figure 63 Lintels
https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Fgharpedia.com%2Fblog
%2Fwhat-is-lintel-definition-types-purpose%2F&psig=AOvVaw3FVTyTpTWykyg0-
2OEdOqL&ust=1624343567482000&source=images&cd=vfe&ved=0CCQQr4kDahcKEwjAv
6jFjajxAhUAAAAAHQAAAAAQAg
Types of Lintels and Arches for Openings in Walls
Timber Lintels
This type of lintel was employed to support loads over the opening of solid brickwork and
were common up to the beginning of twentieth century. The application of timber lintels
was decreased because it has no proper resistance against fire.
Concrete Lintels for Openings in Walls
These are economical and practical lintel types and can be casted in different shapes and
forms. Concrete are considerably strong in withstanding crushing and will not deteriorate
unless it exposed to weather.
The most outstanding disadvantage of concrete lintel is its low tensile strength for which
steel bars are introduced to compensate concrete disadvantage.
The diameter of reinforcing steel for lintels of 1.8 m span is 10mm or 12mm diameters and
the end of the bars should be either bent up at ninety degree or hooked as shown below
Pre-stressed Concrete Lintels for Openings in Walls
This type of lintel is employed mostly for internal openings. There are two types of pre-
stressed lintel includes composite lintels and non-composite lintels.
The composite lintels are relatively thin precast lintels that are constructed over openings.
If width of opening is higher than 1200 mm, the pre-stressed lintels have to be supported
until the brickwork over is set in order to prevent excessive deflections.
The non-composite pre-stressed lintels are used when there is large loads and not
adequate brickwork over to act compositely with the lintel.
Boot Lintels for Openings in Walls
These lintels are used to decrease the lintel depth which is exposed externally as shown
below
Pre-stressed Steel Lintels
It is possible to use this type of lintel instead of concrete lintel to support both non-load
bearing and load bearing walls. Generally, hollow box form is used for lintel over door
opening in internal load bearing walls.
Pre-stressed steel lintels with different length and section are constructed to be used for
standard openings, thickness of walls, height of brickwork course, and sufficient bearing at
ends.
The crushing resistance of hollow pre-stressed steel lintels must be improved by filling it
with concrete when the width of the opening is large. Thin corrugated pre-stressed steel
lintels are produced to suit thin, non-load bearing brickworks over narrow door openings
in partition walls.
Brick Lintels
Brick lintels can be constructed as bricks on end, bricks on edge, and coursed bricks laid
horizontally over openings as shown below
Figure 68 Brick Lintels
https://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http%3A%2F%2F1.bp.blogspot.com%2F-890pM20iUFM
%2FTevQ2zUmATI%2FAAAAAAAAAGw%2FPO1bTW-mEiE%2Fs1600%2F14.gif&imgrefurl=http%3A%2F
%2Fcivilconstructiontips.blogspot.com%2F2011%2F06%2Fbrick-lintels-
walls.html&tbnid=tjsVDu2U1BybvM&vet=12ahUKEwj8lamsjqjxAhUMRhoKHQm7BxkQMygPegUIARDqA
Q..i&docid=Z4aPAYbRk7j87M&w=365&h=281&q=brick%20lintels&client=firefox-b-
d&ved=2ahUKEwj8lamsjqjxAhUMRhoKHQm7BxkQMygPegUIARDqAQ
Brick Arches for Openings in Walls
different types of brick arches used over opening in solid walls are provided in the
following sections.
Semicircular Arch
This is the most beautiful, elegant, and efficient types of arch which is used above the small
openings for windows and doors. The semicircular arch transfers load directly to the brick
on each side of the openings.
