C Language

Language: A language is a communication media between two

parties.

Programming languages: A programming language is a

language used in writing programs to direct processing steps to
be carried out by a computer.
Programming languages are classified into 3 categories
1. Low level language (or) Machine Language (or) Binary
language
2. Middle level language (or) Assembly language
3. High level language

Machine level Language

The only language understood by the computer without

using a translation program. This language is called the machine
language or the machine code of the computer. Machine code is
the fundamental language of a computer and is normally written
as strings of binary 1’s and 0’s. The circuitry of a computer is
wired in such a way that it immediately recognizes the machine
language and converts it into the electrical signals needed to run
the computer.
Programs written in machine language can be executed
very fast by the computer.
Advantages: - If we know this language we can directly interact
with the system, with out depending on any other
applications.

Assembly language

One of the first steps in improving the program preparation

process was to substitute letter symbols-mnemonics for the
numeric operation codes of machine language. A mnemonic (or
memory aid) is any kind of mental trick we use to help us
remember. Mnemonics come in various shapes and sizes, all of
them useful in their own way.
The language, which substitutes letters and symbols for the
numbers in the machine language program, is called an
assembly language or symbolic language. The translator
program that translates an assembly code into the computer’s
machine code is called assembler.
Advantages of Assembly language:
1. Easier to understand and use
2. Easy to locate and correct errors
3. Easier to modify
4. No worry about addresses
5. Easily re locatable.

High level language

High level languages enable the programmer to write

instructions using English words and familiar mathematical
symbols. So it becomes easier for his to concentrate on the
logic of his problem rather than getting involved in
programming details. Every instruction, which the programmer
writes in a high-level language, is translated into many machine
language instructions. This is one-to-many translation and not
one-to-one as in the case of assembly language.
Compiler: A compiler is software that translates a program
from high level language to machine language.
Interpreter: An interpreter is software that translates a
program from high level language to machine language.

Differences between Compiler and interpreter

Compiler Interpreter
1. Compiler converts all 1. Interpreter converts line by
statements at a time, if errors line, at the time of interpreting
are there, it displays all errors any error is there, it displays
as a list. that error.
2. After Compiling the whole 2. After interpreting the first
program, if the program is line, if it is error free then it
error free then it will execute will execute that line.
the program.
3. After Compilation, it 3. It does not create any
creates an executable file, executable file, every time we
using that executable file we need to interpret the program.
can run the program any
number of times.
4. It is fast. 4. It is slow.

What is C?

C is a programming language developed at AT & T’s Bell

Laboratories of USA in 1972. It was designed and written by a
man named Dennis Ritche.

 Features of C
1. Portability or machine independent
2. Sound and versatile language
3. Fast program execution.
4. An extendible language.
5. Tends to be a structured language.

Historical developments of C
Year Language Developed by Remarks
1960 ALGOL International committee Too general, too
abstract
1963 CPL Cambridge University Hard to learn,
difficult to
 implement
1967 BCPL Martin Richards at Could deal with
Cambridge university only specific
problems
1970 B Ken Thompson at AT & Could deal with
T only specific
problems
1972 C Dennis Ritche at AT & T Lost generality of
BCPL and B
restored

Character set of the C language

This indicates group of characters which are useful to write the

programming statements. It contains 3 parts.

 Alphabets: C language supports upper case letters (A to

Z), lower case letters from (a to z). But both are different.
C is a case sensitive language.
 Numeric digits: C language contains the numeric digits
from 0 to 9.
 Special Characters: The characters other than alphabets
and numeric digits are called as special characters.

Special Character Name

+ Plus
- Minus
* Asterisk
/ Slash/ forward slash
% Modulator (percentage)
< Less than
> Greater than
= Equal to
. Full stop
, Comma
; Semi colon
: Colon
 ‘ Single quotation
“ Double quotation
? Question mark
$ Dollar
! Exclamatory
| Pipe or Bar
^ Cap
& Ampersand
( Left parenthesis
) Right parenthesis
[ Open square bracket
] Close square bracket
{ Open brace
} Close brace
\ Back slash or Reverse
slash

White space characters

These are also called as escape sequence characters. These are
the controlling characters. These characters should start with \ ,
then followed by a single character.

White space Usage

character
name
\a Bell sound or beep sound
\n New line
\t Tab space
\b Back space
\r Return to starting of the line
\’ Single quotation
\” Double quotation
\\ For back slash
\? For question mark

 Identifiers:- It identifies a memory location. In order to

identify any value identifier is used.
 Constants:- It is a quantity which does not change its value
during the program execution. Constants are 4 types.
1. Integer Constants: These are the numbers without
decimal point or exponent.
Ex: int a=10;
2. Float constants: These are the numbers with decimal
point or exponent.
Ex: float pie=3.14;
3. Single Character Constants: It is any one of the
single character enclosed in single quotation.
Ex: char ch=’a’;
char section=’b’;
4. String constants: Group of characters enclosed with in
double quotations.
Ex: char name[20]= “Chandra”;
char nation[10]= “India”;
 Variables:- It is a value that changes its value during
program execution. Variables are 4 types.
1. Integer variables
2. Float variables
3. Single character variables
4. String variables.

Rules to write variable names:

1. A variable name contains maximum of 30 characters.
2. A variable name includes alphabets and numbers, but it
must start with an alphabet.
3. It cannot accept any special characters, blank spaces
except under score( _ ).
4. It should not be a reserved word.

 Reserved words (or) key words

Keywords are the words whose

meaning has already been explained to the C compiler. The
keywords cannot be used as variable names. They are
 auto break case char const
continue default do double
else
enum extern float for goto
if int long register return
short signed sizeof static
struct
switch typedof union unsigned
void
volatile while

Data types

Data type Range Bytes Format

signed char -128 to +127 1 %c
unsigned char 0 to 255 1 %c
short signed int -32,768 to +32,767 2 %d
short unsigned int 0 to 65,535 2 %u
long signed int -2147483648 to 4 %ld
+2147483647
long unsigned int 0 to 4294967295 4 %lu
Float -3.4e38 to +3.4e38 4 %f
Double -1.7e308 to +1.7e308 8 %lf
long double -1.7e4932 to 1.7e4932 10 %Lf

Input and Output functions

 Output Functions:-
printf( ): This function is used to display the information on the
screen. It displays the variable values and the string values.
This function belongs to stdio.h.
Syntax:- printf(“control string” ,variable list);

Where control string is used to control the output. It

contains the conversion characters, white space characters and
the string. The conversion character specifies the position and
data type of a variable.
The compiler displays the common message as it is on the
screen. The variable list specifies the list of variables to be
displayed and they are separated by a comma (,)

Syntax:- printf(“\n Welcome to C”);

Ex;- int a=10;

printf(“\n The value of a is %d”,a);

float pi=3.14;
printf(“\n The value of pi is %f”, pi);

char ch=’y’;
printf(“The option is %c”,ch);

char name[20]=”India” ;
printf(“\n The name is %s”,name);

 Input functions:
Scanf( ):- It is an input function, that is used to accept the values
into variables at the time of executing a program. This function
belongs to stdio.h .

Syntax:- Scanf(“control string”, variable list);

Where control string is used to control the input format. It
contains the conversion characters that specify the data type of
the variable. Where variable list specifies one or more variables
and a comma separates them. Each variable should start with
‘&’, that indicates the address of the variables. This symbol is
not required for string variables, because a string is a pointer to
itself.
Ex:- int a;
scanf(“%d”, &a);

float b;
scanf(“%f”, &b);

char ch;
scanf(“%c”, &ch);

char name[20];
scanf(“%s”,name);

int a,b;
scanf(“%d%d”,&a,&b);

int a;
float b;
scanf(“%d%f”,&a,&b);

int a;
float b;
char ch,name[20];
scanf(“%d%f%c%s”, &a, &b, &ch, name);

Structure of a C program

/* Comment line section *\  Documentation optional

# header file section  when we use predefined functions
main( )
{
Declaration part;  To declare the variables which are used
in the program.
Initialization part;  To initialize i.e. giving values to the
variables.
Execution part;  To execute as output.
}
 A C program starts with the include statement. This
statement is used to link the header files into our program. This
statement should start with # symbol.

Ex-: # include <stdio.h>

stdio.h stands for standard input output . header file

Comment Line Section:

In order to give documentation for a program comment
line is includes. It is enclosed in between a /* *\ because in the
compilation process these lines are not includes.

Header file section:

‘C’ program consists of predefined functions for that
reason we should include the files in which they are defined.
Which are saved with .h as extension.

main( ) :
The compilation and the running process is done with the
help of main( ). A ‘C’ program definitely requires main( ).

Declaration par``t:
This area is where we declare all the variables which are
used in the program.

Initialization part:
Here, we give values to the declared values.

Executable part:
The output is seen from the executable part. By using
output functions.

Programming rules:
A ‘C’ program should be written in lower case. Every
statement should end with; . The pair of { } should be matched.
Compilation and Execution process:
After writing the program we should compile by pressing
on the Compile option of Compile menu. This converts the text
format that is source code into Binary format which is called as
object code. After that by pressing Run option the output can be
seen.
Sample programs

1. To print some messages

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
main( )
{
clrscr( );
printf(“Welcome to C”);
printf(“ Course name \t : \t ‘C’ lang \n”);
getch( ) ;
return 0; g1c`c3 gn
}

2. Write a program to add two numbers.

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
main ( )
{
int a, b, c;
a=20;
b=30;
c=a+b;
printf(“C = %d”, c);
getch ( );
}
 3. Write a program to calculate area and perimeter of a
rectangle.

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
main ( )
{
float l, b, area, perimeter;
clrscr ( );
l=4.5;
b=3.5;
area=l*b;
perimeter=2*(l+b);
printf(“\n The area of the rectangle is %f sq units”, area);
printf(“\n The perimeter of the rectangle is %f units”,
perimeter);
getch ( );
}

4. Write a program area and a perimeter of a square by

taking the side of a square using taking the functions.

#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
main ( )
{
float side, area, perimeter;
clrscr( );
printf(“\n Enter side of the square”);
scanf(“%f ”, &side);
area=side*side;
perimeter=4*side;
printf(“\n The area of a square is %f squints”, area);
printf(“\n The perimeter of a square is %f units”,
perimeter);
getch( );
}
 5. Write a program to calculate the radius and area of the
circle.

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
main ( )
{
float radius, area;
float pie =3.14;
clrscr ( );
printf(“\n Enter radius of the circle”);
scanf(“%f ”, &radius);
area=pie*radius*radius;
printf(“\n The area of the circle is %f sq units”, area);
getch( );
}

6) Write a program to calculate employee salary.

# include <stdio.h>
# include <conio.h>
void main( )
{
int eno;
float basic_salary,hra,da,gross;
char name[20];
clrscr( );
printf("\n Enter eno, name , basic salary ");
scanf("%d %s %f", &eno, name, &basic_salary);
hra=basic_salary*15/100;
da=basic_salary*12/100;
gross=basic_salary+hra+da;
printf("\n Employ number is %d",eno);
printf("\n Employ name is %s",name);
printf("\n Basic is %f",basic_salary);
printf("\n Hra is %f",hra);
printf("\n Da is %f",da);
printf("\n Gross is %f",gross);
 getch( );
}
Operators
1. Arithmetic operators
2. Relational operators
3. Logical operators
4. Assignment operators
5. Increment or decrement operators
6. Conditional operators

 Arithmetic Operators
Arithmetic operators are used to perform arithmetic
operations like addition, subtraction, multiplication, division and
remainder.

Operator Name Meaning Example

+ Plus Addition A+b
- Minus Subtraction a-b
* Asterisk Multiplication A*b
/ Sla Division a/b
sh
% Modulator Remainder A%b
Ex:-a=10, b=3
a+b = 10+3 =13
a-b = 10 - 3 = 7
a*b = 10 * 3 =30
a/b= 10 / 3 = 3
a%b=10%3=1
b%a =3%10=3

 Relational operators:-
These operators are used to check the relation between the
values.
Note:- When we used relational operators the output is seen in
the form of 0 or 1. If the relation is true the output will be in 1.
If the relation is false the output will be 0.

Ex:-a=10;
 b=3;
Operator Name Exampl Result
e
< Less than a<b False or 0
> Greater than a>b True or 1
<= Less than or a<=b False or 0
equal to
>= Greater than or a>=b True or 1
equal to
== Equal to A= =b False or 0
!= Not equal to a!=b True or 1

 Logical operators: logical operators are used to combine two

or more relational expressions. C language contains 3
logical operators.

name
Operator
&& And
|| Or
! Not
i. && : (And)
Statement:- When all arguments are true then only the
total condition is true. Any one of the arguments is false the
total condition is false.
Truth Table
(a>=b&&a>=c) a=6,b=5,c=2
Expression1 && Result
Expression2
T T T
T F F
F T F
F F F

ii. || : (Or)
 Statement:- When one of the argument is true the total
condition is true. If all the arguments are false then only the
condition is false.
Truth Table
(a>=b||a>=c) a=3,b=5,c=2
Expression1 || Result
Expression2
T T T
T F T

F T T
F F F

iii. ! (Not):
Statement:- This is the negative operator, we can place the
‘not’ operator before any one of the condition. It returns the
opposite result of the condition. i.e. It converts true to false
and false to true.

Truth Table
!(a<=b) a=3,b=2
! result
expression
T F
F T

 Assignment operator: C language contains equal to (=)

operator to assign a value or expression into a variable.
Ex:- a=10;
a=a+10;

 Increment and decrement operators:

1) ++ increment operator
2) -- decrement operator
 Increment operator (+ +)
Increment operator is used to increase the value by 1.
 Pre Increment( ++a)
First the value will be incremented, and then the new
value will be printed.
Ex:- printf(“%d”,++a);

 Post Increment(a++)
First the value will be printed and then the value will be
incremented.
Ex:- printf(“%d”,a++);

 Decrement operator ( - - )
Decrement operator is used to decrease the value by 1.

 Pre Decrement (--a)

If the value is decreased before execution it is called as pre
decrement.
Ex:- printf(“%d”,--a);

 Post Decrement (a--)

If the value is decreased after the execution it is called as
post decrement.
Ex:- printf(“%d”,a--)

 Conditional operators:- C language contains conditional

operators (?, : ). By using conditional operators we can get
the output in the form of statements also. ? and : are called as
conditional or ternary operators.

Syn: (condition) ? printf(“value 1”) : printf(“ value 2”)

Ex:- (a>b) ? printf(“a is greater than b”):printf(“a is less
than b”)
If the condition is true then value1 will be returned, if the
condition is false then value2 will be returned
1. Write a program using Arithmetic operators.

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
main( )
{
int a, b;
clrscr( );
printf(“\n Enter a and b values \t:\t”);
scanf(“%d %d”, &a, &b);
printf(“\n The sum of %d & %d is %d”, a,b, a+b);
printf(“\n The difference of %d & %d is %d”, a,b, a-b);
printf(“\n The product of %d & %d id %d”, a,b, a*b);
printf(“\n The division of %d & %d is %d”, a,b, a/b);
printf(“\n The reminder of %d & %d is %d”, a,b, a%b);
getch( );
}

2. Write a program by using Relational operators.

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<math.h>
main( )
{
int a, b, c;
clrscr( );
printf(“\n Enter a and b values”);
scanf(“%d %d”, &a,&b);
c=a>b;
printf(“%d”,c);
getch( );
}
3. Write a program by using logical operators.

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<math.h>
main( )
{
int m, p, c, d, e;
clrscr( );
printf(“\n Enter the subject marks”);
scanf(“ %d %d %d”, &m, &p, &c);
d=(m>=35 && p>=35 && c>=35);
e=(m>=35 || p>=35 || c>=35);
printf(“\n The output using ‘and’ operator is %d”, d);
printf(“\n The output using ‘or’ operator is %d”, e);
getch( );
}

4. Write a program using Increment and Decrement

operator.

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<math.h>
main( )
{
int a,b,c,d,e;
clrscr( );
printf(“\n Enter the value of ‘a’”);
scanf(“%d”, &a);
b=a++;
c=++a;
d=a--;
e=--a;
printf(“\n The value of b=%d”,b);
printf(“\n The value of c=%d”,c);
printf(“\n The value of d=%d”,d);
printf(“\n The value of e=%d”,e);
 getch( );
}

5. Write a program to check whether the given number is

even or odd using conditional operator.

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
main( )
{
int n;
clrscr( );
printf(“\n Enter any value”);
scanf(“%d”,&n);
(n%2= =0) ? printf(“\n The number is Even”) : (“\n The
number is Odd”);
getch( );
}

6. Write a program to check whether the student is

passed or failed, by using conditional operator.

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
main( )
{
int s1, s2, s3;
clrscr( );
printf(“\n Enter 3 subjects marks \t:\t”);
scanf(“%d %d %d”, &s1, &s2, &s3);
(s1>=35&&s2>=35&&s3>=35) ? printf(“\n The student
is passed”) : printf(“\n The student is failed”);
getch( );
}

7. Write a program to find the highest among the three

given values.
 #include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
main( )
{
int a,b,c;
clrscr( );
printf(“\n Enter any 3 values”);
scanf(“%d %d %d”, &a, &b, &c);
(a>b&&a>c) ? printf(“ A is the highest value”) : (b>c) ?
printf(“ B is the highest value”) : printf(“ C is the highest
value”);
getch( );
}

8. Write a program using power function.

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<math.h>
main( )
{
int x, y, z;
clrscr( );
printf(“\n Enter the Base & Exponent values \t:”);
scanf(“%d %d”, &x,&y);
z=pow(x,y);
printf(“\n The result is %d”, z);
getch( );
}

9. Write a program to take student roll no, student name,

6 subject marks and calculate total and average for the
marks.

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
main( )
{
int rollno, s1, s2, s3, s4, s5, s6, total;
 float avg;
char name[20];
clrscr( );
printf(“\n Enter rollno”);
scanf(“ %d”, &rollno);
printf(“\n Enter name of the student”);
scanf(“ %s”, &name);
printf(“\n Enter subject marks”);
scanf(“ %d %d %d %d %d %d”, &s1, &2, &s3, &s4,
&s5, &s6);
total=s1+s2+s3+s4+s5+s6;
avg=total*100/600;
printf(“\n Rollno=%d”, rollno);
printf(“\n Name=%s”, name);
printf(“\n Total=%d”, total);
printf(“\n Avg=%f”, avg);
getch( );
}

10. Write a program to calculate telephone bill of a

month.

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
main( )
{
int nc;
float const rate=2.50;
float bill;
clrscr( );
printf(“\n Enter nc per month \t:\t”);
scanf(“%d”, &nc);
bill=nc*rate;
printf(“\n The bill of the month for %d is Rs. %f”, bill);
getch( );
}
 Conditional statements

 Conditional statements:- The statements which are executed

according to some condition are called as conditional
statements.

 If:-
Statement: This statement is used to perform conditional
operations.
Syntax1:
if(condition)
statement1;
If the condition is true then statement1 will be executed.
If the condition is false then it will not execute statement1.

Syntax 2:
if(condition)
{
statement1;
statement2;
}
If the condition is true then statement1 and statement2 will be
executed.