Figure 69 Semicircular Arch
https://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http%3A%2F%2F3.bp.blogspot.com%2F-rqu3d1EhLKI
%2FTevY09NcY3I%2FAAAAAAAAAG8%2FtDMYAS7u2bA%2Fs1600%2F17.gif&imgrefurl=http%3A%2F
%2Fcivilconstructiontips.blogspot.com%2F2011%2F06%2Fbrick-arches-semi-cirular-arch-
rough.html&tbnid=4z_Mxa1W6G5rwM&vet=12ahUKEwjsiqi-
jqjxAhUFdBoKHWjLAAkQMygIegUIARDRAQ..i&docid=iBa2eGG-DvBQIM&w=364&h=343&q=semi
%20circular%20arches&client=firefox-b-d&ved=2ahUKEwjsiqi-
jqjxAhUFdBoKHWjLAAkQMygIegUIARDRAQ
Rough and Axed Arch for Openings in Walls
There are two methods to construct rough and axed arch namely: brick laid with wedge
shaped mortar joints and wedge shaped bricks with uniform mortar thickness. Rough brick
arch is built with uncut and wedge shaped mortar joints.
Figure 70 Rough and Axed Arch for Openings in Walls
https://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=https%3A%2F%2Fi0.wp.com%2Ftheconstructor.org%2Fwp-
content%2Fuploads%2F2017%2F01%2Fclip_image020.jpg%3Fresize%3D410%252C165%26ssl
%3D1&imgrefurl=https%3A%2F%2Ftheconstructor.org%2Fstructural-engg%2Ftypes-of-openings-in-
walls-parts
%2F15519%2F&tbnid=w12SumEYH6guVM&vet=12ahUKEwjzuNnSjqjxAhUC4hoKHbEoDV4QMygBegUIAR
CcAQ..i&docid=Pz7kTPxLpyOBGM&w=410&h=165&q=Rough%20and%20Axed%20Arch%20for
%20Openings%20in%20Walls&client=firefox-b-
d&ved=2ahUKEwjzuNnSjqjxAhUC4hoKHbEoDV4QMygBegUIARCcAQ
Fixing methods
Installing windows in concrete wall is sometimes required when the function of certain
spaces is varied or lights are required in garages or basements. It is necessary to conduct
the work properly and according to the applicable codes in addition to consulting
structural engineer to ensure proper transfer of loads above the window during making
opening, construction of lintels, and window installations.
1.3.1.2.4 Procedure for Installing Windows in Brick Masonry Wall
Making Opening
Before making opening it is necessary to examine that the wall exclusive of opening is
adequate to take the load coming on the structure.
Check for obstacles such as buried utilities, shrubbery, indoor wiring and ductwork. The
more stuff you have to move or work around, the more complex, time-consuming and
expensive the project becomes.
All the structural members supported on the walls which have direct bearing over the area
in which opening is to be made, shall be properly supported with props to relieve the load
from masonry wall till the lintel over the opening is strong enough to take the load.
The portion to be dismantled may be clearly marked on both sides of the wall.
Dismantling shall be carried out from top to bottom within the marked area.
The sides of the opening shall be parallel and perpendicular to the plane of wall.
Construction of Lintel
The lintel shall be invariably cast first in the opening made for the purpose.
One side of the shuttering shall be kept open in the beginning till the concrete is laid.
The shuttering shall then be fixed for half of the opening and concreting completed.
Curing of lintel casted shall be done for a minimum period of 7 days.
Sometimes, L-shaped steel beam may be enough to be used as a lintel.
Installing Window
Build a wood casing screwed to the concrete opening.
Frame the bottom shelf with an angle so that the water striking the window will run away
from it.
Flash the entire wood casing using the proper primer.
Install window in the flashed opening and leave adequate space all around the window for
insulation.
Fill that space with low expansion polyurethane spray foam.
In a concrete wall without wood framing, install the window framework by fastening it into
the concrete wall with self-tapping concrete screws.
For a block wall installation, fasten with rust-resistant screws using a toe-nail method
through the jambs into the head and sill boards at each corner.
Lower the window into the framed opening, inserting the bottom window edge first, then
tipping in the top.
Shim the window from both the interior and exterior sides until it is level, square, and flush
with the exterior side of the basement wall. Take care not to damage the window with
excessive shim pressure.
Apply expanding foam to the window frame gap created by the shims. Allow the foam to
cure for at least one hour before trimming the excess.
Apply sealant around the window frame joint on both the exterior and interior sides.
1. Fixing Doors and Windows with Lugs
The doors, windows, and ventilator units shall not be “built-in” as the work proceeds but
openings shall be left out and the frames should be installed afterward so that the
minimum specified clearance is left between the opening and unit frame. The size of the
opening shall be checked and cleared of obstructions.