 If-else:-
Syntax 1:
if(condition)
statement1;
else
statement2;

If the condition is true then statement1 will be executed, if the

condition is false then statement2 will be executed.
Syntax 2:
if( condition)
{
statement 1;
 statement 2;
}
else
{
statement 3;
statement 4;
}

If the condition is true then statement1 and statement2 will be

executed. If the condition is false then statement3 and
statement4 will be executed.
 Nested if:-
Statement:- If condition1 is true, then it will check
condition2, if it is true then statement1 will be executed. If
condition1 is false it will not check condition2.
Syntax :
if(condition1)
{
statement1;
}
else
if(condition2)
{
statement2;
}
else
{
statement3;
}

If the condition1 is true then statement1 will be executed

and the remaining statements will be skipped. If the condition1
is false then it will check the condition2, if it is true then
statement2 will be executed. If both condition1 and condition2
are false then it will execute statement3.
y
1. Write a program to check whether a citizen is eligible
for voting.

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
main( )
{
int age;
clrscr( );
printf(“\n Enter the age of the citizen”);
scanf(“%d”, &age);
if(age>18)
{
printf(“\n Eligible for voting”);
}
else
{
printf(“\n Not eligible for voting”);
}
getch( );
}

2. Write a program to check whether the entered year is

leap year or not.

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
main( )
{
int year;
clrscr( );
printf(“\n Enter the year”);
scanf(“%d”, &year);
if(year%4= =0);
{
printf(“\n Leap year”);
}
else
 {
printf(“\n Non leap year”);
}
getch( );
}

3. Write a program to check the least among the three

given values.

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
main( )
{
int a,b,c;
clrscr( );
printf(“\n Enter any 3 values”);
scanf(“%d %d %d”, &a,&b,&c);
if(a<b&&a<c)
{
printf(“\n %d is the least value”, a);
}
else
if(b<c)
{
printf(“\n %d is the least value”, b);
}
else
{
printf(“\n %d is the least value”, c);
}
getch( );
}

4. Write a program to check whether the given number is

divisible by 2, 4 & 6.
 #include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
main( )
{
int n;
clrscr( );
printf(“\n Enter any value”);
scanf(“%d”,&n);
if(n%2= =0 && n%4= =0 && n%6= =0)
{
printf(“\n The number is divisible by 2, 4 & 6);
}
else
{
printf(“\n The number is not divisible by 2, 4 & 6”);
}
getch( );
}

selection
Switch statement
It is used to execute one of the options from no. of
options. It is also called as multi branching statement.

Switch (expression)
{
case value:
statements;
case value:
statements;
default:
statements;
 }

The expression value may be int or character type. The

switch statement evaluates the expression. It will select one of
the cases based on expression. It will execute default statements
when no case is selected.

Break statement:
It is used to exit from a looping statement. We can use
this in for, while , do while, and switch statement.
Ex:- break;

Switch case
Syntax: switch(expression)
{
case 1:
break;
case 2:
break;
default:
}

1. Write a program to print the name of the day using

switch case.

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
main( )
{
int n;
clrscr( );
printf(“\n Enter any number”);
scanf(“ %d”, &n);
switch(n)
{
case 1:
printf(“\n The name of the day is Sunday”);
break;
 case 2:
printf(“\n The name of the day is Monday”);
break;
case 3:
printf(“\n The name of the day is Tuesday”);
break;
case 4:
printf(“\n The name of the day is Wednesday”);
break;
case 5:
printf(“\n The name of the day is Thursday”);
break;
case 6:
printf(“\n The name of the day is Friday”);
break;
case 7:
printf(“\n The name of the day is Saturday”);
break;
default:
printf(“\n Invalid number”);
}
getch( );
}

2. Write a program to check whether the enter alphabet

is vowel or consonant.
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
main( )
{
char c;
clrscr( );
printf(“\n Enter any Alphabet”);
scanf(“%c”, &c);
switch(c)
{
case ‘a’:
printf(“\n It is a vowel”);
 beak;
case ‘e’:
printf(“\n It is a vowel”);
beak;
case ‘i:
printf(“\n It is a vowel”);
break;
case ‘o’:
printf(“\n It is a vowel”);
beak;
case ‘u’:
printf(“\n It is a vowel”);
break;
default:
printf(“\n It is a consonant”);
}
getch( );
}

3. Write a program Arithmetic operator according to the

entered choice.

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
main( )
{
int a, b;
char op;
printf(“\n enter the operator symbol”);
scanf(“%s”, &op);
printf(“\n enter a & b values”);
scanf(%d %d”, &a,&b);
switch(op)
{
case ‘+’:
printf(“\n The sum of %d and %d is %d”, a,b, a+b);
break;
case ‘-‘:
 printf(“\n The difference of %d and %d is %d”, a,b, a-b);
break;
case ‘*’:
printf(“\n The product of %d and %d is %d”, a,b, a*b);
break;
default:
printf(“\n Invalid operator”);
}
getch( );
}

Go to statement

Goto statement: It is used to transfer the control from one place

to another place in the program. It is also called as
unconditional jumping statement

Syntax-: goto <label name> ;

Ex:- goto print;

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
main( )
{
int i=1;
clrscr( );
orbit:
printf(“%d”, i);
i++;
if(i<=10)
goto orbit;
 getch( );
}

Continue statement

Continue statement: It is used to transfer the control to the

beginning of the looping statements. We have to use this
continue statement inside a switch statement or inside any
looping statements (for, while, do while)
Ex: continue;

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
main( )
{
int i;
clrscr( );
for(i=1;i<=100;i++)
{
if(i%10= =0)
continue;
printf(“%d”,i);
}
getch( );
}

LOOPS
LOOPING:- The process of executing a block of code
repeatedly is called as looping.
There are 3 types of loops in ‘C’ language.
1) For loop
2) While loop
3) Do while loop

All the three loops are used for same process but there syntax is
different.
All the three loops have 3 steps in common.
 1) Initialization:- It is the starting point of the loop process.
2) Condition:- In this step logical test is applied. It is true the
block of code is executed. Till the condition fails.
3) Increment / Decrement:- In order to proceed or stop the
loop increment or decrement is required.

For loop

It is used to execute a set of statements repeatedly as long as the

given condition is true.
Syntax:-
for(initial value ; test condition ; increment /decrement)
{
statements; //body of for loop
}
When the for loop is executing for the very first time the
initial value is stored in the given variable. Then the condition
will be tested. If it is true, the statements will be executed. After
executing the last statement the control will return back to the
for loop. Then the value will be incremented / decremented.
Again the condition is tested, if it is false the control will come
out of the for loop.

Ex:- for(i=1; i<=10; i++)

for(;i<=10;i++)
y
for(; i<=10 ; )

for( ; ; ) //infinite loop

for(i=1 , j=10 ; i<=10 ; i++ , j--)

printf(“\n%d %d”,i,j);

for(i=1;i<=10;i++); //body less for loop

1) Write a program to print the name 10 times using ‘for
loop’.

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
main( )
{
int i;
clrscr( );
for (i=1;i<=10;i++)
{
printf(“\n ORBIT”);
}
getch( );
}

2) Write a program to print the numbers between 100 to

200.

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
main( )
{
int i;
clrscr( );
for(i=100;i<=200;i++)
{
printf(“\n %d”, i);
}
getch( );
}

3) Write a program to print the even numbers from 10 to

50.

#include<stdio.h>
 #include<conio.h>
main( )
{
int i;
clrscr( );
for(i=10;i<=50;i++)
{
if(i%2= =0)
{
printf(“\n %d”, i);
}
}
getch( );
}

4) Write a program to print odd numbers for 100 to 200.

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
main( )
{
int i;
clrscr( );
for(i=100;i<=200;i++)
{
if(i%2!=0)
{
printf(“%d”, i);
}
}
getch( );
}

5) Write a program to print the Multiplication table of

the given number.

#include<stdio.h>
 #include<conio.h>
main( )
{
int n,i,r;
clrscr( );
printf(“\n Enter any number”);
scanf(“%d”, &n);
for(i=1;i<=10;i++)
{
r =n*i;
printf(“%d*%d=%d”,n, i, r);
}
getch( );
}

6) Write a program to find the factorial of a given

number.

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
main( )
{
int i, fact=1, n;
clrscr( );
printf(“\n Enter any number”);
scanf(“%d”, &n);
for(i=1;i<=n;i++)
{
fact=fact*i;
}
printf(“\n Factorial of %d=%d”, n, fact);
getch( );
}

While loop

While statement:
 It is used to execute a set of statements repeatedly as long
as the given condition is true.
Syntax:
while (condition)
{
statements; //body of while loop
------------;
}

First the condition is tested, if it is true the body of the

while loop will be executed first time, again the control is
transferred back to while loop and checks the condition, If it is
false the control will come out of the while loop.

1) Write a program to print the numbers divisible by 5

between 50 and 100.

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
main( )
{
int i=50;
clrscr( );
while(i<=100)
{
if(i%5 = =0)
printf(“%d”, i);
i++;
}
getch( );
}

2) Write a program to sum the digits of a given number.

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
 main( )
{
int i, n, rem, sum=0;
clrscr( );
printf(“\n Enter any 3 digit number”);
scanf(“%d”, &n);
while(n>=1)
{
rem=n%10;
sum=sum+rem;
n=n/10;
}
printf(“\n The sum of digits of given number is %d”,
sum);
getch( );
}

3) Write a program to reverse the given number.

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
main( )
{
int n, sum, rev=o, rem;
clrscr( );
printf(“\n Enter any number”);
scanf(“%d”, &n);
while(n>=1)
{
rem=n%10;
rev=rev*10+rem;
n=n/10;
}
printf(“\n The reverse of the given number is %d”, rev);
getch( );
}
4) Write a program to test for given number is
Palindrome.

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
main( )
{
int n, rem, rev=0, temp;
clrscr( );
printf(“\n Enter any number”);
scanf(“%d”, &n);
temp=n;
while(n>=1)
{
rem=n%10;
rev=rev*10+rem;
n=n/10;
}
printf(“\n The reverse of the number is %d”, rev);
if(rev= =temp)
{
printf(“\n The number is a Palindrome number”);
else
{
printf(“\n The number is not a Palindrome number”);
}
getch( );
}

5) Write a program to test for Armstrong number.

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
main( )
{
int n, rem, sum=0, temp;
clrscr( );
printf(“\n Enter any number”);
 scanf(“%d”, &n);
temp=n;
while(n>=1)
{
rem=n%10;
sum=sum+rem*rem*rem;
n=n/10;
}
if(sum= =temp)
{
printf(“\n The number is Armstrong number”);
}
else
{
printf(“\n The number is not a Armstrong number”);
}
getch( );
}

Do While Loop

Do while loop:- This statement executes a set of statements as

long as the condition is true.
Syntax: do
{
statements;
statements;
}while(condition);

This is similar to while loop, but the difference is this loop will
execute the statements at least once.

1) Write a program using do while loop.

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h.
main( )
 {
int s1, s2, s3, tot;
char c;
do
{
printf(“\n Enter subject marks”);
sanf(“%d %d %d”, &s1, &s2, &s3);
tot=s1+s2+s3;
printf(“\n Total=%d”, tot);
printf(“\n Do you want to try again”);
scanf(“%c”, &c);
}
while(c= =’y’);
getch( );
}

2) Write a program to print the natural numbers of the

given number.

# include <stdio.h>
# include <conio.h>
void main()
{
int n,i;
clrscr();
printf("\n Enter a number ");
scanf("%d",&n);
i=1;
do
{
printf("\t%d",i);
i=i+1;
}
while(i<=n);
getch();
}
 NESTED FOR LOOP

In order to get the output in the form of rows and columns

we use nested for loops. If the outer loop condition is true it
enters into the inner loop. Till the outer loop condition is false
the looping process is continued.

1) Write a program to get the * output as using nested

for loop. * *
* * *
#include <stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
main( )
{
int n,i,j;
clrscr( );
printf(“\n Enter the value of n”);
scanf(“%d”, &n);
for(i=1;i<=n;i++)
{
for(j=1;j<=i;j++)
{
printf(“*”);
}
printf(“\n”);
}
getch( );
}

2) Write a program to get the output as 1 using nested for

loop.
 12
123
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
main( )
{
int n, i, j;
clrscr( );
printf(“\n Enter the value of n”);
scanf(“%d”, &n);
for(i=1;i<=n;i++);
{
for(j=1;j<=i;j++)
{
printf(“%d”, j);
}
printf(“\n”);
}
getch( );
}

3) Write a program to get the output in the form of 1 by

using nested loop.
22
333
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
main( )
{
int n, i, j;
clrscr( );
printf(“\n Enter the value of n”);
scanf(“%d”, &n);
for(i=1;i<=n;i++);
{
for(j=1;j<=i;j++)
{
printf(“%d”, i);
 }
printf(“\n”);
}
getch( );
}

4) Write a program to get the output in the form of 1 2 3 4

by using nested for loop. 123
12
1
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
main( )
{
int n, i, j;
clrscr( );
printf(“\n Enter the value of n”);
scanf(“%d”, &n);
for(i=n;i>=1;i--);
}
for(j=1;j<=i;j++)
{
printf(“%d”, j);
}
printf(“\n”);
}
getch( );
}

6) Write a program to get the output in the form of by

using nested for loop. 1
12

# include <stdio.h>
123
1234
12345

# include <conio.h> 1234

123
12
void main() 1

{
int i,j;
clrscr();
for(i=1;i<=5;i++)
 {
for(j=1;j<=i;j++)
printf("%3d",j);
printf("\n");
}
for(i=4;i>=1;i--)
{
for(j=1;j<=i;j++)
printf("%3d",j);
printf("\n");
}
getch();
}
ARRAYS
An array is contiguous area in the memory referred by a
common name. The array allows the storage of a number of
data values in one variable. Each array element i.e. each
individual data item is referred by specifying the array name
followed by one or more subscripts. Each subscript is enclosed
with square brackets. Each subscript indicates the position of
the element in the array. Arrays are divided into 2 types.
1) Single dimensional arrays. or One dimensional arrays
2) Multi dimensional arrays

1) One dimensional arrays:- The array which is using only 1

subscript is known as one dimensional array. In one
dimensional array the elements are represented in single row
or single column.
Syntax:- Data_type variable_name[subscript]
Ex: int a[5]={40, 50, 70,90,100};
Float b[4]={20.5, 40.9, 45.7, 23.8};
Char c[5]={‘O’,’R’,’B’,’I’,’T’};

The above declaration states that ‘a’ is an array variable in

which we can store 5 values of integer data type. Similarly ‘b’ is
an array variable in which we can store 4 values of float data
type. Similarly ‘c’ is an array variable in which we can store 5
characters.
2) Two dimensional arrays: The array which is using two
subscripts is known as
2 – dimensional array
Syntax:- Data_type variable_name [subscript][subscript]
Ex:- int a[2][2]={{1,2,},{3,4}};

The above declaration states that ‘a’ is a two dimensional

array variable in which the values are stored in 2 rows and in 2
columns.

 One dimensional Array

1) Write a program to access the elements from an Array.

y
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
main( )
{
int a[5]={40,50,60,90,100};
int i;
clrscr( );
for(i=0;i<=4;i++)
{
printf(“%d”, a[i]);
}
getch( );
}

2) Write the program to print the name from an array.

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
main( )
{
char c[5]={‘O,’R,’B,’I,’T};
int i;
clrscr( );
for(i=0;i<=;i++)
 {
printf(“%c”, c[i]);
}
getch( );
}

3) Write a program to add the values of two arrays.

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
main( )
{
int a[3]={100,102,110};
int b[3]={60,80,90};
int I;
clrscr( );
printf(“\n Addition of two arrays”);
for(i=0;i<=2;i++)
{
printf(“%d+%d=%d”, a[i],b[i], a[i]+b[i]);
}
getch( );
}

4) Write to print the entered string in reverse order.

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
main( )
{
char string[6];
int i;
clrscr( );
printf(“\n Enter any string”);
gets (string);
printf(“\n Reverse of a string”);
for(i=6;i>=0;i--)
{
printf(“%c”, string[i]);
 }
getch( );
}

5) Write a program to find the no. of times a character

appears in a string.

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
main( )
{
char string[10], f;
int i, c=0;
clrscr( );
printf(“\n Enter the string”);
gets(string);
printf(“\n Enter a letter to find in the string”);
scanf(“%c”, &f);
for(i=0;i<=9;i++)
{
if(string[i]= =f)
{
c++;
}
}
printf(“\n The letter %c appears %d times in the %s”, f,
c, string);
getch( );
}

6) Write a program to print the name of a city and

pincode using arrays.

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
main( )
{
char city[5]={‘N’,’A’,’N’’D’,’E’,’D’};
 int pin[6]={5,0,0,0,2,8};
int i;
crscr( );
for(i=0;i<=5;i++)
{
printf(“%c”, city[i]);
}
printf(“-“);
for(i=0;i<=5;i++)
{
printf(“%d”, pin[i]);
}
getch();
}

7) Write a program to print the no. of days in a month.

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
main( )
{
int month[12]={1,3,5,7,8,10,12,4,6,9,11,2};
int i, mn;
clrscr( );
printf(“\n Enter number of month”);
scanf(“%d”, &mn);
for(i=0;i<=11;i++)
{
if(mn= =month[i])
goto compare;
}
printf(“\n Invalid month”);
exit (1);
compare:
if(“month (%d) contains 28 days”, month[i]);
if(i+1<8)
printf(“month(%d)contains 31 days”, month[i]);
if(i+1>7&&i+1!=12)
 printf(“month (%d) contains 30 days”, month[i]);
getch( );
}

 Two dimensional Array

1) Write a program to access the elements of a two

dimensional array.
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
main( )
{
int a[3][3]={{1,2,3},{4,5,6},{7,8,9}};
int i, j;
clrscr( );
for(i=0;i<=2;i++)
{
for(j=0;j<=2;j++)
{
printf(“%d”, a[i][j]);
}
printf(“\n”);
}
getch( );
}

2) Write a program to enter the values of matrix in the

output and display
them.
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
main( )
{
int a[3][3];
int I,j;
clrscr( );
printf(“\n Enter values into3*3 matrix”);
 for(i=0;i<=2;i++)
{
for(j=0;j<=2;j++)
{
scanf(“%d”, &a[i][j]);
}
}
for(i=0;i<=2;i++)
{
for(j=0;j<=2;j++)
{
printf(“%3d”, a[i][j]);
}
printf(“\n”);
}
getch( );
}

3) Write a program to add 2 matrices.

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
main( )
{
int a[2][2], b[2][2], c[2][2];
int i,j;
clrscr( );
printf(“\n Enter the values in ‘a’ matrix”);
for(i=0;i<=1;i++)
{
for(j=0;j<=1;j++)
{
scanf(“%d”, &a[i][j]);
}
}
printf(“\n Enter the values of ‘b’ matrix”);
for(i=0;i<=1;i++)
{
for(j=0;j<=1;j++)
 {
scanf(“%d”, &b[i][j]);
}
}
printf(“\n Addition of matrices”);
for(i=0;i<=1;i++)
{
for(j=0;j<=1;j++)
{
c[i][j]=a[i][j]+b[i][j];
printf(“%d”, c[i][j]);
}
printf(“\n”);
}
getch( );
}

4) Write a program to enter rows and columns into

matrix and output display them.
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
main( )
{
int a[10][10];
int i, j, r, c;
clrscr( );
printf(“\n Enter no. of Rows and Columns”);
scanf(“%d %d”, &r, &c);
printf(“\n Enter the values into matrix”);
for(i=0;i<r;i++)
{
for(j=0;j<c;j++)
{
scanf(“%d”,&a[i][j]);
}
}
for(i=0;i<r;i++)
{
 for(j=0;j<c;j++)
{
printf(“%d”, a[i][j]);
}
printf(“\n”);
}
getch( );
}

5) Write a program multiplication of matrix.