The size of the opening shall be checked and cleared of obstruction.
The position of holes shall be marked on the jamb, and the holes shall be made in the
masonry.
The size of the lugs shall not be less than 10 cm in length, 15 mm in width, and 3 mm in
thickness.
The frames of units shall be temporarily fixed in the wall openings with the use of wooden
wedges at the jamb, head, and sill.
The door or window frame shall be fixed with the lugs with 20 mm long and 6.3 mm
diameter G. I. countersunk machine screws and nuts.
In the case of the flush opening, wedges shall be removed, and the gap between the unit
and the jambs shall be filled with cement mortar, as shown in figure 1.
In the case of flush jamb with external “fair-faced” finish, the gap shall be filled with mastic
from inside till it oozes out on the external face in the gap between the unit and the jambs.
The oozing mastic shall be cleaned and flush pointed. The gap in the internal side shall be
filled with mastic to about 1/3rd depth and the rest with cement mortar, as shown in
Figure-1.
In case of rebated jambs finished “fair-faced” externally, to ensure a watertight joint, the
mastic shall be applied to the inside channel of the jamb, frame, and sill.
After the unit is firmly fixed in position, surplus mastic shall be cleaned and flush pointed,
as shown
Figure 72 Fixing Doors and Windows with Lugs
https://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=https%3A%2F%2Fi1.wp.com%2Ftheconstructor.org%2Fwp-
content%2Fuploads%2F2020%2F08%2FTypical-Cross-Sectional-Detials-of-Fixing-of-Door-and-Winows-
in-Masonry-Openings.jpg%3Fresize%3D566%252C380%26ssl%3D1&imgrefurl=https%3A%2F
%2Ftheconstructor.org%2Fpractical-guide%2Ffixing-doors-windows-openings
%2F63529%2F&tbnid=0u_yWuTY4t8nsM&vet=12ahUKEwjyg_jfjqjxAhVS0YUKHa2oCWAQMygBegUIARC
yAQ..i&docid=PkPM6iHddsikvM&w=566&h=380&q=Fixing%20Doors%20and%20Windows%20with
%20Lugs&client=firefox-b-d&ved=2ahUKEwjyg_jfjqjxAhVS0YUKHa2oCWAQMygBegUIARCyAQ
2. Fixing with Screws and Plugs
In R. C. C works, where lugs cannot be embedded due to reinforcement bars, etc. rawl plugs
or other approved metallic fasteners may be fixed in proper position and the frame fixed to
them with 60 mm galvanized wood screws of designation 10.
3. Fixing in Wood Work Opening
Opening in woodwork is generally rebated, and approved rubber linings or mastic shall be
applied to the sill, jambs, and channel before fixing in position.
The frame shall be set in the opening with wooden wedges and fixed in the masonry
openings with 60mm galvanized wood screws of designation 10.
To match the adjoining work, extra timber fillets of hardwood shall be provided around the
frame to close the extra gap between openings and frames.
4. Fixing in Steel Work Opening
Before placing the unit frame in a position, approved mastic shall be applied as specified,
and a mild steel or hardwood fillet shall be provided around the frame to close the extra
gap between opening and frame.
The unit shall then be fixed to the opening with fixing clips or with nuts and bolts, as shown
in the drawings or as directed by the engineer.
5. Fixing of Composite Units
Where large units shall be formed by coupling individual units together (with coupling
sections), the mullions and transom shall be bedded in mastic to ensure water tightness.
Mastic shall be applied liberally to the channels of the outside frame sections before
assembly and after coupling.
Any mastic oozing out shall be cut out neatly.
Precautions for Fixing Doors and Windows
Proper care shall be taken that steel doors and windows etc. are not deformed/damaged
during subsequent constructions.
Special care shall be taken that scaffolding does not rest on the steel door window frames
or glazing bars.
All fittings and hinges (projecting hinges) shall be protected, preferably with alkaline
sheets, to protect from damage during execution of work.
Tools and equipment
Drill / Driver and Bits.
Circular Saw.
Planer
Router
Screwdriver.
Hammer.
Utility Knife.
Wood Chisel