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
main( )
{
int a[2][2], b[2][2], c[2][2];
int i, j, k;
printf(“\n Enter the values in ‘a’ matrix”);
for(i=0;i<2;i++)
for(j=0;j<2;j++)
printf(“Enter %d %d values”, i, j);
scanf(“%d”, &a[i][j]);
}
printf(“\n Enter the values in ‘b’ matrix”);
for(i=0;i<2;i++)
for(j=0;j<2;j++)
printf(“Enter %d %d values”, i, j);
scanf(“%d”, &b[i][j]);
}
printf(“\n Product of matrices”);
for(i=0;i<2;i++)
{
for(j=0;j<2;j++)
{
c[i][j]=0;
for(k=0;k<=1;k++)
c[i][j]=c[i][j]+a[i][k]*b[k][j];
}
}
 for(i=0;i<2;i++)
{
for(j=0;j<2;j++)
printf(“%3d”,c[i][j]);
}
printf(“\n”);
}
getch( );
}
String Functions

A character array is defined as a string. A group of

characters is called a string. We cannot handle with string same
like integers or real values.
For example, if you want to compare an integer value with
another int value.
We can do that by using = = operator. But the same procedure
cannot be applied for strings.
In order to handle with strings there are same string handling
functions.

1) strlen( ):- This function is used to find the length of a string.

Syntax:- strlen(string);
Note:- When we are using string functions we have to include a
header file <string.h>

2) strcpy( ):- This function copies a string from one string

variable to another string variable.
Syntax:- strcpy(target_string , source_string);

3) strcat( ): (String concatenation)

This function adds a string at the end of another string
Syntax:- strcat(string1,stirng2);

4) strcmp( ): (String comparison)

This compares one string with another string, if two strings are
equal this function returns 0, else it returns the numeric
difference between the non-matching characters.
Syntax:- strcmp(string1, string2);

5) stricmp( ): This function is similar to strcmp, but this

function ignores the case sensitivity.
Syntax:- stricmp(string1, string2);

6) strrev( ): This function reverses the given string

Syntax:- strrev(string);

7) strupr( ): This function converts the given string into upper

case(capital letters)
Syntax:- strupr(string);

8) strlwr( ): This function converts the given string into lower

case.
Syntax:- strlwr(string);

Single character

1) toupper( ) :- This function converts a single character to

upper case.
Syntax:- toupper(character);

2) tolower( ) :- This function converts a single character to

lower case.
Syntax:- tolower(character);

Note:- when we are using single character functions we have to

include a header file <ctype.h>

1) Write a program using all sting functions.

# include <stdio.h>
# include <conio.h>
# include "stringfn.c"
void main( )
{
char name[20],name1[20];
int ch=0;
clrscr( );
while(ch<5)
{
printf("\n 1.STRLEN ");
printf("\n 2.STRCPY ");
printf("\n 3.STRCMP ");
printf("\n 4.STRCAT ");
printf("\n 5.EXIT ");
printf("\n Enter your choice ");
scanf("%d",&ch);
switch(ch)
{
case 1:
printf("\n Enter your name ");
scanf("%s",name);
nstrlen(name);
break;
case 2:
printf("\n Enter Source string ");
scanf("%s",&name);
nstrcpy(name,name1);
printf("\n The copied string is %s",name1);
break;
case 3:
printf("\n Enter your first string ");
scanf("%s",name);
printf("\n Enter your second string ");
scanf("%s",name1);
nstrcmp(name,name1);
break;
case 4:
printf("\n Enter your first name ");
scanf("%s",name);
printf("\n Enter your last name ");
scanf("%s",name1);
 nstrcat(name,name1);
printf("\n Your full name is %s",name);
}
getch( );
}
}

2) Write a program to find the length of an entered string.

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<string.g>
main( )
{
int length;
char string[20];
clrscr( );
printf(“\n Enter any string”);
gets(string);
length=strlen(string);
printf(“\n The length of the string=%d”, length);
getch( );
}

3) Write a program to copy a string into another string.

# include <stdio.h>
# include <conio.h>
# include <string.h>
void main( )
{
char name[20],name1[20];
clrscr( );
printf("\n Enter your string ");
scanf("%s",name);
strcpy(name1,name);
printf("\n The given string is %s",name);
printf("\n The new string is %s",name1);
 getch( );
}

4) Write a program to compare one string to another

string.

# include <stdio.h>
# include <conio.h>
# include <string.h>
void main( )
{
char name[20],name1[20];
clrscr( );
printf("\n Enter your first string ");
scanf("%s",name);
printf("\n Enter your second string ");
scanf("%s",name1);
if(strcmp(name,name1)= =0)
printf("\n Two strings are equal ");
else
printf("\n Two strings are not equal");
getch( );
}

5) Write a program to print the reverse string of the given

string.

# include <stdio.h>
# include <conio.h>
# include <string.h>
void main( )
{
char name[20];
clrscr( );
printf("\n Enter your first string ");
scanf("%s",name);
printf("\n The given string is %s",name);
strrev(name);
 printf("\n The reverse string is %s",name);
getch( );
}

6) program to input a string and convert it into upper

case and lower case

# include <stdio.h>
# include <conio.h>
# include <string.h>
void main( )
{
char name[20];
clrscr( );
printf("\n Enter your string ");
scanf("%s",name);
printf("\n The given string is %s",name);
strupr(name);
printf("\n the string in upper case is %s",name);
strlwr(name);
printf("\n The string in lower case is %s",name);
getch( );
}
7) Write a program to convert uppercase string to lower
case string by using
Ascii code.

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<string.g>
main( )
{
char str[30];
int i=0;
clrscr( );
printf(“\n Enter any string”);
gets(str);
while(str[i]!=’\0’)
 {
if(str[i]>=’A’&&str[i]<=’Z’)
str[i]=str[i]+32;
i++;
}
printf(“\n Converted given string from uppercase to
lowercase is %S”, str);
getch( );
}

8) Single Character Functions

//toupper(), tolower()
# include <stdio.h>
# include <conio.h>
# include <ctype.h>
void main( )
{
char name[20];
int i=0;
clrscr( );
printf("\n Enter a string ");
scanf("%s",name);

while(name[i]!='\0')
{
printf("%c",toupper(name[i]));
i++;
}
getch( );
}

Functions

Functions

Pre defined User defined

FUNCTION

A function is a set of statements that performs a specific task.

Functions are 2 types
1) Pre defined functions or Standard functions
2) User defined functions

1) Pre defined Functions:- These functions which are

already defined (in built) along with C are called as pre
defined functions.
Ex:- printf( ), scanf( ), pow( ), strlen( ), strcpy( ),
toupper( ),……
2) User defined functions:- These functions defined by the
user in order to work with complex program and to
develop the efficiency of the program are called as user
 defined functions. In order to define a function we have 3
types.

 Function definition
 Function prototype
 Invoking a function

 Function definition:-
a) Function heading
i. Return type:- Return is called as data type mention
according to the type of value returned from the
function.
Note:- When there is no return statement we should
mention void as a default return type.
ii. Function name:- Here we mention the name of a
function. It is just like a variable name
iii. Specification of parameters: - specifying the number
of values or variables taken by the called function from
main program.
Note:-The parameters mentioned in the main program
for calling a function are called as actual parameters.
The parameters mentioned in the function which are
received from the main program are called formal
parameters.

b) Block of code:- The code which is written with in the

braces of a function is called as block of code.

c) Return statement:- This is the last statement of a function

it is to written a value from the user defined function to the
main program.

 Function Prototype
It is declared in the main program about the function.
Note:-Function prototype is optional if the function is
defined before the main. It is compulsory if the function is
defined after the main.
 Invoking a Function
From here we call the function. A function as no life when
it is not Invoked.
Uses of functions:
a. Dividing the task into sub tasks.
b. If a particular task is repeated number of times in a
program we can create a function and call that function
wherever we want.
c. Whenever a function is called in a statement the control
will be transferred to that called function. After
executing all statements it returns back to the calling
function.
d. The length of the source program will be reduced by
using functions at appropriate places.
e. A function can be used in other programs also.
Syntax of a function
Return_type function_name (argument list)
{
declarations;
statements;
-------------
return value;
}

Return statement:
It returns a value of the expression to the calling function.

Syntax:- return(expression)
Ex:- return(0);
return(a);
return(a+b);
return a;
return;

1) Write a program with parameters with return value by

using functions.
 #include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
int sum(int x, int y)
{
return(x+y);
}
void main( )
{
int a, b, c;
clrscr( );
printf(“\n Enter a & b values”);
scanf(“%d %d”, &a, &b);
c=sum(a,b);
printf(“\n c=%d”, c);
getch( );
}

2) Write a program to print the multiplication table using

with parameters, no return value by using functions.

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void table (int n)
{
int i,r;
for (i=1;i<=10;i++)
{
r=n*i;
printf(“%d * %d = %d”, n,i,r);
}
}
void main( )
{
int no;
clrscr( );
printf(“\n Enter any number”);
scanf(“ %d”, &no);
table (no);
 getch( );
}

3) Write a program to calculate sum of digits of a given

number using functions.
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
long sum_digits(long n)
{
int rem;
long sum=0;
while (n>0)
{
rem=n%10;
sum=sum+rem;
n=n/10;
}
return sum;
}
void main( )
{
long no;
clrscr( );
printf(“\n Enter any long number”);
scanf(“ %ld”, &no);
printf(“\n Sum of digits = %ld”, sum_digits(no));
getch( );
}

4) Write a program to find the largest value among 3

given values.

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
int compare(int a, int b, int c)
{
if(a>b&&a>c)
{
 return a;
}
else
if(b>c)
{
return b;
}
else
{
return c;
}
}
void main( )
{
int x, y, z;
int compare(int, int, int);
clrscr ( );
printf (“\n Enter any 3 values”);
scanf (“%d %d %d”, &x, &y, &z);
printf (“\n Highest value is %d”, compare(x,y,z);
getch ( );
}

5) Write a program the reverse of the given number using

functions.

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void reverse(int n)
{
int rev=0, rem;
while(n>0)
{
rem=n%10;
rev=rev*10+rem;
n=n/10;
}
printf(“Reverse of the given number = %d”, rev);
 {
void main( )
{
int no;
clrscr( );
printf(“\n Enter any number”);
scanf(“%d”, &no);
reverse(no);
getch( );
}

Functions with Arrays

1) Write a program to print 10 numbers.

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void display(int b [] )
{
int i;
for(i=0;i<10;i++)
{
printf(“\n %d”, b[i] );
}
}
void main( )
{
int a[10], i;
clrscr( );
 printf(“\n Enter 10 values”);
for(i=0;i<10;i++)
{
printf(“\n Enter %d value”, i);
scanf(“%d”, &a[i]);
}
display(a);
getch( );
}

2) Write a program to print 5 students, 3 subject marks

and calculate total.

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
int total(int s1, in s2, int s3)
int tot;
tot=s1+s2+s3;
return tot;
}
void main( )
{
int i, sno, sub1, sub2, sub3;
char name[20];
clrscr( );
for(i=0;i<=4;i++)
{
printf(“\n Enter student no”);
scanf(“%d”, &sno);
printf(“\n Enter student name”);
scanf(“%s”, &name);
printf(“\n Enter 3 subject marks”);
scanf(“%d %d %d”, &sub1, &sub2, &sub3);
printf(“total = %d”, total(sub1, sub2, sub3));
}
getch( );
}
 Recursive Function

1) Write a program to calculate the factorial of a given

number using a recursive function.
# include <stdio.h>
# include <conio.h>
void main( )
{
int n;
int fact(int);
clrscr( );
printf("\n enter a number ");
scanf("%d",&n);
if(n>0)
printf("\n The factorial of %d is %d ",n,fact(n));
getch( );
}
int fact(int num)
{
int f;
if(num= =1)
return 1;
else
f=num*fact(num-1);
return f;
}

2) Write a program to calculate the sum of first n natural

numbers using Recursive function.
# include <stdio.h>
# include <conio.h>
void main()
{
int n;
int sum(int);
clrscr( );
printf("\n enter a number ");
scanf("%d",&n);
 printf("\n The sum of first %d numbers is %d
",n,sum(n));
getch( );
}
int sum(int num)
{
int s;
if(num= =1)
return 1;
else
s=num+sum(num-1);
return s;
}

POINTERS

A pointer is a variable which holds the address of another

variable. Since addresses are whole numbers pointers would
always contain whole numbers.
Consider the following declaration
Ex:- int i=10;

The declaration tells the C compiler,

1) Reserve space in memory to hold the integer value.

2) Associate the name ‘i’ with memory location.
3) Store the value 10 at this location.

Memory map:-
i
10
65524

‘i’ - Location name

10 - Value at location
65524 – Location number or address.
Declaration of a pointer:
Int a, *x;
Float b, *y;
Char c, *z;

Pointer variable is same as normal variable. But a * symbol is

added before the variable.

Usage of pointers:- As pointers work with addresses accessing

through addresses first then through a normal variable. When
the values are called with the help of address by a function the
modifications done to the variables shows the reflection.
Indirectly we can get the value of a variable by using *. So * is
called as indirection operator. Whatever the data type may be a
pointer variable occupies only 2 bytes of memory.

1) Program to display the address of a variable.

# include <stdio.h>
# include <conio.h>
void main( )
{
int i=10;
clrscr( );
printf("\n The value of i is %d",i);
printf("\n The address of i is %u",&i);
printf("\n The value of i is %d",*(&i));
getch( );
}

Note:-In the above program '&' is called 'address of operator',

'*' is called 'value at address' operator.
2) Example for a pointer
# include <stdio.h>
# include <conio.h>
void main( )
{
int i=10,*j;
 j=&i;
clrscr( );
// *j=50;
printf("\n the address of i is %u ",&i);
printf("\n the address of i is %u",j);
printf("\n the value of i is %d ",i);
printf("\n the value of i is %d",*(&i));
printf("\n the value of i is %d",*j);
printf("\n the address of j is %u",&j);
printf("\n the value of j is %u",j);
getch( );
}

Note:- j -- address of i -- 65524 &j -- j's own address –

65522 *j -- value at j i.e i value – 10

3) W.A.P. To calculate all arithmetic operations of two

numbers using pointers
# include <stdio.h>
# include <conio.h>
void main( )
{
int a,b,add,sub,mul,div;
int *x,*y;
clrscr( );
x=&a;
y=&b;
printf("\n Enter a,b values ");
scanf("%d%d",&a,&b);
// scanf("%d%d",x,y);
add=*x + *y;
sub=*x - *y;
mul=*x * *y;
div=*x / *y;
printf("\n Addition is %d",add);
printf("\n Subtraction is %d",sub);
printf("\n Multiplication is %d",mul);
printf("\n Division is %d",div);
 getch( );
}

Parameter passing mechanism

 Call by value
 Call by address

 Call by value:- When the function calls the parameters by

taking values the modifications done to the parameters by
the function doesn’t reflect.

 Call by address;- When the parameters are called by

address the changes done to the values within the function
shows the reflection.

1) Example program for call by value

# include <conio.h>
# include <stdio.h>
void main( )
{
int a,b;
clrscr( );
printf("\n Enter a, b values ");
scanf("%d%d",&a,&b);
printf("\n the values of a and b are %d %d",a,b);
swap(a,b);
printf("\n the values of a and b after swap function %d
%d ",a,b);
getch( );
}
swap(int x,int y)
{
int t;
t=x;
x=y;y
y=t;
 return a;
return b;
printf("\n In function swap the values are %d %d
",x,y);
}

2) Example program for call by address

# include <stdio.h>
# include <conio.h>
void main( )
{
void swap(int *,int *);
int a, b;
clrscr( );
printf("\n Enter a , b values ");
scanf("%d %d", &a, &b);
printf("\n Before swap function the values of a and b are
%d %d", a, b);
swap(&a, &b);
printf("\n After swap function the values of a and b are
%d %d ", a, b);
getch( );
}
void swap(int *x, int *y)
{
int t;
t=*x;
*x=*y;
*y=t;
printf("\n In swap function the values of a and b are %d
%d ",*x,*y);
}
STRUCTURES

Structure is a user defined data type. A structure is a collection

of variables that is referenced under a single name. A structure
contains a number of data types grouped together. These data
types may or may not be of the same type.
Definition of a structure: - Structure is a collection of variables
which are of dissimilar data types.
Declaring a structure:-
struct <structure name>
{
structure element 1;
structure element 2;
---
structure element n;
};
structure variables;
Ex:-
struct student
{
int sno;
char name[20];
int total;
};

struct book
{
int pages;
char author[20];
float price;
}a,b,c;

The above declaration states that struct is a keyword which is

called as a data type in variables is declared which are of
different data types.
In the above declaration book is called Tag name and pages,
Author, price are called as data members of the structure.

Declaring a variable for a structure

Ex:- Student S1;
The data members of the structure are called by the variable
using ( . ) operator.
For example: - S1. sno = 1;
 S1.name = kranthi;
S1.marks= 500;

Features of a structure: - With the help of structure we can

maintain a data in a systematic order. We can handle a structure
within a structure. And also we can call the structure variable
through functions and Arrays also can be implemented through
structures. Pointer to structure is also possible.

1) Write a program to initialize the structure variable and

print them.

# include <stdio.h>
# include <conio.h>
void main( )
{
struct student
{
int sno;
char name[20];
int tot;
};
struct student s={1,"Kranthi",500};
clrscr( );
printf("\n the struct values are ");
printf("\n %d %s %d ",s.sno,s.name,s.tot);
getch( );
}
Note:- In the above program student is the name of the
structure. sno,name,tot are the members of the structure. 's'
is the structure variable.
2) Write a program to take the values of structure
elements and display
them back.

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
main( )
 {
struct employee
{
int emp_id;
char emp_name[20];
float emp_sal;
};
clrscr( );
struct employee e1;
printf(“\n Enter employee id no, employee name &
employee salary”);
scanf(“%d %s %f”, &e1.emp_id, e1.emp_name,
&e1.emp_sal);
printf(“\n Employee Id no = %d”, e1.emp_id);
printf(“\n Employee name = %s”, e1.emp_name);
printf(“\n Employee salary = %f”, e1.emp_sal);
getch( );
}

3) Write a program to print the details using structures.

# include <stdio.h>
# include <conio.h>
void main( )
{
struct item
{
char name[10];
int qty;
int rate;
int amount;
};
struct item a;
clrscr( );
printf("\n Enter item name, qty, rate ");
scanf("%s%d%d",a.name,&a.qty,&a.rate);
a.amount=a.qty*a.rate;
printf("\n The values are");
 printf("\n %s %d %d %d",a.name,a.qty,a.rate,a.amount);
getch( );
}

Array of Structures

1) Write a program to print more details using array of

structures.

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
Void main( )
{
int i;
struct student
{
int sno;
char sname[20];
};
struct student s[5];
for(i=0;i<5;i++)
{
printf(“Enter student number”);
scanf(“%d”, &s[i].sno);
printf(”Enter student name”);
scanf(“%s”, s[i].sname);
}
clrscr( );
for(i=0;i<5;i++)
{
printf(“Student number is %d \n”, s[i].sno);
printf(“Student name is %s \n”, s[i].sname);
}
getch( );
}
Nested structures

1) Example program for nested structures

 # include <stdio.h>
# include <conio.h>
void main( )
{
struct address
{
char phone[15];
char city[15];
long pin;
};
struct emp
{
char name[10];
struct address a;
};
struct emp
e={"Naveen","55353434","hyderabad",500010};
clrscr( );
printf("\n %s %s %s %ld",e.name, e.a.phone, e.a.city,
e.a.pin);
getch( );
}

2) Example program for nested structures

# include <stdio.h>
# include <conio.h>
void main( )
{
struct address
{
char phone[15];
char city[15];
long pin;
};
struct emp
{
char name[20];
struct address a;
 };
struct emp e;
clrscr( );
printf("\n Enter emp name ");
scanf("%s", e.name);
printf("\n Enter emp phone no ");
scanf("%s", e.a.phone);
printf("\n Enter emp city ");
scanf("%s", e.a.city);
printf("\n Enter pin code ");
scanf("%ld",&e.a.pin);
printf("\n %s %s %s
%ld",e.name,e.a.phone,e.a.city,e.a.pin);
getch( );
}

Structures with pointers

3) Example program for pointer to a structure

# include <stdio.h>
# include <conio.h>
void main( )
{
struct student
{
int sno;
char name[20];
int total;
};
struct student a,*ptr;
clrscr( );
ptr=&a;
printf("\n Enter student number ");
scanf("%d",&a.sno);
printf("\n Enter student name ");
scanf("%s",a.name);
printf("\n Enter student marks ");
scanf("%d",&a.total);
 printf("\n the size of a is %d",sizeof(a));
printf("\n the size of ptr is %d",sizeof(ptr));
printf("\n The address of a is %u",&a);
printf("\n The address of sno is %u the value is
%d",&a.sno,a.sno);
printf("\n The address of name is %u the value is
%s",a.name,a.name);
printf("\n The address of total is %u the value is
%d",&a.total,a.total);
printf("\n Student number is %d",ptr->sno);
printf("\n Student name is %s",ptr->name);
printf("\n Student marks %d",ptr->total);
getch( );
}

4) Example program for displaying the address of a struct

variable
# include <stdio.h>
# include <conio.h>
void main( )
{
struct student
{
int sno;
char name[20];
int total;
};
struct student a;
clrscr( );
printf("\n Enter student details ");
printf("\nEnter student no ");
scanf("%d",&a.sno);
printf(" Enter student name ");
scanf("%s",a.name);
printf(" Enter student marks ");
scanf("%d",&a.total);
printf("\n The address of a is %u",&a);
 printf("\n The address of sno is %u the value is
%d",&a.sno,a.sno);
printf("\n The address of name is %u the value is
%s",a.name,a.name);
printf("\n The address of total is %u the value is
%d",&a.total,a.total);
getch( );
}

5) Example program for passing the address of a

structure into a function
# include <stdio.h>
# include <conio.h>
void display(struct student *);
struct student
{
int sno;
char name[20];
int total;
};
void main( )
{
struct student a;
clrscr( );
printf("\n Enter student number ");
scanf("%d",&a.sno);
printf("\n Enter student name ");
scanf("%s",a.name);
printf("\n Enter student marks ");
scanf("%d",&a.total);
display(&a);
getch( );
}
void display(struct student *ptr)
{
printf("\n Student number is %d",ptr->sno);
printf("\n Student name is %s",ptr->name);
printf("\n Student marks %d",ptr->total);
 }

Functions with Structures

1) Example program for passing the struct values

individually into a function and display them in the
function
# include <stdio.h>
# include <conio.h>
void main( )
{
struct student
{
int sno;
char name[20];
int total;
};
struct student a;
void display(int,char[],int);
clrscr( );
printf("\n Enter student details ");
printf("\nEnter student no ");
scanf("%d",&a.sno);
printf(" Enter student name ");
scanf("%s",a.name);
printf(" Enter student marks ");
scanf("%d",&a.total);
display(a.sno,a.name,a.total);
getch( );
}
void display(int no, char n[],int tot)
{
printf("\n Student no is %d",no);
printf("\n Student name is %s",n);
printf("\n Student total is %d ",tot);
 }

2) Example program for passing a struct variable into a

function
# include <stdio.h>
# include <conio.h>
void display(struct student);
struct student
{
int sno;
char name[20];
int total;
};
void main( )
{
struct student a;
clrscr( );
printf("\n Enter student details ");
printf("\nEnter student no ");
scanf("%d",&a.sno);
printf("\n Enter student name ");
scanf("%s",a.name);
printf("\n Enter student total marks ");
scanf("%d",&a.total);
display(a);
getch( );
}
void display(struct student b)
{
printf("\n Student no is %d",b.sno);
printf("\n Student name is %s",b.name);
printf("\n Student total is %d ",b.total);
}

Note:- If we write the structure definition out side of main(

), then that is treated as a global structure, we can declare
variables of this type in all functions throughout the
program.
 Structure sorting

1) Write a program using structure sorting.

# include <stdio.h>
# include <conio.h>
# include <string.h>
void main( )
{
char name[20],ch,tmp;
int i,j,len;
clrscr( );
printf("\n Enter a string ");
scanf("%s",name);
len=strlen(name);
for(i=0;i<len;i++)
for(j=i+1;j<len;j++)
if(name[j]<name[i])
{
tmp=name[i];
name[i]=name[j];
name[j]=tmp;
}
printf("\n the result is %s",name);
getch( );
}

STORAGE CLASSES

1. Where the variable would be stored

2. What will be the initial value of the variable, if the initial
value is not specifically assigned?
3. What is the scope of the variable, i.e. in which functions
the value of the variable would be available.
 4. What is the life of the variable? i.e. how long would the
variable exist.
There are 4 storage classes in C

1) Automatic storage classes

2) Register storage classes
3) Static storage classes
4) External storage classes

1) Automatic storage classes

1. Storage - memory
2. Default initial value - garbage value
3. Scope - local to the block in which the variable is
defined
4. Life - till the control remains with in the block in
which the variable is defined.

2) Register storage classes

1. Storage - CPU registers
2. Default initial value - garbage value
3. Scope - local to the block in the variable is defined
4. Life - till the control remains in the block in which
the variable is defined.

3) Static storage classes

1. Storage - memory
2. Default initial value - 0
3. Scope - local to the block in the variable is defined
4. Life - value of the variable persists between
different function calls.

4) External storage classes

1. Storage - memory
2. Default initial value - 0
3. Scope - global
4. Life - As long as the program execution does not
come to an end.
1) Write a program automatic storage classes.

# include <stdio.h>
# include <conio.h>
void main( )
{
auto int j, i=10;
clrscr( );
{
auto int i=5;
printf("\n The value of i is %d",i);
}
printf("\n The value of i is %d",i);
printf("\n The value of j is %d",j);
getch( );
}

2) Write a program using register storage classes.

# include <stdio.h>
# include <conio.h>
void main( )
{
register int n;
clrscr( );
for(n=1;n<=100;n++)
printf("\t %d",n);
getch( );
}

3) Write a program using static storage classes.

# include <stdio.h>
# include <conio.h>
void display( )
{
static int n;
printf("\n The value of n is %d",n);
 n++;
}
void main( )
{
clrscr( );
display( );
display( );
display( );
getch( );
}

Note-: In static, only first time the compiler initializes

the value of the variable, from second time onwards it
continues with the previous value.

4)
# include <stdio.h>
# include <conio.h>
int n;
void display( )
{
printf("\n In display function the value of n=%d", n);
}
void main( )
{
clrscr( );
printf("\n The value of n before assignment is %d
",n);
display( );
n=100;
printf("\n The value of n after assignment is %d", n);
display( );
getch( );
}
FILES
A file is a collection of information on a storage device with a
particular file name.

 Uses of a file:-
1) Stores the data in the form of a file and we can retrieve it
whenever we require.
2) Using the data from the file in different programs.

 Opening a file:- we can open a file by using fopen( )

Syntax: - fopen(file name, opening mode);
Ex: - FILE *fp;
fp=fopen(“file1.txt”,”w”);

 File opening modes:-

1) w :- Writing the data into a file. If the file already exists its
contents will be over written.
2) r:- Reading data from a file.
3) a:- Adds data into an existing file. (Appending)
4) w+ :- We can write data into , file and we can read data from
the file. If the file already exists its contents will be, over
written, else creates a new file.
5) r+ :- Reading existing contents, writing new contents,
modifying existing contents of a file.
6) a+ :- Reading existing contents, appending new contents at
the end of a file.

 Closing a file:- When the file processing is over, the file

must be closed. We can close a file by using fclose( ).
Syntax:- fclose(file pointer);
Ex:- fclose(fp);

 File functions:-
1) getc( )
This function is used to read a character from a file.
Syntax :- getc(file pointer);
Ex:- getc(fp);
2) putc( )
This function is used to write a character into a file.
 Syntax:- putc(character, file pointer);
Ex:- putc(ch,fp);

3) fprintf( ):- This function writes formatted data into a file.

Syntax:- fprintf(file pointer, “formatted string”, list of
variables)
Ex:- fp=fopen(“student.dat”,”w”);
fprintf (fp , “%d %s %d”, sno ,name, marks);

4) fscanf( ):- This function reads formatted data from a file.

Syntax:- fscanf(file pointer, “formatted string”, list of
variables)
Ex:- fp=fopen(“student.dat”,”r”);
fscanf(fp , “%d %s %d”, &sno, name, &marks);

1) Write a program to create a text file

# include <stdio.h>
# include <conio.h>
void main( )
{
FILE *fp;
char ch;
clrscr( );
fp=fopen("file1.txt","w+");
printf("\n Enter few lines ^z to stop ");
while((ch=getchar( ))!=EOF)
putc(ch,fp);
fclose(fp);
}

2) W.A.P. To display the contents of file1.txt file.

# include <stdio.h>
# include <conio.h>
# include <stdlib.h>
void main( )
{
FILE *fp;
 char ch;
clrscr( );
fp=fopen("file1.txt","r");
if(fp==NULL)
{
printf("\n Unable to open the file");
getch( );
exit(0);
}
while((ch=getc(fp))!=EOF)
putchar(ch);
fclose(fp);
getch( );
}

3) Write a program to add new text at the end of file1.txt

file
# include <stdio.h>
# include <conio.h>
void main( )
{
FILE *fp;
char ch;
clrscr( );
fp=fopen("file1.txt","a");
printf("\n Enter few lines ^z to stop ");
while((ch=getchar( ))!=EOF)
putc(ch,fp);
fclose(fp);
}

4) Write a program to store 5 students details in a file

called student.dat
# include <stdio.h>
# include <conio.h>
void main( )
{
FILE *fp;
 int sno,total,i;
char name[20];
fp=fopen("student.dat","w");
for(i=1;i<=5;i++)
{
printf("\n Enter %d student details", i);
scanf("%d%s%d", &sno, name, &total);
fprintf(fp,"\n %d %s %d", sno, name, total);
}
fclose(fp);
}
5) Write a program to display all 5 students details from
student.dat
# include <stdio.h>
# include <conio.h>
# include <stdlib.h>
void main( )
{
FILE *fp;
int sno,total,i;
char name[20];
clrscr( );
fp=fopen("student.dat","r");
if(fp==NULL)
{
printf("\n Unable to open the file");
getch( );
exit(0);
}
printf("\n The details of 5 students are \n");
printf("\nSNO\t NAME \t\t MARKS");
for(i=1;i<=5;i++)
{
fscanf(fp,"\n%d%s%d",&sno,name,&total);
printf("\n %d \t%s \t\t%d",sno,name,total);
}
getch( );
fclose(fp);
 }

COMMAND LINE ARGUMENTS.

C supports a feature that facilities the supply of arguments

to the main( ) function. These arguments are supplied at the time
of invoking the program. They are typically used to pass the
names of data files. For example

C:\>EXAM DATA RESULTS

Here exam is the name of the file contains the program to

be executed and data and results are the file names passed to the
program as command line arguments.

The command line arguments are typed by the user and are
delimited by a space. The first argument is always the file name
and contains the program to be executed. The main( ) function
which we have been using up to now without any arguments can
take two arguments as shown below.
void main(int argc, char *argv[ ])

The first argument argc is known as argument counter

represents the number of arguments in the command line. The
second argument argv is known, as argument vector is an array
of char type pointer that point to the command line arguments.
The size of this array will be equal to the value of argc. For
example
C:\>EXAM DATA RESULTS

The value of argc would be 3 and argv would be an array

of 3 pointers to strings as shown below
argv[0]--------- exam
argv[1]--------- data
argv[2]--------- results

Note:- that argv[0] always represents the command name

that invokes the program.
RANDOM ACCESS FILES (OR) BINARY FILES
1) ftell( ) :- This function tells us the current position of the file
in bytes.

Syntax:- ftell(file pointer)

Ex:- n=ftell(fp);

2) rewind( ):- This function moves the record pointer to the

starting position of the file.
Syntax:- rewind(file pointer);
Ex:- rewind(fp);

3) fseek( ) :- This function moves record pointer to a particular

place in the file.
Syntax:- fseek(file pointer, offset , position);

if position is 0 i.e. from starting position (SEEK_SET)

if position is 1 i.e. from current position (SEEK_CUR)
if position is 2 i.e. from end position (SEEK_END)

Offset:- long int type number or variable.

Position is the numeric value. It may be positive or

negative. Offset may be numeric value or a variable of long
type. It indicates number of bytes to move from position. If it is
positive value to move forward, negative value to move
backward.

4) fwrite( ):- This function is used to write the information in a

binary file.

Syntax: - fwrite(address of struct variable, size of

struct variable, no.of blocks, file pointer);
Ex: - fwrite(&b, sizeof(b),1,fp);

5) fread( ):- This function is used to read the data from a binary
file.
 Syntax:- fread(address of struct variable, size of struct
variable , no. of blocks, file pointer);
Ex:- fread(&b,sizeof(b),1,fp);

Graphs

1) Program to draw circles from the screen centre with

different colors.

# include <stdio.h>
# include <conio.h>
# include <graphics.h>
# include <stdlib.h>
# include <dos.h>
void mai0n( )
{
int gd,gm,i;
gd=DETECT;
initgraph(&gd,&gm,"c:\\tc\\bgi");
while(!kbhit())
{
for(i=10;i<=200;i++)
{
 setcolor(random(16));
circle(320,240,i);
delay(50);
}
for(i=200;i>=10;i--)
{
setcolor(random(16));
circle(320,240,i);
delay(50);
}
}
closegraph( );
}

2)
# include <stdio.h>
# include <conio.h>
# include <graphics.h>
# include <stdlib.h>
#include<dos.h>
void main( )
{
int gd,gm,i;
gd=DETECT;
initgraph(&gd,&gm,"c:\\tc\\bgi");

setcolor(4);
settextstyle(7,0,3);
outtextxy(100,200,"HELLO");
bar(200,200,400,400);
floodfill(50,50,RED);
setcolor(RED);

while(!kbhit( ))
{
putpixel(random(640),random(480),random(15));
setcolor(random(16));
 arc(random(640),random(480),10,100,150);
delay(100);
}
getch( );
closegraph( );
}

3) Example program to print flash news.

# include <stdio.h>
# include <conio.h>
# include <graphics.h>
# include <stdlib.h>
# include <dos.h>
void main( )
{
int gd,gm,i;
gd=DETECT;
initgraph(&gd,&gm,"c:\\tc\\bgi");
setcolor(BLUE);
settextstyle(6,0,5);
setfillstyle(1,WHITE);
while(!kbhit( ))
{
for(i=640;i>=-450;i-=10)
{
bar(0,390,640,470);
outtextxy(i,400,"Sample flash news");
delay(100);
}
}
closegraph( );
}

4) Example for ellipse and fill ellipse.

# include <stdio.h>
# include <conio.h>
 # include <graphics.h>
void main( )
{
int gd,gm,i;
gd=DETECT;
initgraph(&gd,&gm,"c:\\tc\\bgi");
setcolor(WHITE);
ellipse(400,200,0,360,180,70);
setfillstyle(1,BLUE);
fillellipse(100,100,50,30);
getch( );
closegraph( );
}

5) Program to print different font styles.

# include <stdio.h>
# include <conio.h>
# include <graphics.h>
# include <stdlib.h>
# include <dos.h>
void main( )
{
int gd,gm,i;
gd=DETECT;
initgraph(&gd,&gm,"c:\\tc\\bgi");
setcolor(GREEN);
for(i=0;i<=10;i++)
{
cleardevice( );
settextstyle(i,0,10);
outtextxy(50,150,"SISI CMTES");
delay(1000);
}
getch( );
closegraph( );
}
6) Example program for bar3d and fill style.
# include <stdio.h>
# include <conio.h>
# include <graphics.h>
# include <stdlib.h>
# include <dos.h>
void main( )
{
int gd,gm,i=0,x,y;
gd=DETECT;
initgraph(&gd,&gm,"c:\\tc\\bgi");
for(i=0;i<13;i++)
{
setcolor(WHITE);
setfillstyle(i,GREEN);
bar3d(220,140,420,340,50,1);
delay(1000);
}
getch( );
closegraph( );
}

7) Program to print Indian flag.

# include <stdio.h>
# include <conio.h>
# include <graphics.h>
# include <stdlib.h>
void main( )
{
int gd,gm;
gd=DETECT;
initgraph(&gd,&gm,"c:\\tc\\bgi");
setfillstyle(1,BROWN);
bar(00,0,640,100);
setfillstyle(1,WHITE);
bar(0,101,640,200);
setfillstyle(1,GREEN);
bar(0,201,640,300);
 setcolor(BLUE);
circle(320,150,50);
line(270,150,370,150);
line(320,100,320,200);
line(295,107,348,192);
line(347,107,290,190);
getch( );
closegraph( );
}

8)
# include <stdio.h>
# include <conio.h>
# include <graphics.h>
# include <stdlib.h>
void main( )
{
int gd,gm;
gd=DETECT;
initgraph(&gd,&gm,"c:\\tc\\bgi");
setfillstyle(1,BLUE);
bar(100,100,105,300);
setfillstyle(1,BROWN);
bar(106,100,180,120);
setfillstyle(1,LIGHTGRAY);
bar(106,121,180,141);
setcolor(BLUE);
circle(144,131,10);
setfillstyle(1,GREEN);
bar(106,142,180,162);
setfillstyle(1,LIGHTBLUE);
bar(90,300,115,320);
setfillstyle(1,CYAN);
bar(80,321,125,341);
setfillstyle(1,BROWN);
bar(70,341,135,361);
getch( );
closegraph( );
}